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l-Isoleucine (Ile) Promotes Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apples

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Abstract

The functions of l-isoleucine (Ile) in anthocyanin biosynthesis were investigated in apple fruit. Whole trees (Malus × domestica Bokh.) were treated with Ile or n-propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ), which is a jasmonic acid (JA) analog, 20 and 30 days before harvest. Both Ile and PDJ treatments stimulated anthocyanin formation at 30 and 35 days after treatment (DAT). The expressions of MdUF3GT and MdMYB1 genes under the Ile and PDJ treatments were higher than those in the untreated control at 19 and 30 DAT. Endogenous JA and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) concentrations in Ile- and PDJ- treated fruit were increased at 19 and 30 DAT. At 30 DAT, the Ile and PDJ treatments stimulated the expressions of MdJAR1, which is related to the conjugation of JA to Ile, and MdMYC2, which is a transcription factor in the JA response. Our study suggests that Ile can induce anthocyanin formation depending on the increase of JA-Ile production and the up-regulation of MdJAR1 and MdMYC2 in apples.

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Abbreviations

PDJ:

n-Propyl dihydrojasmonate

l-Ile:

Isoleucine

JA:

Jasmonic acid

2,4-DP:

2, 4-Dichlorophenoxylpropionic acid

JA-Ile:

Jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine

ACC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

ACS:

ACC synthase

ACO:

ACC oxidase

UFGT:

UDP-glucose-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Ajinomoto Co.

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Author notes

  1. Ringo Komiya

    Present address: NARO, Shizuoka, 424-0292, Japan

  2. Satoru Kondo, Hiroyuki Tomiyama, and Peter Opio have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan

    Satoru Kondo, Hiroyuki Tomiyama, Peter Opio, Ringo Komiya, Takanori Saito, Katsuya Okawa & Hitoshi Ohara

  2. Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan

    Hideyuki Matsuura

  3. Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan

    Yaqin Lang & Daisuke Igarashi

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  1. Satoru Kondo
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Contributions

SK designed the study and wrote the paper. HT and PO performed GC–MS, LC–MS, and PCR analyses. RK sprayed Ile and PDJ to the tree and collected sample. TS, KO, and HO revised the article. HM provided JA-L-Ile. YL and DI provided L-Ile.

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Correspondence to Satoru Kondo.

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Kondo, S., Tomiyama, H., Opio, P. et al. l-Isoleucine (Ile) Promotes Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apples. J Plant Growth Regul 40, 541–549 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10117-0

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