Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electro-Fermentation of Biomass for High-Value Organic Acids

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biorefineries: A Step Towards Renewable and Clean Energy

Part of the book series: Clean Energy Production Technologies ((CEPT))

  • 640 Accesses

Abstract

Microbial fermentations are well recognized process for large-scale bioconversion of organic waste biomass into high-value organic acids. It requires processes optimization, i.e., that should reach at maximum productivity and no feedback inhibition, to reduce the cost of up- and down-stream processing for commercialization. To achieve this, triggered metabolic activities are often needed that maximize the conversion of organic carbon into organic acids under non-sterile conditions. By regulating the redox balance in-situ, the specific organic acid production could be tailored in fermentation systems under mixed/mono-culture conditions. In recent years, bio-electro-fermentations (BEF) has developed as a promising approach for organic waste conversion into value products due to its sustainable nature but yet required better understand for further development. In BEF, the fermentative metabolic pathways are enhanced with poising electrodes that facilitate effective electron transfers towards end-product recovery. It is expected to maintain the required redox conditions and buffer the system by regulating reducing equivalents e.g. NADH+ during fermentation. Moreover, microorganisms extract energy required to build biomass (anabolic process) from redox reactions (catabolism) through syntrophic interactions in BEF, while feedback inhibition of process could be overcome. In this chapter, we will elaborate the BEF process for organic acid production (mainly succinic, acetic, and muconic acids) and techno-economics of the process for commercialization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AA:

Acetic acid

AD:

Anaerobic digestion

BEF:

Bio-electro-fermentations

CA:

Citric acid

CAPEX:

Capital expenditure

ccMA:

cis,cis-muconic acid

ctMA:

cis,trans-muconic acid

EET:

Extracellular electron transfer

EF:

Electro-fermentation

frd :

Fumarate reductase

fum :

Fumarase

LA:

Lactic acid

LCA:

Life cycle assessment

MA:

Muconic acid

mdh :

Malate dehydrogenase

MMC:

Mixed microbial cultures

OW:

Organic waste

ppc :

PEP carboxylase

pck :

PEP carboxykinase

pyc :

Pyruvate carboxylase

SA:

Succinic acid

TEA:

Techno-economic analysis

ttMA:

trans,trans-muconic acid

References

  • Alexandri M, Venus J (2017) Feedstock flexibility in sustainable chemistry: bridging sectors still not sufficiently familiar with each other – showcases of ongoing and emerging initiatives. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 8:24–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandri M, Schneider R, Venus J (2018) Membrane technologies for lactic acid separation from fermentation broths derived from renewable resources. Membranes 8(4):94

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alves de Oliveira R, Komesu A, Vaz Rossell CE, Maciel Filho R (2018) Challenges and opportunities in lactic acid bioprocess design—from economic to production aspects. Biochem Eng J 133:219–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appels L, Baeyens J, Degre`ve J, Dewil R (2008) Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Prog Energ Combust Sci 34:755–781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awate B, Steidl RJ, Hamlischer T, Reguera G (2017) Stimulation of electro-fermentation in single-chamber microbial electrolysis cells driven by genetically engineered anode bio films. J Power Sources 356:510–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batlle-Vilanova P, Puig S, Gonzalez-Olmos R, Colprim J (2016) Continuous acetate production through microbial electrosynthesis from CO with microbial mixed culture. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 91:921–927

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker J, Wittmann C (2012) Systems and synthetic metabolic engineering for amino acid production-the heartbeat of industrial strain development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 23:718–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker J, Kuhl M, Kohlstedt M, Starck S, Wittmann C (2018) Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of cis,cis-muconic acid from lignin. Microb Cell Fact 17:115–128

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley GJ, Narayanan N, Jha RK et al (2020) Engineering glucose metabolism for enhanced muconic acid production in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng 59:64–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao Y, Zhang R, Sun C, Cheng T, Liu Y, Xian M (2013) Fermentative succinate production: an emerging technology to replace the traditional petrochemical processes. Biomed Res Int 2013:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavallo E, Charreau H, Cerrutti P, Foresti ML (2017) Yarrowia lipolytica: a model yeast for citric acid production. FEMS Yeast Res 17(8):84. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fox084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caxiano IN, Junqueira PG, Mangili PV, Prata DM (2020) Eco-efficiency analysis and intensification of the acetic acid purification process. Chem Eng Process - Process Intensif 147:107784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavas J-P, Kim K (2010) Economies of diversification: a generalization and decomposition of economies of scope. Int J Prod Econ 126:229–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng S, Xing D, Call DF, Logan BE (2009) Direct biological conversion of electrical current into methane by electromethanogenesis. Environ Sci Technol 43:3953–3958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi O, Sang BI (2016) Extracellular electron transfer from cathode to microbes: application for biofuel production. Biotechnol Biofuel 9(1):11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi KS, Kondaveeti S, Min B (2017) Bioelectrochemical methane (CH4) production in anaerobic digestion at different supplemental voltages. Bioresour Technol 245:826–883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christodoulou X, Velasquez-Orta SB (2016) Microbial electrosynthesis and anaerobic fermentation: an economic evaluation for acetic acid production from CO2 and CO. Environ Sci Technol 50(20):11234–11242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu N, Liang Q, Jiang Y, Zeng RJ (2020) Microbial electrochemical platform for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Biosens Bioelectron 150:111922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chua JW, Hsieh JH (1990) Oxidative bioconversion of toluene to 1,3-butadiene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (cis,cis-muconic acid). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 6:127–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Corato U, De Bari I, Viola E, Pugliese M (2018) Assessing the main opportunities of integrated biorefining from agro-bioenergy co/by-products and agroindustrial residues into high-value added products associated to some emerging markets: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 88:326–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desloover J, Arends JB, Hennebel T, Rabaey K (2012) Operational and technical considerations for microbial electrosynthesis. Biochem Soc Trans 40:1233–1238

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost JW, Miermont A, Schweitzer D, Bui V (2013) Preparation of trans, trans muconic acid and trans, trans muconates. US Patent US8426639B2

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghaffar T, Irshad M, Anwar Z et al (2014) Recent trends in lactic acid biotechnology: a brief review on production to purification. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 7:222–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorby YA, Yanina S, McLean JS, Rosso KM, Moyles D et al (2006) Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other exoelectrogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:11358–11363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grootscholten TIM, Borgo F, Hamelers HVM, Buisman CJN (2013) Promoting chain elongation in mixed culture acidification reactors by addition of ethanol. Biomass Bioenerg 48:10–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Su M, Zhang Y, Zhan G, Tao Y, Li D (2013a) Bioelectrochemical systems for simultaneously production of methane and acetate from carbon dioxide at relatively high rate. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:3497–3502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang J, Zhang Y, Li K, Wang Q, Gong C, Li M (2013b) Volatile fatty acids production from food waste: effects of pH, temperature and organic loading rate. Bioresour Technol 143:525–530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Lu L, Wang H et al (2018) Electrochemical control of redox potential arrests methanogenesis and regulates products in mixed culture electro-fermentation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:8650–8658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, May HD, Lu L et al (2019) Carbon dioxide and organic waste valorization by microbial electrosynthesis and electro-fermentation. Water Res 149:42–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Chu N, Zhang W et al (2020) Electro-fermentation regulates mixed culture chain elongation with fresh and acclimated cathode. Energy Convers Manag 204:112285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan OP, Visvanathan C (2013) Bio-energy recovery from high-solid organic substrates by dry anaerobic bio-conversion processes: a review. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol 12(3):257–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalil I, Quintens G, Junkers T, Dusselier M (2020) Muconic acid isomers as platform chemicals and monomers in the biobased economy. Green Chem 22:1517–1541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh A, Drogui P, Brar SK et al (2017) Microbial electrosynthesis of solvents and alcoholic biofuels from nutrient waste: A review. J Environ Chem Eng 5:940–954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiely PD, Regan JM, Logan BE (2011) The electric picnic: synergistic requirements for exoelectrogenic microbial communities. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:378–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotloski NJ, Gralnick JA (2013) Flavin electron shuttles dominate extracellular electron transfer by Shewanella oneidensis. mBio 4:00553-12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kucek LA, Xu J, Nguyen M, Angenent LT (2016) Waste conversion into n-Caprylate and n-Caproate: resource recovery from wine lees using anaerobic reactor microbiomes and in-line extraction. Front Microbiol 7:1892

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Pant DC, Mehariya S et al (2014a) Ecobiotechnological strategy to enhance efficiency of bioconversion of wastes into hydrogen and methane. Indian J Microbiol 54:262–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-014-0467-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Singh M, Mehariya S et al (2014b) Ecobiotechnological approach for exploiting the abilities of bacillus to produce co-polymer of polyhydroxyalkanoate. Indian J Microbiol 54:151–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Hsu LHH, Paul K, Barriere F, Lens PNL et al (2017) The ins and outs of microorganism-electrode electron transfer reactions. Nat Rev Chem 1:0024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaBelle EV, May HD (2017) Energy efficiency and productivity enhancement of microbial electrosynthesis of acetate. Front Microbiol 8:756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00756

  • Lee WS, Chua ASM, Yeoh HK, Ngoh GC (2014) A review of the production and applications of waste-derived volatile fatty acids. Chem Eng J 235:83–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Grot S, Logan BE (2005) Electrochemically assisted microbial production of hydrogen from acetate. Environ Sci Technol 39:4317–4320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovley DR (2011) Electrosynthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide is catalyzed by a diversity of acetogenic microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:2882–2886

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CW, Ross DE, Fichot EB, Norman RS, May HD (2012) Electrosynthesis of commodity chemicals by an autotrophic microbial community. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(23):8412–8420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mehariya S, Patel AK, Obulisamy PK et al (2018) Co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge for methane production: current status and perspective. Bioresour Technol 265:519–531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mika LT, Cséfalvay E, Németh Á (2018) Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates to initial platform chemicals: chemistry and sustainability. Chem Rev 118:505–613. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno S, Yoshikawa N, Seki M, Mikawa T, Imada Y (1988) Microbial production of cis, cis-muconic acid from benzoic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 28:20–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanakrishna G, Seelam JS, Vanbroekhoven K, Pant D (2015) An enriched electroactive homoacetogenic biocathode for the microbial electrosynthesis of acetate through carbon dioxide reduction. Faraday Discuss 183:445–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moscoviz R, Toledo-Alarcn J, Trably E, Bernet N (2016) Electro-fermentation: how to drive fermentation using electrochemical systems. Trends Biotechnol 34:856–865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moscoviz R, Trably E, Bernet N (2018) Electro-fermentation triggering population selection in mixed-culture glycerol fermentation. Microb Biotechnol 11:74–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nevin KP, Hensley SA, Franks AE, Summers ZM, Ou J, Woodard TL, Lovley DR (2011) Electrosynthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide is catalyzed by a diversity of acetogenic microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbial 77(9):2882–2886

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nevin KP, Hensley SA, Franks AE, Summers ZM, Ou J, Woodard TL, Snoeyenbos-West OL, Nikhil GN, Subhash GV, Dileep Y, Venkata Mohan S (2015) Synergistic yield of dual energy forms through biocatalyzed electrofermentation of waste: stoichiometric analysis of electron and carbon distribution. Energy 88:281–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nevin KP, Woodard TL, Franks AE, Summers ZM, Lovley DR (2010) Microbial electrosynthesis: feeding microbes electricity to convert carbon dioxide and water to multicarbon extracellular organic compounds. MBio 1:e00103–e00110. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00103-10

  • Park DH, Zeikus JG (1999) Utilization of electrically reduced neutral Red by Actinobacillus succinogenes: physiological function of neutral Red in membrane-driven fumarate reduction and energy conservation. J Bacteriol 181(8):2403–2410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patil SA, Arends JBA, Vanwonterghem I, van Meerbergen J, Guo K, Tyson GW, Rabaey K (2015) Selective enrichment establishes a stable performing community for microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO2. Environ Sci Technol 49:8833–8843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabaey K, Rozendal RA (2010) Microbial electrosynthesis - revisiting the electrical route for microbial production. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:706–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabaey K, Girguis P, Nielsen LK (2011) Metabolic and practical considerations on microbial electrosynthesis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:371–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rago L, Pant D, Schievano A (2019) Chapter 14 - electro-fermentation—microbial electrochemistry as new frontier in biomass refineries and industrial fermentations. In: Hosseini M (ed) Advanced bioprocessing for alternative fuels, biobased chemicals, and bioproducts. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, pp 265–287

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reguera G, Nevin KP, Nicoll JS, Covalla SF, Woodard TL, Lovley DR (2006) Biofilm and nanowire production leads to increased current in Geobacter sulfurreducens fuel cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7345–7348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki K, Sasaki D, Kamiya K et al (2018) Electrochemical biotechnologies minimizing the required electrode assemblies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 50:182–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schievano A, PepéSciarria T, Vanbroekhoven K, De Wever H, Puig S, Andersen SJ, Rabaey K, Pant D (2016) Electro-fermentation-merging electrochemistry with fermentation in industrial applications. Trends Biotechnol 34:866–878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt FR (2005) Optimization and scale up of industrial fermentation processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68(4):425–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shanthi Sravan J, Butti SK, Sarkar O et al (2018) Electrofermentation of food waste – regulating acidogenesis towards enhanced volatile fatty acids production. Chem Eng J 334:1709–1718

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srikanth S, Maesen M, Dominguez-Benetton X, Vanbroekhoven K, Pant D (2014) Enzymatic electrosynthesis of formate through CO2 sequestration/reduction in a bioelectrochemical system (BES). Bioresour Technol 165:350–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srikanth S, Kumar M, Singh MP, Das BP (2016) Bioelectro chemical systems: a sustainable and potential platform for treating waste. Procedia Environ Sci 35:853–859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamenkovic VR, Strmcnik D, Lopes PP, Markovic NM (2016) Energy and fuels from electrochemical interfaces. Nat Mater 16:57–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbusch KJJ, Hamelers HVM, Plugge CM, Buisman CJN (2011) Biological formation of caproate and caprylate from acetate: fuel and chemical production from low grade biomass. Energ Environ Sci 4:216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su M, Jiang Y, Li D (2013) Production of acetate from carbon dioxide in bioelectrochemical systems based on autotrophic mixed culture. J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:1140–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Summers ZM, Fogarty HE, Leang C, Franks AE, Malvankar NS, Lovley DR (2010) Direct exchange of electrons within aggregates of an evolved syntrophic coculture of Anaerobic bacteria. Science 330:1413–1415

    Google Scholar 

  • Teigiserova DA, Hamelin L, Thomsen M (2019) Review of high-value food waste and food residues biorefineries with focus on unavoidable wastes from processing. Resour Conserv Recycl 149:413–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uçkun Kiran E, Trzcinski AP, Ng WJ, Liu Y (2014) Enzyme production from food wastes using a biorefinery concept. Waste Biomass Valoriz 5:903–917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Eerten-Jansen MC, TerHeijne A, Grootscholten TI, Steinbusch KJ et al (2013) Bioelectrochemical production of caproate and caprylate from acetate by mixed cultures. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 1:513–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venkata Mohan S, Butti SK, Amulya K, Dahiya S, Modestra JA (2016) Waste biorefinery: a new paradigm for a sustainable bioelectro economy. Trends Biotechnol 34:852–855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villano M, Paiano P, Palma E, Miccheli A, Majone M (2017) Electrochemically-driven fermentation of organic substrates with undefined mixed microbial cultures. Chem Sus Chem. 10(15):3091–3097. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xafenias N, Kmezik C, Mapelli V (2017) Enhancement of anaerobic lysine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum electrofermentations. Bioelectrochemistry 117:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.06.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Cao W, Wang Z, Zhang B, Chen K, Ouyang P (2016) Enhanced succinic acid production from corncob hydrolysate by microbial electrolysis cells. Bioresour Technol 202:152–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou M, Yan B, Wong JWC, Zhang Y (2017) Enhanced volatile fatty acids production from anaerobic fermentation of food waste: a mini-review focusing on acidogenic metabolic pathways. Bioresour Technol 248:68–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Competing Interests

All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (Autonomous), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    C. Nagendranatha Reddy & Rajasri Yadavalli

  2. Department of Sustainability - CR Portici, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici, Italy

    Sanjeet Mehariya

  3. Department of Engineering, University of Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy

    Sanjeet Mehariya

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India

    S. Kavitha & R. Yukesh Kannah

  5. Department of Biotechnology, Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College, Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India

    K. Jayaprakash

  6. Department of Life sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India

    J. Rajesh Banu

  7. Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Parthiba Karthikeyan Obulisamy

Authors
  1. C. Nagendranatha Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sanjeet Mehariya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Kavitha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. Yukesh Kannah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. Jayaprakash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rajasri Yadavalli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J. Rajesh Banu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Parthiba Karthikeyan Obulisamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Parthiba Karthikeyan Obulisamy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India

    Pradeep Verma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nagendranatha Reddy, C. et al. (2020). Electro-Fermentation of Biomass for High-Value Organic Acids. In: Verma, P. (eds) Biorefineries: A Step Towards Renewable and Clean Energy. Clean Energy Production Technologies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9593-6_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation