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Chemo-ecological studies on hexactinellid sponges from the Southern Ocean

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Abstract

Hexactinellids (glass sponges) are an understudied class with syncytial organization and poor procariotic associations, thought to lack defensive secondary metabolites. Poriferans, though, are outstanding sources of bioactive compounds; nonetheless, a growing suspicion suggests that many of these chemicals could be symbiont-derived. In Polar latitudes, sponges are readily invaded by diatoms, which could provide natural products. Hexactinellids are typical of deep waters; but in Antarctica, they dominate the upper shelf providing shelter and food supply to many opportunistic mesograzers and macroinvertebrates, which exert strong ecological pressures on them. Aiming to examine the incidence of defensive activities of hexactinellids against consumption, feeding experiments were conducted using their lipophilic fractions. Antarctic hexactinellid and demosponge extracts were tested against the asteroid Odontaster validus and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus as putative sympatric, omnivorous consumers. Hexactinellids yielded greater unpalatable activities towards the amphipod, while no apparent allocation of lipophilic defenses was noted. After chemical analyses on the lipophilic fractions from these Antarctic glass sponges, quite similar profiles were revealed, and no peculiar secondary metabolites, comparable to those characterizing other poriferans, were found. Instead, the lipidic compounds 5α(H)-cholestan-3-one and two glycoceramides were isolated for their particular outspread presence in our samples. The isolated compounds were further assessed in asteroid feeding assays, and their occurrence was evaluated for chemotaxonomical purposes in all the Antarctic samples as well as in glass sponges from other latitudes by NMR and MS. Characteristic sphingolipids are proposed as chemical markers in Hexactinellida, with possible contributions to the classification of this unsettled class.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Vázquez, S. Taboada, B. Figuerola, M. Paone and E. Manzo for their precious help in the lab. Thanks are due to D. Janussen, S. Leys, T. Pérez and M. Bergmann (AWI) for kindly supplying hexactinellid samples from Northern latitudes. Also, we are grateful to W. Arntz and the crew of R/V Polarstern. UTM (CSIC), R/V “Las Palmas” and BAE “Gabriel de Castilla” crews provided logistic support. The “Centres Científics i Tecnològics” of the UB also provided technical support. Funding was provided by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (CGL2004-03356/ANT, CGL2007-65453/ANT and CGL2010-17415/ANT) and REDES Project (CGL2009/06185-E).

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  1. Departament de Biologia Animal (Invertebrats), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain

    Laura Núñez-Pons & Conxita Avila

  2. Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Comprensorio Olivetti, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy

    Marianna Carbone, Debora Paris, Dominique Melck, Francesco Castelluccio & Margherita Gavagnin

  3. Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Av. Príncipe de Asturias, 70 bis, 33212, Gijón, Asturias, Spain

    Pilar Ríos & Javier Cristobo

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Núñez-Pons, L., Carbone, M., Paris, D. et al. Chemo-ecological studies on hexactinellid sponges from the Southern Ocean. Naturwissenschaften 99, 353–368 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0907-3

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