Abstract
This paper introduces a new simple Schmitt trigger circuit using a plus-type differential voltage-current conveyor (DVCC+) and only two grounded resistors. The proposed circuit is very simple and enjoys adjustable lower and higher threshold voltages as well as the output saturation levels. The application of the proposed Schmitt trigger circuit to the square/triangular wave generator is also given. Moreover, a current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA)-based square/triangular wave generator is derived from the proposed DVCC+-based circuit. Simulation and experimental results are presented to exhibit the performance of the proposed circuits.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.T. Abuelma’atti, M.A. Al-Absi, A low-cost dual/slope triangular/square wave generator. Int. J. Electron. 91(3), 185–190 (2004)
M.T. Abuelma’atti, M.A. Al-Absi, A current conveyor-based relaxation oscillator as a versatile electronic interface for capacitive and resistive sensors. Int. J. Electron. 92(8), 473–477 (2005)
M.T. Abuelma’atti, S.M. Al-Shahrani, New CFOA-based triangular/square wave generator. Int. J. Electron. 84(6), 583–588 (1998)
B. Almashary, H. Alhokail, Current-mode triangular wave generator using CCIIs. Microelectron. J. 31, 239–243 (2000)
E. Bruun, Feedback analysis of transimpedance operational amplifier circuits. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., Part I 40(4), 275–277 (1993)
H.-C. Chien, Y.-K. Lo, Design and implementation of monostable multivibrators employing differential voltage current conveyors. Microelectron. J. 42(10), 1107–1115 (2011)
W.-S. Chung, H. Kim, H.-W. Cha, H.-J. Kim, Triangular/squarewave generator with independently controllable frequency and amplitude. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54(1), 105–109 (2005)
O. Cicekoglu, H. Kuntman, On the design of CCII+ based relaxation oscillator employing single passive element for linear period control. Microelectron. J. 29, 983–989 (1998)
G. Di Cataldo, G. Palumbo, S. Pennisi, A Schmitt trigger by means of a CCII+. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 23(2), 161–165 (1995)
H.O. Elwan, A.M. Soliman, Novel CMOS differential voltage current conveyor and its applications. IEE Proc., Circuits Devices Syst. 144(3), 195–200 (1997)
S. Franco, Analytical foundation of current-feedback amplifiers, in Proc. IEEE ISCAS’93, San Francisco (1993), pp. 1050–1053
A.A. Khan, S. Bimal, K.K. Dey, S.S. Roy, Novel RC sinusoidal oscillator using second-generation current conveyor. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54(6), 2402–2406 (2005)
V. Kumar, A.U. Keskin, K. Pal, DVCC-based single element controlled oscillators using all-grounded components and simultaneous current-voltage mode outputs. Frequenz 61(3), 141–144 (2007)
Y. Liu, S. Chen, K. Nakayama, K. Watanabe, Limitations of a relaxation oscillator in capacitance measurements. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 49(5), 980–983 (2000)
Y.-K. Lo, H.-C. Chien, Switch-Controllable OTRA-based square/Triangular waveform generator. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Express Briefs 54(12), 1110–1114 (2007)
Y.-K. Lo, H.-C. Chien, H.-J. Chiu, Current-input OTRA Schmitt trigger with dual hystersis modes. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 38, 739–746 (2010)
Y.-K. Lo, H.-C. Chien, H.-J. Chiu, Switch-controllable OTRA-based bistable multivibrators. IET Circuits Devices Syst. 2(4), 373–382 (2008)
S. Minaei, A new high performance CMOS third generation current conveyor (CCIII) and its application. Electr. Eng. J. 85(3), 147–153 (2003)
S. Minaei, E. Yuce, All-grounded passive elements voltage-mode DVCC-based universal filters. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 29(2), 295–309 (2010)
S. Minaei, E. Yuce, Novel voltage-mode all-pass filter based on using DVCCs. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 29(3), 391–402 (2010)
S.N. Nihtianov, G.P. Shterev, B. Iliev, G.C.M. Meijer, An interface circuit for R-C impedance sensors with a relaxation oscillator. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50(6), 1563–1567 (2001)
OPA660. Wide Bandwidth Operational Transconductance amplifier and Buffer. Datasheet. Burr-Brown
D. Pal, A. Srinivasulu, B.B. Pal, A. Demosthenous, B.N. Das, Current conveyor-based square/triangular wave generators with improved linearity. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 58(7), 2174–2180 (2009)
G. Palumbo, S. Pennisi, Current-feedback versus voltage operational amplifiers. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., Part I 48(5), 617–623 (2001)
A.S. Sedra, K.C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 5th edn. (Oxford Univ. Press, London, UK, 2004), pp. 1185–1188
A.S. Sedra, G.W. Roberts, F. Gohn, The current conveyor: History, progress and new results. IEE. Proc. Part G, Circuits Devices Syst. 137, 78–87 (1990)
P. Silapan, M. Siripruchyanun, Fully and electronically controllable current-mode Schmitt triggers employing only single MO-CCCDTA and their applications. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 68, 111–128 (2011)
D. Smith, M. Koen, A. Witulski, Evolution of high-speed operational amplifier architectures. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 29(10), 1166–1179 (1994)
A. Srinivasulu, A novel current conveyor-based Schmitt trigger and its application as a relaxation oscillator. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 39(6), 679–686 (2011)
C. Toumazou, F.J. Lidgey, D.G. Haigh, Analog IC Design: The Current-Mode Approach (Peter Peregrinus, London, 1990)
F. Yuan, Differential CMOS Schmitt trigger with tunable hysteresis. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 62, 245–248 (2010)
E. Yuce, Grounded inductor simulators with improved low frequency performances. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 57(5), 1079–1084 (2008)
E. Yuce, S. Minaei, O. Cicekoglu, Full-wave rectifier realization using only two CCII+s and NMOS transistors. Int. J. Electron. 93(8), 533–541 (2006)
E. Yuce, S. Minaei, H. Alpaslan, Novel CMOS technology-based linear grounded voltage controlled resistor. J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 20(3), 447–455 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Minaei, S., Yuce, E. A Simple Schmitt Trigger Circuit with Grounded Passive Elements and Its Application to Square/Triangular Wave Generator. Circuits Syst Signal Process 31, 877–888 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-011-9373-y
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-011-9373-y