Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measurement of Sub-Surface Core Damage in Sandwich Structures Using In-situ Hertzian Indentation During X-ray Computed Tomography

  • Published:
Experimental Mechanics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Composite sandwich structures with honeycomb cores show varying properties in geometry and mechanical behavior depending on the studied scale. Herein a new test and evaluation method for sub-surface core damage in the indentation area of honeycomb sandwich structures using computed tomography is presented. The combination of X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-μCT) and an image analysis procedure adjusted to the detection of core deformation mechanisms allows the extraction and quantification of externally invisible, sub-surface damage in the sandwich composite. For this specific contact or indentation loading case on the sandwich face sheet an in-situ device is introduced, enabling a 3D analysis of the structural change during progressing indentation depth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Olsson R, McManus HL (1996) Improved theory for contact indentation of sandwich panels. AIAA J 34(6):1238–1244

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Olsson R (2002) Engineering method for prediction of impact response and damage in sandwich panels. J Sandw Struct Mater 4(1):3–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Petras A, Sutcliffe M (1999) Indentation resistance of sandwich beams. Compos Struct 46(4):413–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Swanson SR, Kim J (2003) Design of sandwich structures under contact loading. Compos Struct 59(3):403–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Foo CC, Chai GB, Seah LK (2008) A model to predict low-velocity impact response and damage in sandwich composites. Compos Sci Technol 68(6):1348–1356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Foo CC, Seah LK, Chai GB (2008) Low-velocity impact failure of aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels. Compos Struct 85(1):20–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tan K, Watanabe N, Iwahori Y (2011) X-ray radiography and microcomputed tomography examination of damage characteristics in stitched composites subjected to impact loading. Compos Part B 42(4):874–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bull D, Helfen L, Sinclair I, Spearing S, Baumbach T (2013) A comparison of multi-scale 3d x-ray tomographic inspection techniques for assessing carbon fibre composite impact damage. Compos Sci Technol 75:55–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Davies P, Choqueuse D, Bourbouze G (2011) Micro-tomography to study high-performance sandwich structures. J Sandw Struct Mater 13(1):7–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Liu, A.A. Malcolm, J. Xu, in 2nd International Symposium on DNT in Aerospace 2010 (2010)

  11. Dietrich S, Weidenmann K, Elsner P (2014) 3d tomographic characterization of sandwich structures. NDT & E International 62:77–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bay BK (2008) Methods and applications of digital volume correlation. The J of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 43(8):745–760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Forsberg F, Sj¨odahl M, Mooser R, Hack E, Wyss P (2010) Full threedimensional strain measurements on wood exposed to three-point bending: Analysis by use of digital volume correlation applied to synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography image data. Strain 46(1):47–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Gates, J. Lambros, M.T. Heath (2011) Towards high performance digital volume correlation, Experimental Mechanics 51(4), 491–507 26 Stefan Dietrich et al

  15. Limodin N, Rthor J, Buffire JY, Hild F, Roux S, Ludwig W, Rannou J, Gravouil A (2010) Influence of closure on the 3d propagation of fatigue cracks in a nodular cast iron investigated by x-ray tomography and 3d volume correlation. Acta Mater 58(8):2957–2967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Roux S, Hild F, Viot P, Bernard D (2008) Three-dimensional image correlation from x-ray computed tomography of solid foam. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 39(8):1253–1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Viot P, Plougonven E, Bernard D (2008) Microtomography on polypropylene foam under dynamic loading: 3d analysis of bead morphology evolution. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 39(8):1266–1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Buffiere JY, Maire E, Adrien J, Masse JP, Boller E (2010) In situ experiments with x ray tomography: an attractive tool for experimental mechanics. Exp Mech 50(3):289–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Brault R, Germaneau A, Dupr J, Doumalin P, Mistou S, Fazzini M (2013) In-situ analysis of laminated composite materials by x-ray microcomputed tomography and digital volume correlation. Exp Mech 53(7):1143–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kuppinger J, Weidenmann K, Kordick M, Wafzig F, Henning F, Elsner P (2010) Influence of fibre length and concentration on the mechanical properties of long glass fibre reinforced polyurethane. J of Plastics Technology 5:205–227

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kuppinger J, Weidenmann K, Haspel B, Wafzig F, Hennig F, Elsner P (2011) Influence of processing conditions, fiber contents and fiber lengths on fiber orientation in the polyurethane fiber spraying process. J of Plastics Technologies 6:44–65

    Google Scholar 

  22. DIN 53291 - Druckversuch senkrecht zur Deckschichtebene (1982)

  23. DIN 53292 - Zugversuch senkrecht zur Deckschichtebene (1982)

  24. DIN 65469 - Faserverst¨arkte Kunststoffe - Zugversuch an einlagigen Zugflachprobek¨orpern (1992)

  25. DIN 844 - Harte Schaumstoffe - Bestimmung der Druckeigenschaften (2009)

  26. Feldkamp LA, Davis LC, Kress JW (1984) Practical cone-beam algorithm. J Opt Soc Am A 1(6):612–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. B. J¨ahne, Image processing for scientific applications (CRC press Boca Raton, 1997)

  28. Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW et al (2012) Nih image to imagej: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9(7):671–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Otsu N (1975) A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. Automatica 11(285–296):23–27

    Google Scholar 

  30. B. J¨ahne, Digitale Bildverarbeitung (Springer DE, 2005)

  31. Sahoo P, Wilkins C, Yeager J (1997) Threshold selection using renyi’s entropy. Pattern Recogn 30(1):71–84

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  32. T.S. Yoo, M.J. Ackerman, W.E. Lorensen, W. Schroeder, V. Chalana, S. Aylward, D. Metaxas, R. Whitaker (2002), Engineering and algorithm 28 Stefan Dietrich et al. design for an image processing api: a technical report on itk-the insight toolkit, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics pp. 586–592

  33. Zhou D, Stronge W (2006) Low velocity impact denting of {HSSA} lightweight sandwich panel. Int J Mech Sci 48(10):1031–1045

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Dr.-Ing. Jan Kuppinger for manufacturing and providing the sandwich composite panels investigated herein.

These investigations were carried out through the research activities of the KITe hyLITE Plus project. This project is funded by the European Union through the program European Funds for Regional Development as well as state government of Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-WK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany

    S. Dietrich, M. Koch, P. Elsner & K. Weidenmann

Authors
  1. S. Dietrich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Koch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Elsner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Weidenmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Dietrich.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(GIF 107 kb)

High resolution image (EPS 6297 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dietrich, S., Koch, M., Elsner, P. et al. Measurement of Sub-Surface Core Damage in Sandwich Structures Using In-situ Hertzian Indentation During X-ray Computed Tomography. Exp Mech 54, 1385–1393 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-014-9902-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-014-9902-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation