Abstract
European larch (Larix decidua) is a native species from the Alps and from several mountainous ranges in Central Europe. Its early introduction outside its native range, especially in lowlands western and northern Europe has been problematic for ecological (phenology) and sanitary (canker) reasons due to the lack of knowledge of its genetic variability. As a substitute, Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and then hybrids between European and Japanese larches have been preferred in these regions together with Siberian larches in northern Scandinavia. Results from intensive provenances testing (as early as in the 1940s) have been the corner stone on which breeding programmes have developed both at the intra- (mostly in Central and Eastern Europe) and inter-specific (mostly in North-Western Europe) levels. Inter-specific hybridization is probably the most emblematic and promising breeding strategy for larch, taking benefit of both species trait complementarity, hybrid vigour (heterosis) and hybrid homeostasis. While seed orchards are now the main source for dissemination of genetic progress for European larch, mass-production of hybrid larch remains problematic either through sexual (hybridization seed orchard) or asexual (vegetative propagation by cutting) ways and still impedes large deployment of hybrids in Europe. While progress is expected from current research on this topic (coupling of somatic embryogenesis with bulk vegetative propagation by cutting, 2nd generation hybridization orchard), other hot issues include decoding of heterosis, evaluation of genetic variability for the most original larch wood properties (heartwood formation and durability), adaptation to climate, etc. Joined efforts at European level are expected for genetic resource conservation, breeding and deployment, and tackling of several scientific and technical bottlenecks.
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Notes
- 1.
double-overlapping saw cuts done at the base of the trunk with the objective of cutting the phloem vessels (Wheeler et al. 1985)
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Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to all our colleagues from national and regional forestry research institutes across Europe, who provided us with relevant information for this chapter, namely: W. Chalupka (IDPAN, PL), B. de Cuyper (INBO, BE), D. Danusevicius (LFRI, LT), F. Ducci (CRA, IT), J. Frydl (VULHM, CZ), V. Grigoryeva (FRI, UA), T. Helmink (Alterra, NL), J. Kehlet (KUL, DK), J. Kowalczyk (IBL, PL), D. Krabel (TU Dresden, DE), D. Jacques (BE), S.J. Lee (FR), S. Los (FRI, UA), G. Mihai (ICAS, RO), A. Pliura (LFRI, LT), V. Schneck (vTI, DE), L-G Stener (SkogForsk, SE), D. Thompson (Coillte, IRL), J.Vašíček (UHUL Institute, CZ), S.M.G. de Vries (Alterra, NL), M. Westergren (SL), H. Wolf (SMUL, DE), L. Yrjänä (Metla, FI).
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Appendices
Annexe 2.1 Regions of Provenance of European Larch in Some European Countries
Annexe 2.2. List of European Larch Seed Orchards Across Europe
Country | SO name | Area (ha) | Type | Origin of material | No. of entries | Year of establishment | Thinned? (Y/N) | Generation | Category (Q,T)a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clonal (C) | |||||||||
Family (F) | |||||||||
AT | Lä P1 (ÖBf Krummnußbaum) | 4.2 | C | Northern Alps – middle elevation | 53 | 1979 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P2 (ÖBf – Säusenstein) | 3.7 | C | The Tyrol – Central Alps – high elevation | 52 | 1979 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P3 (ÖBf – Hamet) | 3.15 | C | Wienerwald – low elevation | 42 | 1950s | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P4 (ÖBf – Säusenstein) | 3.9 | C | The Tyrol – Limestone Alps – high elevation | 61 | 1980 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P5 (ÖBf – Sarling) | 3.2 | C | Salzburg (province) – Central Alps – middle elevation | 42 | 1978 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P6 (ÖBf – Weinzierl) | 3.0 | C | Northern Alps – middle elevation | 57 | 1979 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P7 (ÖBf – Weinzierl) | 2.75 | C | Wienerwald – low elevation | 67 | 1982 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P8 (Nikolsdorf) | 4.3 | C | The Tyrol – Central Alps – high elevation | 67 | Approx. 1980 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P9 (Nikolsdorf) | 2.9 | C | The Tyrol – Limestone Alps – high elevation | 54 | 1980 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P10 (MM – Mauritzen) | 1.33 | C | Surroundings of Graz (Stryria) | 50 | 1987 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P11 (Feldkirchen) | 2.39 | C | Northern parts of Upper Austria and Lower Austria; possibly also some Sudeten clones | 77 | 1991 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P12 (Ossiach WLV) | 2.75 | C | Central Alps – high elevation | 83 | 1991 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P13 (Franzen) | 1.4 | C | Northern parts of Upper Austria and Lower Austria | 50 | Approx. 1991 | N | 1 | Q |
AT | Lä P14 (Königshof WLV) | 6.91 | C | Central Alps – high elevation | Approx. 80 | Approx. 1991 | N | 1 | Q |
BE | Halleb | 0.6 | C | Sudetica | 15 | 1959 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | LISICE | 5 | C | Sudetica | 80 | 1998 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | SARAPAK | 3.18 | C | Sudetica | 65 | 1998 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | DZBANOV | 4.47 | C | ? | 88 | – | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | KRALOVKA | 1.36 | C | Sudetica | 67 | 1996 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | SEBIN | 2.7 | C | Sudetica | 76 | 1991 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | Baně | 1.23 | C | Sudetica | 144 | – | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | Horní Lhota | 0.86 | C | Sudetica | 23 | – | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | Rabiňka | 0.39 | C | Sudetica | 25 | – | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | SILOV | 4.23 | C | Sudetica | 117 | 1990 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | KONRATICE | 1.04 | C | Sudetica | 49 | 1994 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | SLEGL | 1.15 | C | Sudetica | 37 | 1993 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | VRSAVA | 2 | C | Sudetica | 75 | 1992 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | ULEHLA | 1.05 | C | Sudetica | 29 | 1996 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | VRCAVA | 5.7 | C | Sudetica | 141 | 1992 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | KLETNA | 7 | C | Sudetica | 69 | 1990 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | POD LUKARNOU | 2.01 | C | Sudetica | 105 | 1993 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | PABOZEK | 1.13 | C | Sudetica | 48 | 1993 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | NYRANY | 2.99 | C | Sudetica | 90 | 1990 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | TAMARA | 1.63 | C | Sudetica | 42 | 1998 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | SMRKOVEC | 6 | C | Sudetica | 189 | 1990 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | MLADEC | 11.04 | C | Sudetica | 118 | 1999 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | POROST 71 A O | 2.11 | C | Sudetica | 734 | 1990 | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | ZAVISIN | 5 | C | Sudetica | 94 | – | N | 1 | Q |
CZ | POROST 244 C 3,4,5 | 5.34 | C | Sudetica | 130 | 1993 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | ELä Sudeten FA Rotenburg | 2.1 | C | Sudetica | 35 | 1962 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | SP Harsefeld; “Harbker Lärche” | 1.4 | C | Plus trees forestry district Calvörde – region of provenance 83,702 | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Sudetenlärche, SP Wietze | 1 | C | Sudetica | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | SP Düsterförde | 1 | C | Region of provenance 837,01 and 837,02 (Templin, Wolgast) | 30 | 1965 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | SP Voigtsdorf | 2.1 | C | Region of provenance 837,01 and 837,02 (Wismar, Güstrow, Parchim, Templin, Salzwedel, Hasselburg) | 25 | 1966 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | SP Leussow | 1 | C | Region of provenance 837,01 and 837,02 (Templin, Mirow) | 25 | 1963 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Brüsenwalde | 2.6 | C | Region of provenance 837,02 (Templin, Hasselburg) | 30 | 1966 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Cobbelsdorf | 3 | C | Hasselburg | 32 | 1960 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Ziegelroda | 1.9 | C | Region of provenance 837,02 and 83,703 (Hasselburg, Gotha, Bautzen, Nordhausen, Heiligenstadt) and Czech Republik | 30 | 1963 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Drehna | 2 | C | Region of provenance 837,02 (Templin, Hasselburg) | 25 | 1965 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | An der Flut | 1 | C | Region of provenance 837,01 and 837,02 (Salzwedel, Wolgast, Mirow, Neubrandenburg, Templin, Hasselburg) | 30 | 1966 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Dahmsdorf | 3.6 | C | Region of provenance 837 01 (Salzwedel) | 40 | 1985 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Europäische Lärche Großenhain | 2.2 | C | Region of provenance 837,02 and 837,04 (Hasselburg, Bautzen, Löbau, Nordhausen, Gotha, Dippoldiswalde) | 30 | 1958 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | SPL Nürnberg | 3 | C | – | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Varel | 1.5 | C | Region of provenance 837 01 (Forestry districts Hasbruch and Neuenburg) | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Mariental | 1.5 | C | Region of provenance 837,03 (Forestry districts Schöningen and Mariental) | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Großbottwar | 4 | C | Alps | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Lilienthal | 2 | C | Alps | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Erdesbach | 2.1 | C | – | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | SPL Laufen-Lebenau | 2.8 | C | Region of provenance 837 03 | – | – | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Europäische Lärche Eich | 1.4 | C | Region of provenance 837,04 (Klingenthal, Oelsnitz) | 18 | 1959 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Europäische Lärche Neuendorfer Hang | 0.9 | C | Sudetica | 33 | 1985 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Europäische Lärche Fischbach | 4.8 | C | Sudetica | 100 | 1960 | N | 1 | Q |
DE | Weidmannsruh-Groß Wismar | 2 | C | Region of provenance 837,01 (Salzwedel) | 30 | 1984 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Anhalt-Wismar | 2.6 | C | Region of provenance 837,01 (Salzwedel) | 30 | 1994 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Wienerwald | 1.8 | C | Wienerwald | – | – | N | 1 | T |
DE | Sudeten | 1.6 | C | Sudetica mountains in Poland and former Czecheslovakia | 28 | 1973 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Berkel | 2.9 | C | Forestry districts of Schlitz, Völkershausen, Driburg, Hameln, Junkernthal, Pyrmont, Hasselburg, Wildeck | 23 | 1955 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Denkendorf | 2.5 | C | Sudetica | N | 1 | T | ||
DE | Elä Sudeten (Wildeck) im FA Gahrenberg | 3.5 | C | Sudetica | 12 | 1954 | N | 1 | T |
DE | ELä Sudeten im FA Gahrenberg | 0.3 | C | Sudetica | 10 | 1952 | N | 1 | T |
DE | ELä Sudeten im FA Rotenburg | 4 | C | Sudetica | 54 | 1964 | N | 1 | T |
DE | ELä Sudeten im FA Rotenburg | 1.5 | C | Sudetica | 54 | 1964 | N | 1 | T |
DE | ELä Sudeten/Wildeck/Jukernthal im FA Gahr | 0.7 | C | Sudetica and region of provenance 837 03 (forestry districts Wildeck and Junkernthal) | – | – | N | 1 | T |
DE | ELä Junkernthal im FA Gahrenberg | 1.2 | C | Region of provenance 837,03 (forestry district Junkernthal) | 11 | 1956 | N | 1 | T |
DE | ELä Drieburg/Schweckhausen im FA Hofbieber | 1 | C | Region of provenance 837,03 (Forestry districts Dreiburg, Schweckhausen) | 12 | 1954 | N | 1 | T |
DE | ELä unterer Vogelsberg im FA Mörfelden-Wall | 1.5 | C | Region of provenance 837,03 (unterer Vogelsberg) | 14 | 1954 | N | 1 | T |
DK | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
FR | Le Theil | 10 | C | Sudetica | 157 | 1980 | N | 1 | Q |
FR | Cadouin | 10 | C | Sudetica | 170 | 1980 | N | 1 | Q |
GB | Peninsula FD (Exeter) | 7 | C | Unknown | 20 | 1980 | N | 1 | Q |
GB | Moray FD (Nairn) | 1.6 | C | Unknown | 20 | 1982 | N | 1 | Q |
GB | Llanymddyfri FD (Haverfordwest) | 3.3 | C | Unknown | 20 | 1986 | N | 1 | Q |
IRL | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
IT | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
LT | Mociškis | 2.8 | C | European artificial stands in Lithuania | 44 | 2005 | N | 1 | Q |
NL | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
PL | Brzeziny TADZIN | 12.50 | C | Polonica | 86 | 1970–1989 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski OŻARÓW | 10.31 | C | Polonica | 39 | 1975–1976 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski OŻARÓW | 5.53 | C | Polonica | 43 | 1989 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Jamy LISNOWO | 3.00 | C | Artificial | 36 | 1977 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Złoty Potok STAWKI | 4.30 | C | Sudetica | 43 | 1978 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Głusko MOCZELE | 10.10 | C | Artificial | 60 | 1978–1989 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Leżajsk MARYNIN | 6.60 | C | Artificial | 55 | 1978–1984 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Krzeszowice DOLINA BĘDKOWSKA | 7.11 | C | Artificial | 51 | 1979 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Lidzbark FILICE | 8.87 | C | Artificial | 33 | 1982–1984 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Rytel KŁODAWA | 7.30 | C | Sudetica | 41 | 1982–1984 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Zdrojowa Góra WILDEK | 5.42 | C | Sudetica | 54 | 1984 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Piaski STAWISZYN | 6.76 | C | Artificial | 53 | 1986–1990 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Bielsk GRABOWIEC | 4.10 | C | Artificial | 31 | 1986–1991 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Starachowice KUTERY | 3.66 | C | Polonica | 43 | 1988 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Bierzwnik RADACHOWO | 6.21 | C | Artificial | 30 | 1989 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Supraśl REMUCZEWO | 3.60 | C | Artificial | 30 | 1989–1990 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Międzyrzec ŻELIZNA | 6.56 | C | Artificial | 62 | 1989–1990 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Świdnik STARY GAJ | 9.82 | C | Artificial | 38 | 1990–1993 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Olkusz JEZIOROWICE | 2.56 | C | Artificial | 51 | 1990 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Turek IMIEŁKÓW | 8.70 | C | Artificial | 45 | 1993 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Warcino KĘPICE | 6.00 | C | Artificial | 48 | 1993 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Syców ŚLIZÓW | 6.70 | C | Artificial | 51 | 1994 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Bielsk GRABOWIEC | 3.87 | C | Artificial | 31 | 1996 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Warcino BIESOWICE | 6.00 | C | Artificial | 63 | 1997 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Świerklaniec ŻYGLINEK | 5.75 | C | Sudetica | 42 | 1997 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Bardo Śl. DĘBOWINA | 5.36 | C | Sudetica | 42 | 1998 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Chrzanów BOBREK | 5.74 | C | Artificial | 34 | 1998 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Olsztyn ŁĘGAJNY | 13.71 | C | Artificial | 32 | 1999 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Barycz WĄSOSZ | 6.00 | C | Artificial | 68 | 1999 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Kamienna Góra MARCISZÓW | 6.22 | C | Artificial | 44 | 1999 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Kwidzyn OTŁAWA | 8.57 | C | Artificial | 44 | 1999 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Złoty Potok LIPNIK | 2.13 | C | Sudetica | 30 | 1999 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Staszów SZCZEKA | 5.00 | C | Polonica | 102 | 2000 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Nowogard RADOSŁAW | 4.62 | C | Artificial | 32 | 2000 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Choczewo DĄBRÓWKA | 4.23 | C | Artificial | 73 | 2000 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Rudy Raciborskie NĘDZA | 11.14 | C | Artificial | 59 | 2001 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Sulęcin BRZEŹNO | 5.52 | C | Artificial | 35 | 2003 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Łopuchówko BRZEŹNO | 7.68 | C | Artificial | 186 | 2005 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Wyszków NOWINY | 7.17 | F | Polonica | 20 | 1964 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Kaliska BORZECHOWO | 5.09 | F | Artificial | 30 | 1977 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Jarocin CIELCZA | 5.24 | F | Artificial | 40 | 1984 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Młynary KSIĄŻKI | 6.57 | F | Artificial | 33 | 1985 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Zaporowo ROSINY | 29.70 | F | Artificial | 33 | 1986 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Złoty Potok LIPNIK | 4.00 | F | Sudetica | 31 | 1986 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Jastrowie HAJDA | 13.39 | F | Artificial | 30 | 1986 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Łuków ŁAWKI | 6.12 | F | Artificial | 32 | 1988 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Miechów SKAŁA | 4.28 | F | Artificial? | 48 | 1991 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Dębica BERDECH | 3.71 | F | Artificial | 40 | 1991 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Oleśnica STRZELCE | 5.04 | F | Artificial | 30 | 1992 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Świdnik STARY GAJ | 12.05 | F | Artificial | 36 | 1992 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Koło RZUCHÓW | 5.76 | F | Artificial | 30 | 1994 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Konin BRZEŹNO | 4.75 | F | Artificial | 30 | 1994 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Syców ŚLIZÓW | 4.95 | F | Artificial | 44 | 1995 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Sieradz EDMUNDÓW | 5.27 | F | Artificial | 42 | 1996 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Brzeziny ZIELEŃ | 14.57 | F | Artificial | 52 | 1996 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Piwniczna JASTRZĘBIK | 4.00 | F | Artificial | 37 | 1996 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Gromnik WOLA PODGÓRSKA | 4.16 | F | Artificial | 34 | 1996 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Krzystkowice KOTOWICE | 5.73 | F | Artificial | 35 | 1998 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Kozienice PRZEJAZD | 5.20 | F | Polonica | 67 | 2001 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Stąporków MOŚCISKA | 5.06 | F | Polonica | 97 | 2001 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Brzesko JODŁÓWKA | 4.28 | F | Artificial | 42 | 2003 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Nowa Sól SOKOŁÓW | 5.80 | F | Artificial | 53 | 2002 | Y | 1 | Q |
PL | Połczyn DĘBNO | 6.60 | F | Artificial | 54 | 2009 | Y | 1 | Q |
Ro | Priseaca | 6 | C | Carpathians | 32 | 1984 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Pausa | 4.3 | C | Carpathians | 45 | 1981 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Fantanele | 11.3 | C | Carpathians | 41 | 1968 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Carbunar | 5 | C | Carpathians | 30 | 1981 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Rupea | 6.1 | C | Carpathians | 45 | 1969 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Baciu | 8.5 | C | Carpathians | 58 | 1978 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Carletea | 4.5 | C | Carpathians | 54 | 1966 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Hemeiusi | 5.6 | C | Carpathians | 37 | 1969 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Ruda | 6.2 | C | Carpathians | 40 | 1969 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Valea lui Stefan | 5 | C | Carpathians | 35 | 1968 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Pucioasa | 12.8 | C | Carpathians | 126 | 1969 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Garcina | 6.8 | C | Carpathians | 100 | 1982 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Beizadele | 4.5 | C | Carpathians | 35 | 1982 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Ciresnaia | 3.9 | C | Carpathians | 61 | 1968 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Slatioara | 10 | C | Carpathians | 30 | 1970 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Cernat | 5 | C | Carpathians | 29 | 1984 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Poiana Neamtului | 5 | C | Carpathians | 30 | 1981 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Siminicea | 5 | C | Carpathians | 25 | 1983 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Breziny | 2.97 | C | Carpathians indigenous Low Tatras | 50 | 1992 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Burich | 1.00 | C | Carpathians indigenous. High Tatras | 33 | 1975 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Červená | 2.00 | C | Carpathians Allochthone. East SK | 58 | 1993 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Dolné Mlynárovo | 2.50 | C | Carpathians indigenous Low Tatras | 26 | 1976 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Gleskovské Tále | 2.19 | C | Carpathians Allochthone. SouthWest SK | 70 | 1994 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Handlová | 2.00 | C | Carpathians. Allochthone South SK | 25 | 1975 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Hladomer | 2.60 | C | Sudetic from CZ | 59 | 1989 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Hlachová | 3.08 | C | Carpathians. Allochthone | 48 | 1974 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Ivachnová | 3.50 | C | Carpathians Indigenous Low Tatras | 26 | – | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Kmeťová | 8.48 | C | Carpathians Indigenous Low Tatras | 143 | 1979 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Korimovo | 1.55 | C | Carpathians Indigenous Muránska Planina | 39 | – | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Kôprovica | 1.20 | C | Carpathians Indigenous Low Tatras | 29 | 1973 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Kraje | 1.00 | C | Carpathians Allochthone South | 40 | 1992 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Kr. Dub | 4.20 | C | Carpathians Allochthone SW SK | 76 | 1990– | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Kunoš | 3.50 | C | Carpathians Indigenous. East Slovakia | 37 | – | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Kuracia | 1.56 | C | Carpathians Allochthone SW SK | 36 | 1990– | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Lukavica – Stráňa | 4.00 | C | Carpathians Allochthone SW SK | 77 | 1987 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Majer | 4.80 | C | Carpathians allochthone SW SK | 49 | 1989 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Paseky | 2.00 | C | Carpathians indigenous Muránska planina | 39 | 1984 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Políčko | 2.00 | C | Sudetic CZ | 25 | – | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Pusté Pole | 2.00 | C | Carpathians Allochthone East Slovakia | 25 | – | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Salaš | 5.04 | C | Carpathians Allochthone SW SK | 25 | 1972 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Salašíky | 3.61 | C | Carpathians Allochthone South SK | 137 | 1990 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Sinec | 2.61 | C | Carpathians Allochthone S | 78 | 1991 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Skalník | 7.00 | C | Carpathians Allochthone S | 183 | 1989 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Stráža | 5.20 | C | Sudetic CZ | 46 | 1980 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | Široká | 2.15 | C | Carpathians Indigenous Low Tatras | 64 | 1990 | N | 1 | Q |
SK | VavreČka | 1.50 | C | Carpathians indigenous/allochthone NW- Slovakia | 105 | – | N | 1 | Q |
SK | VČelín | 2.00 | C | Carpathians Indigenous. High Tatras | 50 | 1979 | N | 1 | Q |
Ukraine | Vinnitsa region | 1.0 | C | Ukraine Vinnitsa region | 480 item | 1968 | N | 1 | Q |
Ukraine | Khmelnitsky Region | 14.0 | C | Khmelnitsky region | 2920 | 1985–1987 | N | 1 | Q |
Ukraine | Sumy region | 1.0 | C | Sumy region | – | 1974 | N | 1 | Q |
Ukraine | Sumy region | 4.8 | C | Region ex USSR | – | 1983 | N | 1 | Q |
Ukraine | Sumy region | 0.4 | C | – | – | 1986 | N | 1 | Q |
Ukraine | Sumy region | 0.9 | C | – | – | 1986 | N | 1 | Q |
Annexe 2.3 Hybridization Seed Orchards Across Europe
Country | SO name | Area (ha) | Type | Origin of material (EL/JL/HL) | Number of entries | Year ofestablishment | Thinned? (Y/N) | Generation | Category (Q,T)a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clonal (C) | |||||||||
Family (F) | |||||||||
Parent of Family (PF) | |||||||||
BE | Halle | 3.0 | C | Artificial | 15EL × 27 JL | 1959 | N | 1 | Q |
BE | Fenffe | 1.3 | C | HL | 91 | 1984 | N | 2 | Q |
CZ | Kyjice-Ore Mountains | – | C | – | 49 | – | N | 1 | – |
DE | LOLA 1 | 1.7 | C | Unknown/J | 1EL × 261JL | 1985 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Neuärgerniss | 3.8 | C | Graupa/Tharandt. Sauen | 1EL × 2JL | 1989 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Heinzebank | 1.1 | C | Wiener Wald/Kumashiroyama. Okunikko | 1EL × 2JL | 1989 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Fischbach | 2.4 | C | Graupa. 2Wienerwald. Tatra/Dresden | 4EL × 1JL | 1969 | N | 1 | T |
DE | Neundorfer Hang | 5.4 | C | Reinerz/Yatsugatake | 1EL × 1JL | 1985 | N | 1 | T |
DK | FP.201 | 0.9 | C/F | – | 1EL × 6JL | 1946–1955 | Y | 1 | T |
DK | FP.203 | 0.9 | C/F | – | 1JL × 1EL | 1949 | 1 | T | |
DK | FP.205 | 0.4 | C/F | – | 1JL × 1EL | 1949 | Y | 1 | T |
DK | FP.211 | 2 | C | – | 1EL × 11JL | 1962 | Y | 1 | T |
DK | FP.237 | 2 | C | – | 1EL × 14JL | 1978–1979 | Y | 1 | Q |
DK | FP.618 | 0.84 | C | – | 1JL × 4EL | 1959–1963 | N | 1 | T |
DK | FP.626 | 1.38 | C | – | 1JL × 4EL | 1975 | N | 1 | Q |
DK | FP.636 | 3.44 | C | – | 1JL × 4EL | 1994 | N | 1 | Q |
FI | – | 1.0 | C | EL: artificial | 1 SL × 6EL | 1962 | N | 1 | – |
FR | Lavercantière | 2 × 5 | PF | EL: Alpine/JL: DK | 1EL × 157JL | 1978–1979 | N | 1 | Q |
FR | REVE-VERT | PF | EL: Alpine/JL: J | 1EL × 12JL | 2005 | N | 1 | T | |
FR | Carnoët | 1 | C | HL | 54 | 1995 | N | 2 | – |
FR | Les Barres | 1 | C | HL | 28 | N | 2 | – | |
IRL | Ballylusk | 0.7 | C | Scotland | 18EL × 18JL | 1983 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Vaisvydava | 1.4 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 22EL × 5JL | 1964 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Dzirmiskis | 7.25 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 20EL × 5JL | 1974 | N | 1 | Q |
LT | Birstonas | 6.5 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 19EL × 9JL | 1974 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Radviliskis | 1.8 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania (Degsnė) | 15EL × 5JL | 1975 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Balbieriskis (27) | 2.6 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 15EL × 5JL | 1976 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Balbieriskis (29) | 3.5 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 20EL × 5JL | 1976 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Silenai | 2.3 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 15EL × 4JL | 1988 | N | 1 | Q |
LT | Vaisvydava | 1.8 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 20EL × 5JL | 1988 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Vilnius | 2.6 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 16EL × 5JL | 1969 | Y | 1 | Q |
LT | Kazlu Ruda | 1.0 | C | European × Japanese artificial stands in Lithuania | 22EL × 7JL | 1970 | Y | 1 | Q |
NL | Vaals-01 | 2 | C | Unknown. from artificial stands | 12EL × 28JL | 1969 | Y | 1 | T |
NL | Esbeek-01 | 1 | C | Unknown. from artificial stands | 1EL × 5JL | 1971 | Y | 1 | Q |
Ro | Lunca Bradului | 2 | C | Carpathians and 1 female clone of JL | 11 | 1968 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Furnicosi | 3 | C | Carpathians and 1 female clone of JL | 20 | 1967 | N | 1 | Q |
Ro | Balauseri | 10 | C | Carpathians and 1 female clone of JL | 43 | 1977 | N | 1 | Q |
SE | Maglehem (FP-51) | 3.5 | C | Artificial stands | 1JL × 8EL | 1957 | Y | 1 | S |
SE | Hjälmshult | 1.1 | C | EL: Blizyn/ JL: artificial | 1JL × 30EL | 1962 | N | 1 | S |
SE | Klev | 1.5 | C | Artificial stands | 1EL × 20JL | 1962 | N | 1 | S |
SE | Trolleholm | 3 | C | Artificial stands | 1JL × 26EL | 1992 | N | 1 | T |
Ukraine | Kharkov region | 1.0 | C | Carpathian region | 110 | 1972 | N | 1 | Q |
Ukraine | Rivne region | 5.4 | C | Carpathian region | 1105 | 2001–2004 | N | 1 | Q |
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Pâques, L.E., Foffová, E., Heinze, B., Lelu-Walter, MA., Liesebach, M., Philippe, G. (2013). Larches (Larix sp.). In: Pâques, L. (eds) Forest Tree Breeding in Europe. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6146-9_2
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