Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

n-3 Fatty acids on autoimmune disease and apoptosis

  • Chapter
Medicinal Fatty Acids in Inflammation

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Summary

Source and amount of dietary fat intake modulate cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and autoimmune disorders. Controlled clinical studies reveal n-3 fatty acids are able to decrease symptoms and severity of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Other studies reveal a reduction in the need for anti-inflammatory medications along with significant clinical benefits. When comparing n-6 lipid-fed animals with n-3 lipid-fed animals, experimental studies indicate n-3 lipid exerts its protective effects against autoimmune disorders by enhancing transcriptional activity of various antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels and by decreasing proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the kidney. Results also suggest that a combination of calorie restriction and n-3 lipid intake further increase lifespan and also elevate apoptosis by modulating glucocorticoid and Th-1/Th-2 cytokine production. In summary, n-3 lipids combined with reduced calorie intake modulate the immune system and gene expression during autoimmunity. Studies exploring the adjustment in n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio and its effect on immunity and longevity in both short-and long-lived strains of mice are urgently warranted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fernandes G, Venkatraman J (1993) Role of ω -3 fatty acids in health and disease. Nutri Res 13: S19–S45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Calder PC (1995) Fatty acids, dietary lipids and lymphocyte functions. Biochem Soc Trans 23: 302–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Calder PC (1996) Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proc Nutr Soc 55: 737–774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Calder PC (1997) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease. Ann Nutr Metab 41: 203–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fritsche KL, Johnston PV (1990) Effect of dietary α -linolenic acid on growth metastasis, fatty acid profile and prostaglandin production of two murine mammary adenocarcinomas. Nutr Res 10: 577–588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kremer JM, Bigaquette J, Michalek AV, Timchalk MA, Lininger L, Rynes RI, Huyek C, Zieminski J, Bartholomew LE (1985) Effects of manipulating dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet i: 184–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kremer JM, Jubiz W, Michalek A, Rynes RI, Bartholomew LE, Bigaquette J, Timchalk M, Beeler D, Lininger L (1987) Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study. Ann Int Med 106: 497–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fernandes G, Venkatraman J, Troyer DA (1996) Interaction of Vitamin E with n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Int Soc Study Fatty Acids & Lipids 3: 10–13

    Google Scholar 

  9. DeCaterina R, Caprioli R, Giannessi D, Sicari R, Galli C, Lazzarini G, Bernini W, Carr L, Rindi P (1993) n-3 fatty acids reduced proteinuria in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Kid Int 49: 603–607

    Google Scholar 

  10. DeCaterina R, Endres S, Kristensen SD, Schmidt EB (1994) n-3 fatty acids and renal diseases. Am J Kid Dis 24: 397–415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Donadio JVJ, Bergstralh EJ, Offord KP, Spencer DC, Holley KE (1994) A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. NEJM 331: 1194–1199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gentile MG, Fellin G, Cofano F, Delle Faye A, Mannan G, Iciceri R, Petrini C, Lavarda F, Pozzi F, D’Amico G (1993) Treatment of proteinuric patients with a vegetarian soy diet and fish oil. Clin Nephrol 40: 315–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lin C (1994) Treatment of IgA nephropathy. Springer Semin Immunopathol 16: 121–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Morphake P, Briety J, Darlametsos I, Tsipas G, Gkikas G (1994) Alteration of cyclosporine (CsA-induced nephrotoxicity by gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Winstar rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 50: 29–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nordkild PK, Graff J, Jorgensen HE, Fugleberg S (1993) Fish oil and antioxidant supplements reduce erythropoietin requirement in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dialysis Transplant 8: 569

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Pettersson EE, Rekola S, Berglund L, Sundqvist KG, Angelin B, Diczfalusy U, Bjorkhem I, Bergstrom J (1994) Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Clin Nephrol 41: 183–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Troyer D, Fernandes G (1996) Nutrition and apoptosis. Nutr Res 16: 1959–1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Clarke SD, Jump DB (1994) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Ann Rev Nutri 14: 83–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fernandes G, Chandrasekar B, Troyer DA, Venkatraman JT, Good RA (1995) Dietary lipids and calorie restriction affect mammary tumor incidence and gene expression in mouse mammary tumor virus/v-Ha-ras transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 6494–6498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Niot I, Poirier H, Bezard PH (1997) Regulation of gene expression by fatty acids: special reference to fatty acid-binding protein (FABP). Biochimie 79: 129–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Willumsen N, Vaagenes H, Lie O, Rustan AC, Berge RK (1996) Eicosapentaenoic acid, but not docosahexaenoic acid, increases mitochrondial fatty acid oxidation and upregulated 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase gene expression in rats. Lipids 31: 579–592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chandrasekar B, Fernandes G (1994) Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased antioxidant enzyme gene expression by w-3 lipids in murine lupus nephritis. Biochem Biophy Res Corn 200: 893–898

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Venkatraman JT, Chandrasekar B, Kim JD, Fernandes G (1994) Effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the activities and expression of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in autoimmune-prone NZBxNZW F1 mice. Lipids 29: 561–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chandrasekar B, Troyer DA, Venkatraman JT, Fernandes G (1995) Dietary omega-3 lipids delay the onset and progression of autoimmune lupus nephritis by inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta mRNA and protein expression. J Autoimmunity 8: 381–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fernandes G, Chandrasekar B, Venkatraman J, Tomar V, Zhao W (1994) Increased TGF(3 and decreased oncogene expression by w-3 lipids in the spleen delays autoimmune disease in B/W mice. J Immunol 152: 5979–5987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Troyer DA, Chandrasekar B, Barnes JL, Fernandes G (1997) Calorie restriction decreases platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and thrombin receptor mRNA expression in autoimmune murine lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 108: 58–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chandrasekar B, McGuff HS, Aufdemorte TB, Troyer DA, Talal N, Fernandes G (1995) Effects of calorie restriction on transforming growth factor-beta-1 and proinflammatory cytokines in murine Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Immun & Immunopath 76: 291–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fernandes G, Jolly CA (1998) Nutrition and autoimmune disease. Nutrition Reviews 56: S161–S169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sabatini F, Masoro EJ, McMahan CA, Kuhn RW (1991) Assessment of the role of the glucorticoid system in aging processes and in the action of food restriction. J Gerontol Biol Sci 46: B171–B179

    Google Scholar 

  30. Gillis S, Crabtree GR, Smith KA (1979) Glucocorticoid induced inhibition of T cell growth factor production. I. The effect of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. J Immunol 123: 1624–1631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Chikanza IC, Petrou P, Kingsley G, Chrousos G, Panayi GS (1992) Defective hypothalamicresponse to immune and inflammatory stimuli in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 35: 1281–1288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sapolsky RM, Krey LC, McEwen BS (1986) The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocrin Rev 7: 284–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nelson JF (1992) The potential role of endocrine systems in the retardation of aging by caloric restriction. Age Nutr 3: 171–178.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Wilder RL (1995) Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions and autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 13: 307–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hoshi S, Furntani-Seiki M, Seto M, Tada T, Asaro Y (1989) Prevention of TCR-mediated apoptosis by the elevation of cAMP. Int Immunol 6: 1081–1089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Oshimi Y, Mayazaki S (1995) Fas antigen-mediated DNA fragmentation and apoptotic morphologic changes are regulated by elevated cytosolic Ca2+ level. J Immunol 154: 599–609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Byun DS, Venkatraman J, Yu B, Fernandes G (1995) Modulation of antioxidant activities and immune response by food restriction in aging Fischer-344 rats. Aging Clin Expt Res 7: 40–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Emlen W, Niebur J, Kadera R (1994) Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 152: 3685–3692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Venkatraman JT, Attwood VG, Turturro A, Hart RW, Fernandes G (1994) Maintenance of virgin T cells and immune functions by food restriction during aging in long-lived B6D2F1 female mice. Aging, Immunol & Infect Dis 5: 13–25

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fernandes G, Venkatraman J, Turturro A, Attwood VG, Hart RW (1997) Effect of food restriction on life span and immune functions in long-lived Fischer-344 X Brown Norway F1 rats. J Clin Immunol 17: 85–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hawkins CJ, Vaux DL (1994) Analysis of the role of bcl-2 in apoptosis. Immunol Rev 142: 127–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Strasser A, Senga W, Vaux DL, Bath ML, Adams CS, Harris AW (1991) Enforced Bcl-2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8661–8665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Itoh N, Tsujimoto Y, Nagata S (1993) Effect of bc1–2 Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J Immunol 151: 621–627

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S (1992) Lymphoproliferative disorder in mice explained by defects in fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356: 314–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Inazawa J, Abe T, Suda T, Nagata S (1994) Human Fas ligand: Gene structure, chromosomal location and species specificity. Int Immunol 6: 1567–1574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78284-7874, USA

    Gabriel Fernandes

Authors
  1. Gabriel Fernandes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA

    Joel M. Kremer (Professor of Medicine, Head) (Professor of Medicine, Head)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Basel AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fernandes, G. (1998). n-3 Fatty acids on autoimmune disease and apoptosis. In: Kremer, J.M. (eds) Medicinal Fatty Acids in Inflammation. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8825-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8825-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9788-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8825-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation