Skip to main content

Retinal Topography in the Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus Divergence) and Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)

  • Chapter
Marine Mammal Sensory Systems

Abstract

The walrus and fur seal represent two major groups of pinnipedia, differing both by their systematic position and mode of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Bullock, T. H., Ridgway, S. H., and Suga, N., 1971, Acoustically evoked potentials in midbrain auditory structures in sea lion (pinnipedia), Ztschr. verql. Phisiol., 74: 372–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collin, S. P., and Pettigrew, J. D., 1988, Retinal ganglion cell topography in teleosts: a comparison between Nissl-stained material and retrograde labelling from the optic nerve, J. Comp. Neurol., 276:412–422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daschevckiy, B. A., and Blisnuk, Ya. I., 1985, Forming of selectivity to operating by structure of complex stimulus in the fur seal Callorhinus ursinus (in Russ.), Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR (Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR), 282:1275–1277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, W. W., Hawthorne, M. N., Jenkins, R. L., and Goldston, R. T., 1982, Giant neural system in the inner retina and optic nerve of small whales, J. Comp. Neurol., 205:1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, W. W., and Perez, S. M., 1973, Unusual retinal cells in dolphin eye, Science. 181:747–749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dral, A. D. G., 1977, On the retinal anatomy of Cetacea (mainly Tursiops truncatus), in: “Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals”, R. J. Harrison, ed., Academic Press, London, vol. Ill pp.81–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dral, A. D. G., 1983, The retinal ganglion cells of Delphinus delphis and their distribution, Aquatic Mammals, 10:57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, Q. S., and Kirby, M. A., 1991, Number and distribution of retinal ganglion cells in Anubis Baboons (Papio anubis), Brain, Behav. Evol., 37:189–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fobes, J. L., and Smock, C. C., 1981, Sensory capacities of marine mammals, Psychol. Bull., 89:288–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda, Y., and Stone, J., 1974, Retinal distribution and central projection of W, X and Y cells of the cat’s retina, J. Neurophysiol., 37:749–772.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, A., and Zhou, K., 1987, On the retinal ganglion cells of Neophocaena and Lipotes., Acta Zool. Sin., 33:316–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harman, A. M., Nelson, J. E., Crewther, S. G., and Crewther, D. P., 1986, Visual acuity of the northern native cat (Dasyurus hallucatus) — behavioral and anatomical estimates, Behav. Brain Res., 22:211–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A., 1971, Topographical relationships between the anatomy and physiology of the rabbit visual system, Documents Ophthalmol., 30:33–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A., 1975, A quantitative analysis of the cat retinal ganglion cell topography, J. Comp. Neurol., 163:107–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A., 1977, The topography of vision in mammals of contrasting life style. Comparative optics and retinal organization, in: Handbook of Sensory Physiology, F. Crescitelli, ed., Springer, Berlin, vol.VII/5 pp.613–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A., 1981, Population magnitudes and distribution of the major modal classes of cat retinal ganglion cell as estimated from HRP filling and systematic survey of the soma diameter spectra for classical neurons, J. Comp. Neurol., 197:303–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, G. S., and Fisher, H. D., 1971, The retina of the harbor seal Phoca vitulina. Can. J. Zool., 49:19–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. L., 1901, Contribution to the comparative anatomy of mammalian eye chiefly based on ophthalmoscopic examination, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., B, 194:1–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein, R. A., and van Gaalen, M. A., 1988, The sensitivity of the vibrissae of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) Part 1, Aquatic Mammals, 14:123–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein, R. A., Stevens, S., and Mosterd, P., 1990, The tactile sensitivity of the mystacial vibrissae of Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) Part 2: masking, Aquatic Mammals, 16:78–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein, R. A., and Wiepkema, P. R., 1989, A digging trough as occupational therapy for Pacific Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in human care, Aquatic Mammals, 15: 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, W., and Friedrich, I., 1982, Quantitative morphology of bovine retina, in: “The Structure of the Eye”, 1986, G. Hollyfield, ed. Elsevier, New York 175–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladygina, T. F., Popov, V. V., and Supin, A. Ya., 1986, Organization of somatic and motor projections in the cortex of the fur seal (in Russ), in: “Elektrophysiologiya Sensornych System Morskikh Mlekopitayushchich” (Electrophysiology of Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals), V. E. Sokolov, ed., Nauka, Moscow: pp.137–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, D., and Dawson, W. W., 1970, The histology of retinas from the pinnipedia, Vision Res., 10:691–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, K. O., and Fisher, S. K., 1983, The distribution of photoreceptors and ganglion cells in the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi, J. Comp. Neurol., 221:329–340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mass, A. M., and Supin, A. Ya., 1986, Topographic distribution of sizes and density of ganglion cells in the retina of a Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. Aquatic Mammals, 12:95–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mass, A. M., and Supin, A. Ya., 1989, Distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of an amazon river dolphin Inia geoffrensis. Aquatic Mammals, 15:49–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mass, A. M., and Supin, A. Ya., 1990, Best vision zones on the retinae of some cetaceans. in: “Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans: Laboratory and Field Evidence”, J. A. Thomas and R. A. Kastelein, eds., Plenum Press, N.Y.-Lond. pp. 505–517.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Munk, O., 1970, On the occurrence and significance of horizontal band-shaped retina in teleosts, Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk. Naturh. Foren., 133:85–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, A. R., and Ronald, K., 1970, The harp seal, Pagophilus aroenlandicus (Erxleben 1777), Canad. J. Zool., 48:367–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, A. R., and Ronald, K., 1975, A light and electronmicro-scopic study of the structure of the retina of the harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben 1777), Rapp. P. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 169:92–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, J. C., Slattery, P. N., O’Connor, E. F., and Lowry, L. F., 1983, Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus feeding in the Bering sea: a benthic perspective, Fishery Bulletin, 81: 501–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyster, C. W., and Takahashi, E., S., 1981, Density, soma size, and regional distribution of rabbit retinal ganglion cells, J. Neurophysiol., 1:1331–1346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, V. H., 1982, The ganglion cell layer of the mammalian retina. in: “Progress in Retinal Research”, N. Osborne and G. Chader, eds., Pergamon press, Oxford, 1 pp.53–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, V. H., and Cowey, A., 1985, The ganglion cell and cone distributions in the monkey’s retina: implication for central magnification factor, Vision Res., 25:1795–1810.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, J. D., Dreher, B., Hopkins, C. S., McCall, M. J., and Brown, M., 1988, Peak density and distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of microchiropteran bats: implication for visual acuity, Brain, Behav. Evol., 32:39–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilleri, G., and Wandeller, A., 1964, Ontogenese und Functionelle Morphologie des Auges des Finnwals, Balaenoptera physalis L (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae), Acta Anat., Suppl. 50–1, ad.vol. 57:1–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provis, J. M., 1979, The distribution and size of ganglion cells in the retina of the pigmented rabbit: a quantitative analysis, J. Comp. Neurol., 185:121–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pütter, A., 1903, Die Augen der Wassersaugetiere, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat. Ontog. Thiere, 17:99–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schusterman, R. J., and Balliet, R. F., 1970a, Conditioned vocalization technique for determining visual acuity thresholds in the sea lion. Science, 169:498–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schusterman, R. J., and Balliet, R, F., 1970b, Visual acuity of the Harbour seal and the Steiler sea lion under water, Nature, 226:563–564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schusterman, R. J., and Balliet, R., 1971, Aerial and underwater visual acuity in the California sea lion (Zalopus californianus) as a function of luminance. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 188:37–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schusterman, R. J., and Moore, P. W., 1978, The upper limit of under water auditory frequency discrimination in the California sea lion, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 65:1591–1595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silveira, L. C. L., Picanco-Diniz, C. W., Sampaio, L. F. S., and Oswaldo-Cruz, E., 1989, Retinal ganglion cell distribution in the cebus monkey: a comparison with the cortical magnification factors, Vision Res., 29:1471–1483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., 1965, A quantitative analysis of the distribution of ganglion cells in the cat’s retina, J. Comp. Neurol., 124:337–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., 1978, The number and distribution of ganglion cells in the cat’s retina, J. Comp. Neurol., 180:753–772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., 1983, Parallel Processing in the Visual System. Plenum, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., and Keens, J., 1980, Distribution of small and medium sized ganglion cells in the cat’s retina. J. Comp. Neurol., 192:235–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tancred, E., 1981, The distribution and sizes of ganglion cells in the retinas of five australian marsupials. J. Comp. Neurol., 196:531–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Buren, J. M., 1963, “The Retinal Ganglion Cell layer”, Thomas, Springfield, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakakuwa, K., Washida, A., and Fukuda, Y., 1985, Distribution and soma size of ganglion cells in the retina of eastern chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus asiaticus, Vision Res., 25: 877–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, G. N. H., 1982, Retinal ultrastructure of the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis),. Aquatic Mammals, 9: 17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassle, H., Chun Myung Hoon, and Muller, F., 1987, Amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer of the cat retina, J. Comp. Neurol., 265:391–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wässle, H., Grunert, U., Rohrenbeck, J., and Boycott, B. B., 1990, Retinal ganglion cell density and cortical magnification factor in the primate, Vision Res., 30: 1897–1911.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. V., and Kaas, J. H., 1976, The size and distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of the owl monkey, Aotes trivirqatus, Vision Res., 16:1247–1254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, R. O. L., and Hughes, A., 1987, The morphology, number and distribution of a large population of confirmed displaced amacrine cells in the adult cat retina, J. Comp. Neurol., 255:159–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mass, A.M. (1992). Retinal Topography in the Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus Divergence) and Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus). In: Thomas, J.A., Kastelein, R.A., Supin, A.Y. (eds) Marine Mammal Sensory Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3406-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3406-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6505-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3406-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics