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Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis: A Novel Microbial Insecticide for Mosquito Vector Control

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Molecular Identification of Mosquito Vectors and Their Management

Abstract

Mosquitoes are great threat to human health as they transmit various dreadful diseases. Many strategies have been employed to control these mosquito vectors of public health importance. Synthetic chemical insecticides have been purposely used for several years for the eradication of such mosquito vectors. However, these synthetic chemicals detrimentally create many serious conditions like development of insecticide resistance in mosquito population, environmental pollution, cellular toxicity in mammals, adverse effects on beneficial insects, and other non-target organisms. Hence, use of biological agents has attracted attention as an alternative to chemical insecticides for the control of mosquito vectors. Among these, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) seems to be the most important and successful microbiocontrol agent. Bacillus thuringiensis is a natural occurring, soil-borne bacteria that produces insecticidal proteins as parasporal crystals during its sporulation phase. These crystals are mainly comprised of one or more proteins, also called δ-endotoxins (Cry and Cyt toxins) which are very specific to the target insect but are safe to other non-target organisms. Upon ingestion by insect, δ-endotoxin gets cleaved, binds to the gut epithelium, and forms cation channels causing cell lysis and death. After the discovery of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, these bacteria are extensively used as biocontrol agents for the management of mosquito vector populations due to their distinctive evolutionary characteristics like synergism, combinational working mechanism, and counter-resistance effects. The present chapter emphasizes on Bt, its origin, classification, details of its active mosquitocidal compound (composition, structure, and function), factors affecting larvicidal activity, development of resistance in mosquitoes, effects on non-target organisms and the environment in general.

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  1. P. G. Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Odisha, India

    T. Sarita Achari, Tapan Kumar Barik & U. R. Acharya

  2. P. G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Odisha, India

    Tapan Kumar Barik

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Achari, T.S., Barik, T.K., Acharya, U.R. (2020). Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis: A Novel Microbial Insecticide for Mosquito Vector Control. In: Barik, T.K. (eds) Molecular Identification of Mosquito Vectors and Their Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9456-4_5

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