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Whiteflies

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Polyphagous Pests of Crops

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Abstract

The family Aleyrodidae is composed of tiny insects, which are usually called whiteflies. The Aleyrodidae includes many sucking species that attack cultivated plants, and several species, e.g., Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), are economically important as pests of both crops and of ornamental plants. All life stages of whiteflies, except the egg, secrete waxes that cover the body, and this is one of the distinguishing features of the family. The taxonomy of the Aleyrodidae has long been problematic, partly because morphological traits of adults are currently poorly understood and so do not readily permit differentiation between genera or species. Due to their secreted powdery wax, the adults resemble tiny moths with which they could, conceivably, be confused. For many years, farmers have been spending a lot of money to control different species of whiteflies in both indoor (greenhouses) and outdoor (fields) cropping systems. In this chapter, different control measures of whiteflies including cultural, biological, and chemical control as well as the use of multiple control methods in a framework of an integrated pest management (IPM) program are discussed in detail.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1 The name “Sternorrhyncha” comes from the Greek sternon, meaning chest or breast, and rhynchos, meaning nose, snout, or muzzle, and refers to the ventral location of the mouthparts (between the bases of the front legs) of these insects.

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Acknowledgments

Authors would like to thank Dr. Shahram Farrokhi, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, for providing photos of some natural enemies. We are also grateful to Mousa Abdollahipour, Ph.D. student, Tarbiat Modares University, for his kind cooperation in preparing some figures and tables, as well as collecting some references.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

    Shahab Manzari

  2. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Yaghoub Fathipour

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  1. Shahab Manzari
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  2. Yaghoub Fathipour
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Correspondence to Yaghoub Fathipour .

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  1. Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Omkar

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Manzari, S., Fathipour, Y. (2021). Whiteflies. In: Omkar (eds) Polyphagous Pests of Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8075-8_4

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