Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Management of Seizures in the Elderly

  • Neurology of Aging (KS Marder, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Geriatrics Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Contrary to what most physicians believe, seizures begin most commonly in the older age group (early childhood is the next most common time). In older patients, detailed history may be even more important to differentiate seizures from other transient neurological complaints often seen at that age. Electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain can also be helpful in the diagnosis. As there are now numerous antiepileptic drugs to choose from, potential adverse effects and drug interactions, as well as efficacy, are particularly important in older patients. This review will outline the diagnosis and causes of seizures in the elderly, as well as the clinical trials and side effect profiles that will help guide management decisions in this age group.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Tallis R, Hall G, Craig I, Dean A. How common are epileptic seizures in old age? Age Ageing. 1991;20:442–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hauser WA. Seizure disorders: the changes with age. Epilepsia. 1992;33:S6–S14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurtland LT. Incident of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota. Epilepsia. 1993;34:453–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sander JWAS, Shorvon SD. Epidemiology of the epilepsies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1996;61:433–43.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Faught E, Richman J, Martin R, Funkhouser E, Foushee R, Kratt P, et al. Incidence and prevalence of epilepsy among older US Medicare beneficiaries. Neurology. 2012;78:448–53. This study shows the high incidence rate of epilepsy in the elderly population.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Leppik IE. Introduction to the International Geriatric Epilepsy Symposium (IGES). Epilepsy Res. 2006;68S:S1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Luhdorf K, Jense LK, Plesner AM. Epilepsy in the elderly: life expectancy and causes of death. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;76:183–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ruggles KH, Haessly SM, Berg RL. Prospective study of seizures in the elderly in the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area (MESA). Epilepsia. 2001;42:1594–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Granger N, Convers P, Beauchet O, Imler D, Viallon A, Laurent B, et al. First epileptic seizure in the elderly: electroclinical and etiological data in 341 patients. Rev Neurol. 2002;158:1088–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Delorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, Boggs JG, Pellock JM, Penberthy L, et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. Neurology. 1996;46:1029–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sinha S, Satishchandra S, Kalband BR, Thennarasu K. New-onset status epilepticus and cluster seizures in the elderly. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:423–8. This study reveals the high rate of critical presentations of seizures in the elderly requiring ICU management.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Conrad J, Pawlowski M, Dogan M, Kovac S, Ritter MA, Evers S. Seizures after cerebrovascular events: risk factors and clinical features. Seizure. 2013;22:275–82. This study highlights the high risk of single seizures and epilepsy following a stroke.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chin RF, Neville BG, Scott RC. A systematic review of the epidemiology of status epilepticus. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11:800–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Baker GA, Jacoby A, Buck D, Brooks J, Potts P, Chadwick DW. The quality of life of older people with epilepsy: findings from the UK community study. Seizure. 2001;10:92–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mclaughlin DP, Pachana MA, McFarland K. Stigma, seizure frequency, and quality of life: the ipact of epilepsy in late adulthood. Seizure. 2008;17:281–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Haut SR, Katz M, Masur J, Lipton RB. Seizure in the elderly: impact on mental status, mood, and sleep. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:540–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stefan H. Epilepsy in the elderly: facts and challenges. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;124:223–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sirven JI. Acute and chronic seizures in patients older than 60 years. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:75–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bartsch R, Butler C. Transient amnesic syndromes. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:86–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ramsay RE, Rowan AJ, Pryor FM. Special considerations in treating the elderly patient with epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;62(S2):S24–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Derry CP, Duncan JS, Berkovic SF. Paroxysmal motor disorders of sleep: the clinical spectrum and differentiation from epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1775–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Olsen EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain. 2002;123:331–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kellinghaus C, Loddenkemper T, Dinner DS, Lachhwani D, Luders HO. Non-epileptic seizures of the elderly. J Neurol. 2004;251:704–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Duncan R, Oto M, Martin E, Pelosi A. Late onset psychogenic nonepileptic attacks. Neurology. 2006;66:1644–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Behrouz R, Heriaud L, Benbadis SR. Late-onset psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;8:649–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Luhdorf K, Hensen LK, Plesner AM. Epilepsy in the elderly: incidence, social function, and disability. Epilepsia. 1986;27:135–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sander JWAS, Hart YM, Johnson AJ, Shorvon SD. The National General Practice study of epilepsy: newly diagnosed seizures in a general population. Lancet. 1990;336:1267–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Forgren L, Bucht G, Eriksson S, Bergmark L. Incidence and clinical characterization of unprovoked seizures in adults - a prospective population-based study. Epilepsia. 1996;37:224–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rossi C, De Herdt V, Dequatre-Ponchelle N, Henon H, Leys D, Cordonnier C. Incidence and predictors of late seizures in intracerebral hemorrhages. Stroke. 2013;44:1723–5. This study reports an increased risk of late seizures with intracerebral bleeds, particularly if the bleed has cortical involvement.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jungehulsing GJ, Heuschmann PU, Holtkamp M, Schwab S, Kolominsky-Rabas PL. Incidence and predictors of post-stroke epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;127:427–30. This study reports an increased risk of late seizures after a stroke, with increased risk associated with severity of the stroke.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Li X, Breteler MMB, de Bruyne MC, Meinardi H, Hauser WA, Hofman A. Vascular determinant of epilepsy: the Rotterdam study. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1216–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Leone MA, Tonini MC, Bogliun G, Gionco M, Tassinari T, Bottacchi E, et al. Risk factors for a first epileptic seizure after stroke: a case control study. J Neurol Sci. 2009;277:138–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pohlmann-Eden B, Fatar M, Hennerici M. The preserved cortical island sign is highly predictive of postischemic seizures. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12:282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. So EL, Annegers JF, Hauser WA, O’Brien PC, Whisnant JP. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology. 1996;46:350–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kwan J, Guenther A. Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after intracranial venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3, CD005501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gilad R. Management of seizures following a stroke: what are the options? Drugs Aging. 2012;29:533–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Scarmeas N, Honig LS, Choi H, Cantero J, Brandt J, Blacker D, et al. Seizures in Alzheimer disease - who, when and how common? Arch Neurol. 2009;66:992–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Amatniek JC, Hauser WA, Delcastillo-Castaneda C, Jacobs DM, Marder K, Bell K, et al. Incident and predictors of seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Epilepsia. 2006;47:867–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. McAreavey MJ, Ballinger BR, Fenton GW. Epileptic seizures in elderly patients with dementia. Epilepsia. 1992;33:657–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rao SC, Dove G, Cascino GD, Petersen RC. Recurrent seizures in patients with dementia: frequency, seizure types, and treatment outcomes. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:118–20.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Imfeld P, Bodmer M, Schuerch M, Jick SS, Meier CR. Seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia: a population based nested case-control analysis. Epilepsia. 2013;54:700–7. This large case-control study highlights the increased risk of seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hesdorffer DC, Hauser WA, Anneger JF, Kokmen E, Rocca WA. Dementia and adult-onset unprovoked seizures. Neurology. 1996;46:727–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Forsyth PA, et al. Practive parameter: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000;54:1886–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Berg AT, Shinnar S. The risk for seizure recurrence following a first unprovoked seizure: a quantitative review. Neurology. 1991;41:965–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hauser WA, Stephen SR, Annegers JF, Anderson VE. Seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure: an extended follow-up. Neurology. 1990;40:1163–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Salinsky M, Kanter R, Dasheiff RM. Effectiveness of multiple EEGs in supporting the diagnosis of epilepsy: an operational curse. Epilepsia. 1987;28:331–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Widdess-Walsh P, Sweeney BJ, Galvin R, McNamara B. Utilization and yield of EEG in the elderly population. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;22:253–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Davidson PN, Davidson KA. Electroencephalography in the elderly. Neurodiagn J. 2012;52:3–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nguyen MV, Ourabah Z, Bourdali Y, Gouronnec A, Motamed G, Al-Rifal S, et al. The yield of routine EEG in geriatric patients: a prospective hospital based study. Neurophysiol Clin. 2010;40:249–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Waton P, Conroy A, Moran G, Duncan S. Retrospective study of sensitivity and specificity of EEG in the elderly compared with younger age group. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25:408–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Drury I, Beydoun A. Interictal epileptiform activity in the elderly patients with epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;106:369–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Lancman ME, O’Donovan C, Dinner D, Coelho M, Luders HO. Usefulness of prolonged video-EEG monitoring in the elderly. J Neurol Sci. 1996;142:54–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Drury I, Selwa LM, Schuh LA, Kapur J, Varma N, Beydoun A, et al. Value of inpatient diagnostic CCTV-EEG monitoring in the elderly. Epilepsia. 1999;40:1100–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. McBride AE, Shih TT, Hirsch LJ. Video-EEG monitoring in the elderly: a review of 94 patients. Epilepsia. 2002;43:165–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Baheti NN, Radhakrishnan A, Radhakrishnan K. A critical appraisal on the utility of long-term video-EEG monitiring in older adults. Epilepsy Res. 2011;97:12–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mattson R, Cramer JA, Collins JF, Smith DB, Delgado-Escueta AV, Browne TR, et al. Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:145–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. N Eng J Med. 1992;327:765–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ramsay RE, Rowan AJ, Slater JD, Collins J, Nemire R, Ortiz WR, et al. Effect of age on epilepsy and its treatment: results from the VA Co-operative study. Epilepsia. 1994;35(S8):91.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Karceski S, Morrell MJ, Carpenter D. Treatment of epilepsy in adults: expert opinion. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;7:S1–S64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for the treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:1000–15.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW. Double-blind comparisons of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Lancet. 1995;345:476–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Steiner TJ, Dellaportas CI, Findley LF, Gross M, Gibberd FB, Perkin GD, et al. Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Epilepsia. 1999;40:601–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF. New onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005;64:1868–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Brodie MJ, Overstall PW, Giorgi L. Multicentre, double-blind, randomised comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1999;37:81–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Saetre E, Perucca E, Isojarvi J, Gjerstad L. An international multicenter randomized double-blind controlled trial of lamotrigine and sustained-release carbamazepine in the treatment of newly diagnosed epilepsy in the elderly. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1292–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Dogan EG, Usta BE, Bilgen R, Senol Y, Aktekin B. Efficacy, tolerability, and side effects of oxcarbazepine monotherapy: a prospective study in adult and elderly patients with newly diagnosed partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13:156–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kutluay E, McCague K, D’Souza J, Beydoun A. Safety and tolerability of oxcarbazepine in elderly patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4:175–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ramsay RE, Uthman B, Pryor FM, Rowan AJ, Bainbridge J, Spitz M, et al. Topiramate in older patients with partial onset seizures: a pilot double-blind, dose-comparison study. Epilepsia. 2008;49:1180–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Groselj J, Guerrini R, Van Oene J, Lahaye M, Schreiner A, Schwalen S. Experience with topiramate monotherapy in elderly patient with recent onset epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scan. 2005;112:1440–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Alsaadi RM, Keopmans S, Aperson M, Farias S. Levetiracetam monotherapy for elderly patients with epilepsy. Seizures. 2004;13:58–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Ferrendellli JA, French J, Leppik I, Morrell MJ, Herbeuval A, Han J, et al. Use of levetiracetam in a population of patients aged 65 years and older: a subset analysis of the KEEPER trial. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;4:702–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Kutlu G, Gomceli YB, Unal Y, Inan LE. Levetiracetam monotherapy for late poststroke seizures in the elderly. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13:542–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Consoli D, Bosco D, Postorino P, Galati F, Plastino M, Perticoni GF. Levetiracetam versus carbamazepine in patients with late poststroke seizures: a multicenter prospective randomized open-label study (EpIC Project). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34:282–9. This randomized multicenter trial of LEV versus CBZ to treat late post-stroke epilepsy showed no difference in seizure freedom rates, but increased adverse events and cognitive testing in subjects treated with CBZ.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. DeToledo JC. Changing presentation of seizures with aging: clinical and etiological factors. Gerontology. 1999;45:329–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Sommer BR, Fenn HH. Review of topiramate for the treatment of epilepsy in elderly patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2010;5:89–99.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tombini M, Pellegrino G, Di Pino G, Assenza G. Zonisamide for seizures in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Seizure. 2013;22:324–5. This case report suggests zonisamide may be the treatment of choice in patients with seizures and comorbid Parkinson’s Disease.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Verrotti A, Coppola G, Parisi P, Mohn A, Chiarelli F. Bone and calcium metabolism and antiepileptic drugs. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010;112:1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ensrud KE, Walczak RS, Blackwell TI, Ensrud ER, Barrett-Connor E, Orwoll ES. Antiepileptic drug use and rates of hip bone loss in older men: a prospective study. Neurology. 2008;71:723–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Vestergaard P, Tigaran S, Rejnmark L, Tigaran C, Dam M, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk is increased in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;99:269–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Souverein PC, Webb DJ, Weil JG, Van Staa TP, Egberts ACG. Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of fractures: case-control study among patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2006;66:1318–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ahmad BS, Hill KD, O’Brien TJ, Gorelik A, Habib N, Wark JD. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2012;79:145–51. This large cross-sectional study showed increased rates of osteoporosis and fractures in the elderly on AEDs, which could not be accounted for solely by fractures due to seizures.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Lazzari AA, Dussault PM, Thakore-James M, Gagnon D, Baker E, Davis SA, et al. Prevention of bone loss and vertebral fractures in patients with chronic epilepsy–Antiepileptic drug and osteoporosis prevention trial. Epilepsia. 2013;54:1997–2004. This double blind randomized control trial of preventative bisphosphonate use in patients on chronic AEDs showed improved BMD and decreased fractures in the patient group treated with a bisphosphonate.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Faught E, Duh MS, Weiner JR, Geurin A, Cunnington MC. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM study. Neurology. 2008;71:1572–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Ettinger AB, Baker GA. Best clinical and research practice in epilepsy of older people: focus on antiepileptic drug adherence. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15:S60–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Zeber JE, Copeland LA, Pugh MJV. Variation in antiepileptic drug adherence among older patients with new onset epilepsy. Ann Pharmacol. 2010;44:1896–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Cramer JA, Mattson RH, Prevey ML, Scheyer RD, Ouellette VL. How often is medication taken as prescribed? A novel assessment technique. JAMA. 1989;261:3273–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Turnheim K. When drug therapy gets old: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2003;38:843–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Leppik IE. Metabolism of antiepileptic medication: newborn to elderly. Epilepsia. 1992;33(S4):S32–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Landmark CJ, Baftiu A, Tysse I, Valso B, Larsson PG, Rytter E, et al. Pharmacokinetic variability of four newer antiepileptic drugs, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, and topiramate: a comparison of the impact of age and comedication. Ther Drug Monit. 2012;34:440–5.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Liow K, Barkley GL, Pollard JR, Harden CL, Bazil CW. Position statement on the coverage of anticonvulsant drugs for the treatment of epilepsy. Neurology. 2007;68:1249–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Eng J Med. 2000;342:314–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Stephen LJ, Kelly K, Mohanraj R, Brodie MJ. Pharmacological outcomes in older people with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;8:434–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Besocke AG, Rosso B, Cristiano E, Valiensi SM, Garcia Mdel C, Gonorazky SE, et al. Outcomes of newly-diagnosed epilepsy in older patients. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;27:29–35. This study highlights the fact that elderly with newly diagnosed epilepsy have good response rates to medications.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sirven JI, Malamut BL, O’Connor MJ, Sperly MR. Temporal lobectomy outcome in older versus younger adults. Neurology. 2000;54:2166–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Acosta I, Vale F, Atum WO, Benbadis SR. Epilepsy surgery after age 60. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12:324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Grivas A, Schramm J, Kral T, von Lehe M, Helmstaedter C, Elger CE, et al. Surgical treatment for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy in the elderly: seizure outcome and neuropsychological sequels compared with a younger cohort. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1364–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Cynthia M. Correll declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Carl W. Bazil has received financial research support from Lundbeck and Eisai.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cynthia M. Correll.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Correll, C.M., Bazil, C.W. Management of Seizures in the Elderly. Curr Geri Rep 3, 73–82 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-014-0078-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-014-0078-5

Keywords

Navigation