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Scale Insects

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Polyphagous Pests of Crops

Abstract

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) attack a huge number of host plants around the world. They generally feed on parenchyma tissue and specially phloem sap. Several factors have caused the scale insects to be considered as important insect pests. They are among the most highly specialized of all plant parasites and feed on all parts of the plant including the roots, stems, leaves, buds, and fruits and may injure or kill plants by feeding on plant sap, injecting toxins, transmitting viruses, or excreting honeydew. Various modes of reproduction (including parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism), rapid population dynamics, frequent lack of host plant specificity (or polyphagy), and typically quite small sizes and concealment allow them to proliferate on various plants in different habitats and become invasive, especially if control by natural enemies is removed or reduced. Most common scale pests are from three families: the armored scale (Diaspididae), the soft scale (Coccidae), and the mealybug (Pseudococcidae); Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Diaspididae), Planococcus citri (Risso) (Pseudococcidae), and Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) (Coccidae) are some of the economically important pests. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach for managing scale insect pests that combines biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks. The known and available natural enemies for biological control as the safest method for scale insect control are predators especially ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) and midges (Cecidomyiidae) and wasp parasitoids (mainly Encyrtidae). Other methods such as mating disruption is also used in management programs of scale insects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

    Masumeh Moghaddam

  2. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Mousa Abdollahipour & Yaghoub Fathipour

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  1. Masumeh Moghaddam
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  2. Mousa Abdollahipour
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  3. Yaghoub Fathipour
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Correspondence to Yaghoub Fathipour .

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  1. Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Omkar

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Moghaddam, M., Abdollahipour, M., Fathipour, Y. (2021). Scale Insects. In: Omkar (eds) Polyphagous Pests of Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8075-8_6

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