Abstract
The effects of the hot water extract from Sargassum sp. on the growth performance, immune responses, oxidative stress, and resistance of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) to Streptococcus iniae were investigated. Four groups of fish were fed on the basal diet containing the extract at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g kg−1 diet for 30 days. Thereafter, the fish from each group were divided into equal halves. The first half was injected intraperitoneally with 0.85 % NaCl, and the second half was injected with S. iniae (2 × 103 cfu fish−1). At the end of the 30 days feeding trial, there were no significant differences in final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and hepatosomatic index among four groups. Plasma protein, total immunoglobulin (Ig), and lysozyme messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in fish fed on diets containing 1.0 and 2.0 g kg−1 of Sargassum sp. extract, however, became increased in a non-dose-dependent manner. When fish were exposed to the bacteria, at 24 h, there were significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of hematocrit, red blood cell and white blood cell, Ig, and serum lysozyme in fish fed on diet containing 2.0 g kg−1 of Sargassum sp. extract than those of the fish fed the control diet, and the highest survival rate was also observed in this group. In addition, fish receiving the seaweed extract were able to suppress lipid peroxidation especially at 24-h post S. iniae challenge. These findings thus suggested that Sargassum sp. extract can be used as an immunostimulant in Asian sea bass.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agnew W, Barnes AC (2007) Streptococcus iniae: an aquatic pathogen of global veterinary significance and a challenging candidate for reliable vaccination. Vet Microbiol 122:1–15
Ambasankar K, Ahamed Ali S, Syamadayal J (2009) Nutritional requirements of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. In: Joseph I, Edwin JV, Susmitha V (eds) Course manual: national training on cage culture of seabass, 14-23 December 2009. Kochi, CMFRI, pp 60–65
AOAC (1995) Official methods of analysis (supplement). Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Washington DC
Bagni M, Romano N, Finoia MG, Abelli L, Scapigliati G, Tiscar PG, Sarti M, Marino G (2005) Short- and long-term effects of a dietary yeast β-glucan (Macrogard) and alginic acid (Ergosan) preparation on immune response in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish Shellfish Immunol 18:311–325
Benzie IF (1996) Lipid peroxidation: a review of causes, consequences, measurement and dietary influences. Int J Food Sci Nutr 47:233–261
Bromage E, Owens L (2002) Infection of barramundi Lates calcarifer with Streptococcus iniae: effects of different routes of exposure. Dis Aquat Org 52:199–205
Bromage E, Owens L (2009) Environmental factors affecting the susceptibility of barramundi to Streptococcus iniae. Aquaculture 290:224–228
Bromage E, Thomas A, Owens L (1999) Streptococcus iniae, a bacterial infection in barramundi Lates calcarifer. Dis Aquat Org 36:177–181
Cheng A-C, Tu C-W, Chen Y-Y, Nan F-H, Chen J-C (2007) The immunostimulatory effects of sodium alginate and iota-carrageenan on orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coicoides and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 22:197–205
Cheng A-C, Chen Y-Y, Chen J-C (2008) Dietary administration of sodium alginate and κ-carrageenan enhances the innate immune response of brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 121:206–215
Demers NE, Bayne CJ (1997) The immediate effects of stress on hormones and plasma lysozyme in rainbow trout. Dev Comp Immunol 21:363–373
Fujiki K, Matsuyama H, Yano T (1992) Effect of hot-water extracts from marine algae on resistance of carp and yellow tail against bacterial infections. Sci Bull Fac Agric Kyushu Univ 47:137–141
Hwang PA, Wu CH, Gau SY, Chien SY, Hwang DF (2010) Antioxidant and immune stimulating activities of hot-water extract from seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum. J Mar Sci Technol 18:41–46
Ibrahim HR, Matsuzaki T, Aoki T (2001) Genetic evidence that antibacterial activity of lysozyme is independent of its catalytic function. FEBS Lett 506:27–32
Immanuel G, Sivagnanavelmurugan M, Marudhupandi T, Radhakrishnan S, Palavesam A (2012a) The effect of fucoidan from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii on WSSV resistance and immune activity in shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fab). Fish Shellfish Immunol 32:551–564
Immanuel G, Sivagnanavelmurugan M, Balasubramanian V, Palavesam A (2012b) Sodium alginate from Sargassum wightii retards mortalities in Penaeus monodon postlarvae challenged with white spot syndrome virus. Dis Aquat Org 99:187–196
Jaczynski J, Park JW (2003) Physicochemical properties of surimi seafood as affected by electron beam and heat. J Food Sci 68:1626–1630
Kantachumpoo A, Chirapart A (2010) Components and antimicrobial activity of polysaccharides extracted from Thai brown seaweeds. Kasetsart J (Nat Sci) 44:220–233
Lasky LA (1995) Selectin-carbohydrate interactions and the initiation of the inflammation response. Annu Rev Biochem 64:113–139
Li DY, Xu RY, Zhou WZ, Sheng XB, Yang AY, Cheng JL (2002) Effects of fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed on lipid peroxidation in mice. Acta Nutrim Sin 24:389–392
Lim SN, Cheung PC, Ooi AE, Ang PO (2002) Evaluation of antioxidative activity of extracts from a brown seaweed, Sargassum siliquastrum. J Agric Food Chem 50:3862–3866
Müller-Eberhard HJ (1988) Molecular organization and function of the complement system. Annu Rev Biochem 57:321–347
Noiraksar T, Ajisaka T (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of Sargassum (Phaeophyceae) in the Gulf of Thailand. J Appl Phycol 20:963–977
Obach A, Quentel C, Laurencin FB (1993) Effect of alpha-tocopherol and dietary oxidized fish oil on the immune response of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Dis Aquat Org 15:175–185
Ortuno J, Esteban MA, Mulero V, Meseguer J (1998) Methods for studying the haemolytic, chemoattractant and opsonic activities of seabream (Sparus aurata L) serum. In: Barnes AC, Davidson GA, Hiney MP, McIntosh D (eds) Methodology in fish diseases research. Fisheries Research Services, Aberdeen, pp 97–100
Paulsen SM, Engstad RE, Robertsen B (2001) Enhanced lysozyme production in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) macrophages treated with yeast β-glucan and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Fish Shellfish Immunol 11:23–37
Saker KE, Fike JH, Veit H, Ward DL (2004) Brown seaweed-(Tasco™) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and immune function in heat stressed weather lambs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 88:122–130
Samuelsen OB, Torsvik V, Ervik A (1992) Long-range changes in oxytetracycline concentration and bacterial resistance toward oxytetracycline in a fish farm sediment after medication. Sci Total Environ 114:25–36
Siwicki AK, Anderson DP (1993) Nonspecific defense mechanisms assay in fish: II potential killing activity of neutrophils and macrophages, lysozyme activity in serum and organs and total immunoglobulin (T-Ig) levels in serum. In: Siwicki AK, Anderson DP, Walvga J (eds.) Fish diseases diagnosis and prevention methods, FAO-Project GCP/INT/526/JPN, IFI Olsztyn, pp 105-112
Suanyuk N, Sukkasame N, Tanmark N, Yoshida T, Itami T, Thune RL, Tantikitti C, Supamattaya K (2010) Streptococcus iniae infection in cultured Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in southern Thailand. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 32:341–348
Taniguchi M (1983) Progress of streptococcosis of yellowtail in per oral inoculation. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 49:1171–1174
Wang G, Zhang S, Zhuang Z, Wang Z (2009) Synergistic actions of complement and lysozyme in clearance of Escherichia coli from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri. Prog Nat Sci 19:179–185
Wanman C, Klowklieng T, Supamattaya K (2005) Streptococcosis in seabass (Lates calcarifer). Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 27(Suppl 1):291–305
Wijesinghe WAJP, Jeon YJ (2012) Biological activities and potential industrial applications of fucose rich sulfated polysaccharides and fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds. Carbohydr Polym 88:13–20
Yang Q, Yang R, Li M, Zhou Q, Liang X, Elmada ZC (2014) Effects of dietary fucoidan on the blood constituents, anti-oxidation and innate immunity of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Fish Shellfish Immunol 41:264–270
Yano T (1992) Assays of hemolytic complement activity. In: Stolen JS, Fletcher TC, Anderson DP, Kaattari SL, Rowley AF (eds) Techniques in fish immunology. SOS Publications, Fair Haven, pp 131–141
Yuan C, Pan X, Gong Y, Xia A, Wu G, Tang J, Han X (2008) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on the expression of immune response genes in head kidney, gill and spleen of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Int Immunopharmacol 8:51–58
Zvyagintseva TN, Shevchenko NM, Nazarova IV, Scobun AS, Luk’yanov PA, Elyakova LA (2000) Inhibition of complement activation by water-soluble polysaccharides of some far-eastern brown seaweeds. Comp Biochem Physiol 126:209–215
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education through “Strategic network project for the production and development of teachers in higher education institutions” and the Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University. We are grateful to Director of the Coastal Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, for providing laboratory facilities and the Chaipattana Foundation by Chaipattana Project at Pang-nga Province for ingredients and experimental diets.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yangthong, M., Hutadilok-Towatana, N., Thawonsuwan, J. et al. An aqueous extract from Sargassum sp. enhances the immune response and resistance against Streptococcus iniae in the Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer Bloch). J Appl Phycol 28, 3587–3598 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0859-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0859-7