Skip to main content

Abstract

A theory of virtue may be employed as an ethics of business. This chapter offers an account of the foundational theory of Aristotle, followed by illustrations of how some particular virtues are relevant to commerce. A discussion of the moral thought of modern thinkers – David Hume, Adam Smith, Samuel Smiles, Robert Solomon, and Deirdre McCloskey – illuminates further the application of virtue to commerce. Despite challenges, virtue theory provides a plausible model for considering how one may conduct business in an ethical and successful manner.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hursthouse R (1999) On virtue ethics. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  2. Swanton C (2003) Virtue ethics: a pluralist view. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  3. Adams RM (2006) A theory of virtue: excellence in being for the good. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  4. Smith A (1982) The theory of moral sentiments. In: Raphael DD, Macfie AL (eds) Liberty Classics, Indianapolis

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hartman EM (2008) Socratic questions and aristotelian answers: a virtue-based approach to business ethics. J Bus Ethics 78:313–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Audi R (2012) Virtue ethics as a resource in business. Bus Ethics Q 22(2):273–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Frederick WC (2006) Corporation, be good! the story of corporate social responsibility. Dog Ear Publishing, Indianapolis

    Google Scholar 

  8. Freeman RE (2001) Stakeholder theory of the modern corporation. In: Hoffman WM, Frederick RE, Schwartz MS (eds) Business ethics: readings and cases in corporate morality, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Donaldson T, Dunfee TW (1994) Towards a unified conception of business ethics: integrative social contracts theory. Acad Manage Rev 19:52–284

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hartman EM (2008) Reconciliation in business ethics: some advice from Aristotle. Bus Ethics Q 18(2):253–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jackson J (1996) Reconciling business life with moral virtues, An introduction to business ethics. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 79–98

    Google Scholar 

  12. Moore G (2005) Humanizing business: a modern virtue ethics approach. Bus Ethics Q 15(2):237–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Solomon RC (1993) Ethics and excellence: cooperation and integrity in business. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  14. Solomon RC (1999) A better way to think about business: how personal integrity leads to corporate success. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  15. Edward Freeman R (1994) The politics of stakeholder theory. Bus Ethics Q 4(4):409–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sen AK (1990) Rational fools: a critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. In: Mansbridge JJ (ed) Beyond self-interest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 25–43

    Google Scholar 

  17. Wicksteed P (1933) Business and the economic nexus, The common sense of political economy. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, pp 162–181

    Google Scholar 

  18. Aristotle (1941) Nicomachean Ethics, (trans: Ross WD). In: McKeon R (ed) The basic works of Aristotle. Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  19. Murdoch I (1971) The sovereignty of good. Schocken Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  20. MacIntyre A (1984) After virtue, 2nd edn. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stocker M (1981) Values and purposes: the limits of teleology and the ends of friendship. J Philos 78(12):747–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Heath E (2002) Morality and the market: ethics and virtue in the conduct of business. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ewin RE (1995) The virtues approach to business. Bus Ethics Q 5(4):833–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Marcoux AM (2006) The concept of business in business ethics. J Priv Enterp 21(2):50–67

    Google Scholar 

  25. Carnegie A (1902) Thrift as a duty. In: The empire of business. Doubleday, New York, pp 45–52

    Google Scholar 

  26. Drucker P (1985) as quoted In: Kent RW (ed) Money talks. Facts on File, New York

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hayek FA (1978) Competition as a discovery procedure, New studies in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 179–190

    Google Scholar 

  28. Smith A (1921) An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. In: Campbell RH, Skinner AS, Todd WB (eds) Vol 2. Liberty Classics, Indianapolis

    Google Scholar 

  29. Tullock G (1989) The economics of special privilege and rent-seeking. Kluwer, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hirschman AO (1982) Rival interpretations of market society: civilizing, destructive, or feeble? J Econ Lit 20:1463–1484

    Google Scholar 

  31. Maitland IS (1997) Virtuous markets: the market as school of the virtues. Bus Ethics Q 7(1):17–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mandeville B (1988) The grumbling hive: or, knaves turn’d honest. In: Kaye FB (ed) The fable of the bees, or private vices, publick benefits. Liberty Classics, Indianapolis

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hume D (1987) Of refinement in the arts. In: Miller EF (ed) Essays moral, political, and literary. Liberty Classics, Indianapolis, pp 268–280

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hume D (1978) A treatise of human nature. In: Selby-Bigge LA (eds) rev., Nidditch PH Clarendon Press, Oxford, Book III (“of morals”)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hume D (1975) Enquiries concerning human understanding and concerning the principles of morals. In: Selby-Bigge LA (ed), rev. Nidditch PH, Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hume D (1987) Of commerce. In: Miller EF (ed) Essays moral, political, and literary. Liberty Classics, Indianapolis, pp 253–267

    Google Scholar 

  37. Smiles S (1860) Business qualities. In: Self-Help; with illustrations of character and conduct. Harper and Brothers, New York, pp 208–233

    Google Scholar 

  38. McCloskey D (2006) The Bourgeois virtues: ethics for an age of commerce. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  39. McCloskey D (2010) Bourgeois dignity: why economics can’t explain the modern world. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ferguson A (1995) An essay on the history of civil society. In: Oz-Salzberger F (ed) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  41. Oakeshott M (1991) The tower of Babel. In: Fuller T (ed) Rationalism in politics and other essays. Liberty Classsics, Indianapolis, pp 465–487

    Google Scholar 

  42. Boatright JR (1995) Aristotle meets wall street: the case for virtue ethics in business. Bus Ethics Q 5(2):353–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nisbet R (1962) Community and power (formerly, The quest for community: a study in the ethics of order and freedom). Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  44. Driver J (2001) Uneasy virtue. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  45. Heath E (2009) Being serious about being good. In: Friedland J (ed) Doing well and good: the human face of the new capitalism. Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, pp 69–85

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eugene Heath .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this entry

Cite this entry

Heath, E. (2013). Virtue as a Model of Business Ethics. In: Luetge, C. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6_49

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6_49

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1493-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1494-6

  • eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

Publish with us

Policies and ethics