Abstract
The electrochemical performance of the zinc half-cell is strongly linked to the quality and morphology of zinc electrodeposits generated during the charging phase. The structure of the zinc plating also dictates performance characteristics such as efficiencies, charge densities and peak current values during the subsequent discharge phase. The previous chapter described and analyzed the considerations arising from chemical reactions occurring at the zinc-side electrode. Following from that point, this chapter describes the underlying reasons why different zinc plating morphologies are obtained under different conditions and how certain behavior such as dendritic growth can be detrimental to Zn/Br performance. Promising methods for solving such issues are then identified from a wide range of literature including studies directly related to redox flow batteries as well as from the highly established electroplating industry. The primary means of controlling zinc crystal structure involves the use of organic additives to achieve a specific growth template and rate. Additionally, the merits and drawbacks of alternative strategies such as controlling deposition rates are investigated in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Conover DR (2013) Measuring and expressing the performance of energy storage systems. In: Proceedings of the 2013 electrical energy storage applications and technologies (EESAT) biennial international conference
Guo L, Searson PC (2010) On the influence of the nucleation overpotential on island growth in electrodeposition. Electrochi Acta 55:4086–4091. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.038
Sun X, Souier T, Chiesa M, Vassallo A (2014) Effect of surface transport properties on the performance of carbon plastic electrodes for flow battery applications. Electrochim Acta 148:104–110. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.003
Abd El Rehim SS, Abd El Wahaab SM, Fouad EE, Hassan HH (1994) Effect of some variables on the electroplating of zinc from acidic acetate baths. J Appl Electrochem 24:350–354. doi:10.1007/BF00242065
Park H, Szpunar JA (1998) The role of texture and morphology in optimizing the corrosion resistance of zinc-based electrogalvanized coatings. Corros Sci 40:525–545. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00148-0
Loto CA (2012) Electrodeposition of zinc from acid based solutions: a review and experimental study. Asian J Appl Sci 5:314–326. doi:10.3923/ajaps.2012.314.326
John S, Silaimani SM, Anand V, Vasudevan T (2002) Zinc-Manganese alloy plating-A critical review. Bull Electrochem 18:407–412
Malathy P (2000) Critical review on alloy plating: a viable alternative to conventional plating. Bull Electrochem 16:559–566
Zhang XG (1996) Corrosion and electrochemistry of zinc. Springer, New York
Boto K (1975) Organic additives in zinc electroplating. Electrodepos Surf Treat 3:77–95. doi:10.1016/0300-9416(75)90048-6
Cathro KJ (1986) Zinc-bromine batteries for energy storage applications: volume 541 of end of grant report. Department of Resources and Energy, Canberra
Zemanová M (2009) Corrosion resistance of zinc electrodeposited from acidic and alkaline electrolytes using pulse current. Chem Pap 63:574–578. doi:10.2478/s11696-009-0051-5
Saber K, Koch C, Fedkiw P (2003) Pulse current electrodeposition of nanocrystalline zinc. Mater Sci Eng: A 341:174–181. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00198-3
Devos O (1998) Magnetic field effects on nickel electrodeposition. J Electrochem Soc 145:401–405. doi:10.1149/1.1838276
Coey JMD, Hinds G, Lyons MEG (1999) Magnetic-field effects on fractal electrodeposits. Europhys Lett (EPL) 47:267–272. doi:10.1209/epl/i1999-00382-3
Linden D, Reddy TB (2001) Handbook of batteries, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York
Putt RA (1979) Assessment of technical and economic feasibility of zinc/bromine batteries for utility load leveling. Palo Alto
Clark N, Eidler P, Lex P (1999) Development of zinc/bromine batteries for load-leveling applications: phase 2 final report (Sandia Report SAND99-2691). Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550
Poon G (2008) Bromine complexing agents for use in vanadium bromide (V/Br) redox flow cell. The University of New South Wales
Kim S-J, Kim H-T, Park S-M (2004) Effects of o-vanillin as a brightener on zinc electrodeposition at iron electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 151:C850–C854. doi:10.1149/1.1814033
Vlasa A, Varvara S, Pop A et al (2010) Electrodeposited Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings and their corrosion behavior. J Appl Electrochem 40:1519–1527. doi:10.1007/s10800-010-0130-x
Yogesha S, Hegde AC (2011) Optimization of bright zinc-nickel alloy bath for better corrosion resistance. Trans Indian Inst Met 63:841–846. doi:10.1007/s12666-010-0128-4
Bhat R, Udaya BK, Chitharanjan Hegde A (2011) Optimization of deposition conditions for bright Zn–Fe coatings and its characterization. Prot Met Phys Chem Surf 47:645–653. doi:10.1134/S2070205111050030
Iacovangelo CD (1985) Parametric study of zinc deposition on porous carbon in a flowing electrolyte cell. J Electrochem Soc 132:851–857. doi:10.1149/1.2113972
Gomes A, Viana AS, Silva MI (2007) Potentiostatic and AFM morphological studies of Zn electrodeposition in the presence of surfactants. J Electrochem Soc 154:452–461. doi:10.1149/1.2752984
Alfantazi AM, Dreisinger DB (2003) An investigation on the effects of orthophenylene diamine and sodium lignin sulfonate on zinc electrowinning from industrial electrolyte. Hydrometallurgy 69:99–107. doi:10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00030-6
Muralidhara HB, Naik YA, Venkatesha TV (2006) Effect of condensation product of glycyl-glycine and furfural on electrodeposition of zinc from sulphate bath. Bull Mater Sci 29:497–503. doi:10.1007/BF02914081
Ibrahim MA (2000) Improving the throwing power of acidic zinc sulfate electroplating baths. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 75:745–755. doi:10.1002/1097-4660(200008)75:8<745:AID-JCTB274>3.0.CO;2-5
Hémery C-V, Pra F, Robin J-F, Marty P (2014) Experimental performances of a battery thermal management system using a phase change material. J Power Sources 270:349–358. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.147
Muralidhara HB, Arthoba Naik Y (2008) Electrochemical deposition of nanocrystalline zinc on steel substrate from acid zincate bath. Surf Coat Technol 202:3403–3412. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.12.012
Li MC, Jiang LL, Zhang WQ et al (2007) Electrodeposition of nanocrystalline zinc from acidic sulfate solutions containing thiourea and benzalacetone as additives. J Solid State Electrochem 11:549–553. doi:10.1007/s10008-006-0194-z
Saba AE, Elsherief AE (2000) Continuous electrowinning of zinc. Hydrometallurgy 54:91–106. doi:10.1016/S0304-386X(99)00061-4
Xia Z, Yang S, Tang M (2015) Nucleation and growth orientation of zinc electrocrystallization in the presence of gelatin in Zn(II)–NH3–NH4Cl–H2O electrolytes. RSC Adv 5:2663–2668. doi:10.1039/C4RA12290A
Sekar R, Jayakrishnan S (2006) Characteristics of zinc electrodeposits from acetate solutions. J Appl Electrochem 36:591–597. doi:10.1007/s10800-005-9111-x
Kavitha B, Santhosh P, Renukadevi M et al (2006) Role of organic additives on zinc plating. Surf Coat Technol 201:3438–3442. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.235
Punith Kumar MK, Srivastava C (2014) Enhancement of corrosion resistance of zinc coatings using green additives. J Mater Eng Perform 23:3418–3424. doi:10.1007/s11665-014-1141-2
Li Q, Feng Z, Zhang J et al (2014) Pulse reverse electrodeposition and characterization of nanocrystalline zinc coatings. RSC Adv 4:52562–52570. doi:10.1039/C4RA09421B
Naik YA, Venkatesha TV (2005) A new condensation product for zinc plating from non-cyanide alkaline bath. Bull Mater Sci 28:495–501. doi:10.1007/BF02711243
Pushpavanam M (2006) Role of additives in bright zinc deposition from cyanide free alkaline baths. J Appl Electrochem 36:315–322. doi:10.1007/s10800-005-9076-9
Pereira MS, Barbosa LL, Souza CAC et al (2006) The influence of sorbitol on zinc film deposition, zinc dissolution process and morphology of deposits obtained from alkaline bath. J Appl Electrochem 36:727–732. doi:10.1007/s10800-006-9133-z
Hsieh J-C, Hu C-C, Lee T-C (2009) Effects of polyamines on the deposition behavior and morphology of zinc electroplated at high-current densities in alkaline cyanide-free baths. Surf Coat Technol 203:3111–3115. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.03.035
Goff AH-L, Joiret S, Saïdani B, Wiart R (1989) In-situ Raman spectroscopy applied to the study of the deposition and passivation of zinc in alkaline electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 263:127–135. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80129-9
Keist JS, Orme CA, Wright PK, Evans JW (2015) An in situ AFM study of the evolution of surface roughness for zinc electrodeposition within an imidazolium based ionic liquid electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 152:161–171. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.091
Azaceta E, Tena-Zaera R, Marcilla R et al (2009) Electrochemical deposition of ZnO in a room temperature ionic liquid: 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide. Electrochem Commun 11:2184–2186. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2009.09.026
Yang H, Reddy RG (2014) Electrochemical deposition of zinc from zinc oxide in 2:1 urea/choline chloride ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 147:513–519. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.137
Zhang Q, Yu X, Hua Y, Xue W (2014) The effect of quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquids on copper electrodeposition from acidic sulfate electrolyte. J Appl Electrochem 45:79–86. doi:10.1007/s10800-014-0774-z
Nayana KO, Venkatesha TV, Praveen BM, Vathsala K (2010) Synergistic effect of additives on bright nanocrystalline zinc electrodeposition. J Appl Electrochem 41:39–49. doi:10.1007/s10800-010-0205-8
Nayana KO, Venkatesha TV (2011) Synergistic effects of additives on morphology, texture and discharge mechanism of zinc during electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem 663:98–107. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.10.001
Hsieh J-C, Hu C-C, Lee T-C (2008) The synergistic effects of additives on improving the electroplating of zinc under high current densities. J Electrochem Soc 155:D675–D681. doi:10.1149/1.2967343
Yang JH, Yang HS, Ra HW et al (2015) Effect of a surface active agent on performance of zinc/bromine redox flow batteries: Improvement in current efficiency and system stability. J Power Sources 275:294–297. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.208
Trejo G, Ortega R, Meas Y (2002) The effect of polyethylene glycol 8000 additive on the deposition mechanism and morphology of zinc deposits. Plat Surf Finish 89:84–87
Kim J-W, Lee J-Y, Park S-M (2004) Effects of organic additives on zinc electrodeposition at iron electrodes studied by EQCM and in situ STM. Langmuir: ACS J Surf Colloids 20:459–466
Lee J-Y, Kim J-W, Lee M-K et al (2004) Effects of organic additives on initial stages of zinc electroplating on iron. J Electrochem Soc 151:C25. doi:10.1149/1.1627344
Mouanga M, Ricq L, Douglade J, Berçot P (2009) Corrosion behaviour of zinc deposits obtained under pulse current electrodeposition: effects of coumarin as additive. Corros Sci 51:690–698. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2008.12.020
Mouanga M, Ricq L, Douglade G et al (2006) Influence of coumarin on zinc electrodeposition. Surf Coat Technol 201:762–767. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.12.036
Monev M, Mirkova L, Krastev I et al (1998) Effect of brighteners on hydrogen evolution during zinc electroplating from zincate electrolytes. J Appl Electrochem 28:1107–1112. doi:10.1023/A:1003443219874
Cheng C-C (1997) Nickel deposition in the presence of coumarin. J Electrochem Soc 144:3050. doi:10.1149/1.1837957
Singh K, Pathak RK (1994) Electrosynthesis and impedance studies on zinc selenide. Electrochim Acta 39:2693–2697. doi:10.1016/0013-4686(94)00298-3
Singh DDN, Dey M, Singh V (2002) Role of buffering and complexing agents in zinc plating chloride baths on corrosion resistance of produced coatings. Corrosion 58:971–980. doi:10.5006/1.3280787
Chung SC, Cheng JR, Chiou SD, Shih HC (2000) EIS behavior of anodized zinc in chloride environments. Corros Sci 42:1249–1268. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00129-8
Monzon LMA, Klodt L, Coey JMD (2012) Nucleation and electrochemical growth of zinc crystals on polyaniline films. J Phys Chem C 116:18308–18317. doi:10.1021/jp306071c
Matsushita M, Sano M, Hayakawa Y, et al (1984) Fractal structures of zinc metal leaves grown by electrodeposition. Phys Rev Lett 53:286–289. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.286
Grier D, Ben-Jacob E, Clarke R, Sander L (1986) Morphology and microstructure in electrochemical deposition of zinc. Phys Rev Lett 56:1264–1267. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.1264
Nikiforidis G, Cartwright R, Hodgson D, et al (2014) Factors affecting the performance of the Zn–Ce redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 140:139–144. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.150
López CM, Choi K-S (2006) Electrochemical synthesis of dendritic zinc films composed of systematically varying motif crystals. Langmuir: ACS J Surf Coll 22:10625–9. doi:10.1021/la0611864
Nikiforidis G, Berlouis L, Hall D, Hodgson D (2013) A study of different carbon composite materials for the negative half-cell reaction of the zinc cerium hybrid redox flow cell. Electrochim Acta 113:412–423. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.061
Sun J, Zhang F, Song J et al (2014) Electrochemical fabrication of superhydrophobic Zn surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 315:346–352. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.140
Kim H-I, Shin H-C (2015) SnO additive for dendritic growth suppression of electrolytic zinc. J Alloy Compd 645:7–10. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.04.208
Ozgit D, Hiralal P, Amaratunga GAJ (2014) Improving performance and cyclability of zinc-silver oxide batteries by using graphene as a two dimensional conductive additive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:20752–20757. doi:10.1021/am504932j
Ganne F, Cachet C, Maurin G et al (2000) Impedance spectroscopy and modelling of zinc deposition in chloride electrolyte containing a commercial additive. J Appl Electrochem 30:665–673. doi:10.1023/A:1004096822969
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rajarathnam, G.P., Vassallo, A.M. (2016). Zinc Electrodeposition Morphology. In: The Zinc/Bromine Flow Battery. SpringerBriefs in Energy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-646-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-646-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-645-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-646-1
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)