Abstract
Herring spermatozoa exhibit a high activity of NAD-preferring malic enzyme (NAD-ME). This enzyme is involved in the generation of NADH or NADPH in the decarboxylation of malate to form pyruvate and requires some divalent cations to express its activity. In order to confirm that NAD-ME isolated from herring sperm cells is localized in mitochondria, we performed immunofluorescent analysis and assayed spectrophotometrically the malic enzyme reaction. Production of polyclonal rabbit antibodies against NAD-ME from herring spermatozoa enabled identification of mitochondrial localization of this enzyme inside herring spermatozoa. The kinetic studies revealed that NAD-ME was competitively inhibited by ATP up to tenfold. Addition of fumarate reversed ATP-dependent inhibition of NAD-ME to 55 % of its maximum activity. The pH-dependent regulation of malic enzyme activity was also examined. Malic enzyme showed maximum activity at pH near 7.0 in all studied conditions. Finally, the role of malic enzyme activity regulation in mitochondria of herring sperm cells was discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atkinson DE (1968) The energy charge of the adenylate pool as a regulatory parameter. Interaction with feedback modifiers. Biochemistry 7:4030–4034
Bennett BD, Kimball EH, Gao M, Osterhout R, Van Dien SJ, Rabinowitz JD (2009) Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli. Nat Chem Biol 5:593–599
Biegniewska A, Thebault MT, Ziętara M, Skorkowski EF (1993) Antagonism between cadmium chloride and divalent metal cations in the activation of malic enzyme. Comp Biochem Physiol C 104:155–158
Biegniewska A, Zietara MS, Rurangwa E, Ollevier F, Swierczynski J, Skorkowski EF (2010) Some differences between carp (Cyprinus carpio) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) spermatoza motility. J Appl Ichthyol 26:674–677
Christen R, Gatti JL, Billard R (1987) Trout sperm motility. The transient movement of trout sperm is related to changes in the concentration of ATP following the activation of the flagellar movement. Eur J Biochem 166:667–671
Cosson JJ (2008) The motility apparatus of fish spermatozoa. In: Alavi SMH, Cosson JJ, Coward K, Rafiee G (eds) Fish spermatology. Alpha Science International Ltd, Oxford, pp 281–316
Dreanno C, Cosson J, Suquet M, Seguin F, Dorange G, Billard R (1999) Nucleotide content, oxidative phosphorylation, morphology, and fertilizing capacity of turbot (Psetta maxima) spermatozoa during the motility period. Mol Reprod Dev 53:230–243
Dzyuba V, Cosson J (2014) Motility of fish spermatozoa: from external signaling to flagella response. Reprod Biol 14:165–175
Geffen AJ (2009) Advances in herring biology: from simple to complex, coping with plasticity and adaptability. ICES J Mar Sci 66:1688–1695
Gronczewska J, Zietara MS, Biegniewska A, Skorkowski EF (2003) Enzyme activities in fish spermatozoa with focus on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from herring Clupea harengus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 134:399–406
Grzyb K, Skorkowski EF (2005) Characterization of creatine kinase isoforms in herring (Clupea harengus) skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol 140B:629–634
Grzyb K, Skorkowski EF (2006) Purification and some properties of two creatine kinase isoforms from herring (Clupea harengus) spermatozoa. Comp Biochem Physiol 144B:152–158
Grzyb K, Rychłowski M, Biegniewska A, Skorkowski EF (2003) Quantitative determination of creatine kinase release from herring (Clupea harengus) spermatozoa induced by tributyltin. Comp Biochem Physiol 134C:207–213
Hsieh JY, Liu GY, Hung HC (2008) Influential factor contributing to the isoform-specific inhibition by ATP of human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme: functional roles of the nucleotide binding site Lys346. FEBS J 21:5383–5392
Hsieh JY, Chen SH, Hung HC (2009) Functional roles of the tetramer organization of malic enzyme. J Biol Chem 284:18096–18105
Hsu WC, Hung HC, Tong L, Chang GG (2004) Dual functional roles of ATP in the human mitochondrial malic enzyme. Biochemistry 43:7382–7390
Ingermann RL (2008) Energy metabolism and respiration in fish spermatozoa. Fish spermatology. Alpha Science Intl Ltd, Oxford, pp 241–266
Lahnsteiner F, Patzner RA, Weismann T (1993) Energy resources of spermatozoa of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Pisces, Teleostei). Reprod Nutr Dev 33:349–360
Lin RC, Davis EJ (1974) Malic enzyme of rabbit heart mitochondria. J Biol Chem 249:3867–3875
Mansour N, Lahnsteiner F, Berger B (2003) Metabolism of intratesticular spermatozoa of a tropical teleost fish (Clarias garienpinus). Comp Biochem Physiol 135B:285–296
Mommsen TP (2004) Salmon spawning migration and muscle protein metabolism: the August Krogh principle at work. Comp Biochem Physiol 139B:383–400
Mommsen TP, French CJ, Hochachka PW (1980) Sites and patterns of protein and amino acid utilization during the spawning migration of salmon. Can J Zool 58:1785–1799
Niedźwiecka N, Skorkowski EF (2013) Purification and properties of malic enzyme from herring Clupea harengus spermatozoa. Comp Biochem Physiol 164B:216–220
Oda S, Igarashi Y, Ohtake H, Sakai K, Shimizu N, Morisawa M (1995) Sperm-activating proteins from unfertilized eggs of the Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii. Dev Growth Differ 37:257–261
Oda S, Igarashi Y, Manak K, Koibuchi N, Sakai-Sawada M, Sakai K, Morisawa M, Ohtake H, Shimizu N (1998) Sperm-activating proteins obtained from the herring eggs are homologous to trypsin inhibitors and synthesized in follicle cells. Dev Biol 204:55–63
Rurangwa E, Biegniewska A, Swierczynski J, Ollevier F, Skorkowski EF (2001) Adenylate energy charge in fish spermatozoa: influence of pituitary hormons? In: Goos HJTh, Rastogi RK, Vaudry H, Pierantoni R (eds) Perspective in comparative endocrinology: unity and diversity. Menduzzi Editore, Bologna, pp 1203–1208
Saudrais C, Garber AT, McKay DJ, Dixon GH, Loir M (1996) Creatine kinase in trout male germ cells: purification, gene expression, and localization in the testis. Mol Reprod Dev 44:433–442
Saudrais C, Fierville F, Loir M, Le Rumeur E, Cibert C, Cosson J (1998) The use of phosphocreatine plus ADP as energy source for motility of membrane-deprived trout spermatozoa. Cell Motil Cytoskelet 41:91–106
Sauer LA (1973) Mitochondrial NAD-dependent malic enzyme: a new regulatory enzyme. FEBS Lett 33:251–255
Schlegel J, Wyss M, Eppenberger HM, Wallimann T (1990) Functional studies with the octameric and dimeric form of mitochondrial creatine kinase. Differential pH- dependent association of the two oligomeric forms with the inner mitochondrial membrane. J Biol Chem 265:9221–9227
Skorkowski EF (1988) Mitochondrial malic enzyme from crustacean and fish muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol 90B:19–24
Skorkowski EF, Storey KB (1988) Mitochondrial NAD(P)-malic enzyme from herring skeletal muscle. Fish Physiol Biochem 5:241–248
Skorkowski EF, Aleksandrowicz Z, Scislowski PWD, Swierczynski J (1984) Evidence for the role of malic enzyme in the rapid oxidation of malate by cod heart mitochondria. Comp Biochem Physiol 77B:379–384
Tombes RM, Shapiro BM (1989) Energy transport and cell polarity: relationship of phosphagen kinase activity to sperm function. J Exp Zool 251:82–90
Vines CA, Yoshida K, Griffin FJ, Pillai MC, Morisawa M, Yanagimachi R, Cherr GN (2002) Motility initiation in herring sperm is regulated by reverse sodium-calcium exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:2026–2031
Yang Z, Zhang H, Hung HC, Kuo CC, Tsai LC, Yuan HS, Chou WY, Chang GG, Tong L (2002) Structural studies of the pigeon cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent malic enzyme. Protein Sci 11:332–341
Ziętara MS, Biegniewska A, Rurangwa E, Świerczyński J, Ollevier F, Skorkowski EF (2009) Bioenergetics of fish spermatozoa during semen storage. Fish Physiol Biochem 35:607–614
Żołnierowicz S, Świerczyński J, Żelewski L (1988) Purification and properties of the NAD(P)-dependent malic enzyme from human placental mitochondria. Biochem Med Metab 39:208–216
Acknowledgments
This paper is dedicated to Professor Mariusz M. Żydowo former head of the Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk and lecturer at Gdańsk University on his 90th birthday. This study was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Project No. 538-L165-0807-12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niedźwiecka, N., Gronczewska, J. & Skorkowski, E.F. NAD-preferring malic enzyme: localization, regulation and its potential role in herring (Clupea harengus) sperm cells. Fish Physiol Biochem 43, 351–360 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-016-0291-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-016-0291-6