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The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviating salt stress in Medicago sativa L. var. icon

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Abstract

Medicago sativa L. is the most important forage crop in arid and semi-arid areas, where increased salinity is a major factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus viscosum H.T. Nicolson strain A6 in protecting alfalfa plants from salt stress, induced by sodium chloride (NaCl), was studied in two ways. Firstly, the root systems of 3-month old M. sativa plants, both mycorrhizal (AM+) and non-mycorrhizal (non-AM) (M. sativa L. var. icon), were placed in solutions of increasing salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) to study the wilting response. G. viscosum improved the tolerance to salinity stress and the benefit was expressed in terms of the time required to reach the T4 stage in the wilting experiment. Secondly, to evaluate the ability of the Glomus-alfalfa symbiosis to tolerate salt, a pot experiment was set up in a glasshouse in which 3-month old alfalfa plants (M. sativa var. icon) were grown in a peat substratum at three salinity levels (0, 100, 150 mM NaCl). The AM symbiosis stimulated plant height, leaf area, root density, fresh and dry plant weight under saline conditions. Furthermore, proline accumulation was higher in mycorrhizal M. sativa plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants under conditions of salt stress. These and other results indicated that the micropropagated selected clone of M. sativa var. icon, when in symbiosis with G. viscosum H.T. Nicolson strain A6, exhibited better growth and physiological activities under saline conditions than non-AM plants. The AM+ plants also had lower sodium and chloride concentrations in tissues than non-AM plants.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Ms. Sara Donahue, English Language Professor in the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Bari, for her invaluable language assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. Thanks are due to Antonio Corleto, Professor in the Department of Plant Production Sciences, University of Bari, for his precious advice and for providing Medicago sativa seeds. The authors also wish to thank Prof. Manuela Giovannetti of the Department of Crop Plants, University of Pisa (Italy) for providing the arbuscular-mycorrhizal inoculum.

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  1. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, “A. Moro” University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/a, Bari, Italy

    Angela Campanelli, Claudia Ruta, Giuseppe De Mastro & Irene Morone-Fortunato

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Campanelli, A., Ruta, C., De Mastro, G. et al. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviating salt stress in Medicago sativa L. var. icon. Symbiosis 59, 65–76 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-012-0191-1

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