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Taxonomy and phylogeny of the xerophilic genus Wallemia (Wallemiomycetes and Wallemiales, cl. et ord. nov.)

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Abstract

The genus Wallemia comprises xerophilic species. Based on parenthesome ultrastructure it has been linked to the Filobasidiales (basidiomycetes). Species show a unique type of conidiogenesis, including basauxic development of fertile hyphae, segregation of conidial units more or less basipetally, and disarticulation of conidial units into mostly four arthrospore-like conidia. Wallemia is known from air, soil, dried food (causing spoilage), and salt. It can be isolated from hypersaline water of man-made salterns on different continents. Based on analyses of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) Wallemia has been placed into a highly supported clade together with Ustilaginomycetes and Hymenomycetes (Basidiomycota). Within this clade, it possesses an isolated position distantly related to the Filobasidiales and was characterized by numerous nucleotide substitutions not shared by any other fungus. Tests on xerotolerance indicated that Wallemia presents one of the most xerophilic fungal taxa. Xerotolerance is otherwise rare in the Basidiomycota. To acknowledge its unique morphology, evolution, and xerotolerance, a new basidiomycetous class Wallemiomycetes covering an order Wallemiales, is proposed. Based on differences in conidial size, xerotolerance, and sequence data of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS rDNA), at least three Wallemia species are segregated, identified as Wallemia ichthyophaga, Wallemia sebi, and Torula epizoa var. muriae, for which the combination Wallemia muriae is proposed. The three species are neotypified. Wallemia ichthyophaga differs from W. sebi and W. muriae in numerous nucleotides of the SSU and ITS rDNA. This high variation within Wallemia indicates existence of at least two cryptic genera not distinguishable by morphological characters.

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  1. Biotechnical Faculty, Biology Department, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Polona Zalar & Nina Gunde-Cimerman

  2. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508, AD Utrecht, The Netherlands

    G. Sybren de Hoog

  3. Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, p.p. 2553, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Hans-Josef Schroers

  4. John Michael Frank, 33 Tor Rd, GU9 7BY, Earnham, Surrey, UK

    John Michael Frank

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Zalar, P., Sybren de Hoog, G., Schroers, HJ. et al. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the xerophilic genus Wallemia (Wallemiomycetes and Wallemiales, cl. et ord. nov.). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 87, 311–328 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-004-6783-x

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