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Development of benzimidazole resistant Trichoderma strains for the integration of chemical and biocontrol methods of grapevine pruning wound protection

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Abstract

In the protection of grapevine pruning wounds from trunk pathogen infection, fungicides provide mainly short term protection while biocontrol agents provide mainly long term protection. The integration of fungicide and biological wound protection could provide better wound protection, but is limited by the susceptibility of the biocontrol agents to the fungicides. Stable benzimidazole resistant mutants were generated by gamma irradiation (250 Gy) from three wild-type Trichoderma Pers. isolates (UST1, UST2 and T77) shown to provide wound protection. The wild-type Trichoderma isolates were found to be naturally resistant to thiophanate methyl while mycelial growth was completely inhibited by 2.5 μg ml−1 of benomyl and carbendazim. There was no reduction in biological fitness and in vitro antagonist activity for mutants generated from UST1 and UST2 while the mutant from T77 had reduced fitness and antagonistic activity compared to its wild type. The wild type and the mutant of UST1 were further tested in the field and significantly (P < 0.001) reduced pruning wound infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (W. Gams, Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Mugnai) Crous & W. Gams, when applied alone and in combination with thiophanate methyl and carbendazim, respectively. The combination of the mutant UST1 with carbendazim gave the highest reduction of infection compared to the rest of the treatments when P. chlamydospora was inoculated 24 h after pruning. The Trichoderma transformants generated in this study can be applied in combination with benzimidazole fungicides for a more effective and sustainable wound protection.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge financial support from the South African Table Grape Industry (SATI), Winetech, the Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP) and National Research Foundation (NRF). The authors appreciate the technical assistance that was provided by Dr. J.P. Slabbert and Mr. P. Beukes of iThemba Labs, Cape Town for the irradiation dosimetry and fungal irradiation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa

    Cheusi Mutawila & Lizel Mostert

  2. Plant Protection Division, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa

    Francois Halleen

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  1. Cheusi Mutawila
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  2. Francois Halleen
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  3. Lizel Mostert
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Correspondence to Lizel Mostert.

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Handling Editor: Jesus Mercado Blanco.

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Mutawila, C., Halleen, F. & Mostert, L. Development of benzimidazole resistant Trichoderma strains for the integration of chemical and biocontrol methods of grapevine pruning wound protection. BioControl 60, 387–399 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-014-9647-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-014-9647-y

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