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Occurrence and Fate of Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 202))

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals from a wide spectrum of therapeutic classes are used in human medicine worldwide. Pharmaceutically active compounds are defined as substances used for prevention, diagnosis or treatment of a disease and for restoring, correcting or modifying organic functions (Daughton and Ternes 1999). Pharmaceuticals include more than 4000 molecules with different physico-chemical and biological properties and distinct modes of biochemical action (Beausse 2004). Most medical substances are administrated orally. After administration, some drugs are metabolised, while others remain intact before being excreted. Therefore, a mixture of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites will enter municipal sewage and sewage treatment plants (STP; Kümmerer 2004).

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  1. University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    Sara C. Monteiro & Alistair B.A. Boxall

  2. Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, UK

    Alistair B.A. Boxall

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Monteiro, S.C., Boxall, A.B. (2010). Occurrence and Fate of Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 202. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1157-5_2

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