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Effective gene flow in a historically fragmented area at the southern edge of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) distribution

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Abstract

Fragmented populations at the edges of a species’ distribution can be highly exposed to the loss of genetic variation, unless sufficient gene flow maintains their genetic connectivity. Gene movements leading to successful establishment of external gametes (i.e. effective gene flow) into fragmented populations can solely be assessed by investigating the origin of natural regeneration. This study is focused on studying gene flow patterns in two silver fir stands in Central Apennines, where the species has a highly fragmented distribution. By using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers, we investigated genetic variation, fine-scale spatial genetic structure, effective gene flow rates and large-scale connectivity characterizing both stands. Similar levels of genetic variation and low genetic differentiation between stands (F ST = 0.005) and across generations were found, coupled with low inbreeding and weak to absent SGS in the adult cohort (Sp < 0.003). On the other hand, substantial differences between the two stands in terms of gene flow rates were observed. Irrespective of the parentage approach used, higher gene flow rates were found in the stand located at the upper silver fir altitudinal limit, especially for seed-mediated gene flow (0.79 in the upper stand vs. 0.48 in the lower stand). Conversely, the lower stand was characterized by a higher reproductive dominance of local adults. Our findings suggest that, despite similar levels of genetic variation and generally high gene flow rates, different processes may be acting on the two stands, reflecting varying ecological conditions.

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Acknowledgments

This project was funded by the EU project LinkTree (EUI2008-03713, under the ERAnet-BiodivERsA call), the COST Action FP1202 MaP-FGR, the Italian MIUR project ‘Biodiversitalia’ (RBAP10A2T4) and the National Park of Gran Sasso - Monti della Laga (project: Caratterizzazione genetica, ecologico-strutturale e dendrocronologica dei popolamenti di abete bianco del Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e dei Monti della Laga).

We thank Carlo Urbinati, Alma Piermattei, Valeria Gallucci, Matteo Garbarino, Elena Bianchi, Elia Vajana, Dragos Postolache, Catia Boggi, Daniele Di Santo and the staff of the National Park of Gran Sasso - Monti della Laga for the help during the sampling and lab work. We are grateful to Brad Oberle and Stefano Leonardi for their very useful suggestions during the data analysis and writing.

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  1. Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy

    Cristina Leonarduzzi, Andrea Piotti, Ilaria Spanu & Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin

  2. Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (CNR), Division of Palermo, Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129, Palermo, Italy

    Cristina Leonarduzzi

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  1. Cristina Leonarduzzi
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Correspondence to Andrea Piotti.

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Microsatellite data with geographic coordinates are available on Figshare at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3811587.v1.

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Communicated by S. C. González-Martínez

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Leonarduzzi, C., Piotti, A., Spanu, I. et al. Effective gene flow in a historically fragmented area at the southern edge of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) distribution. Tree Genetics & Genomes 12, 95 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1053-4

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