Abstract
The Belgian coast has no natural rocky sites but a number of man-made constructions are colonized by rocky shore organisms. The rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi), lacks a planktonic larval stage but is found on most breakwaters along the Belgian coast, a few built as recently as 1986. This indicates a good potential of dispersal along this sandy shallow coast, nearly as good as for the planktonic developer Littorina littorea (L.) which is found on generally the same sites in Belgium. The breakwater populations of L. saxatilis, however, tend to be somewhat less variable (level of heterozygosity about 10% less) than non-Belgian L. saxatilis populations of natural sites. This suggests that the breakwater populations have passed through bottlenecks when founded, but probably restored population sizes fairly rapidly afterwards. No relationship is found between geographic and genetic distances between populations of L. saxatilis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arnaud, F., P. M. Arnaud, A. Intés & P. de Lceuff, 1976. Transport d’invertebres benthique entre l’Afrique du Sud et Sainte Hélene par les laminaires (Phaeophyceae). Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris 384: 49–55.
Chakraborty, R. & M. Nei, 1977. Bottleneck effects on average heterozygosity and genetic distance with the stepwise mutation model. Evolution, Lancaster, Pa. 31: 347–356.
Gerlach, S. A., 1977. Means of meiofauna dispersal. Micro-fauna Meeresboden 61: 89–103.
Highsmith, R. C., 1985. Floating and algal rafting as potential dispersal mechanisms in brooding invertebrates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25: 169–179.
Jablonski, D. & R. A. Lutz, 1983. Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biol. Rev. 58: 21–89.
Janson, K., 1985. A morphologic and genetic analysis of Littorina saxatilis (Prosobranchia) from Venice, and on the problem of saxatilis-rudis nomenclature. Biol. J. linn. Soc. 24: 51–59.
Janson, K., 1987a. Genetic drift in small and recently founded populations of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis. Heredity 58: 31–37.
Janson, K., 1987b. Allozyme and shell variation in two marine snails (Littorina, Prosobranchia) with different dispersal abilities. Biol. J. linn. Soc. 30: 245–256.
Janson, K. & R. D. Ward, 1984. Microgeographic variation in allozyme and shell characters in Littorina saxatilis Olivi ( Prosobranchia: Littorinidae). Biol. J. linn. Soc. 22: 289–307.
Johannesson, K., 1988. The paradox of Rockall: why is a brooding gastropod (Littorina saxatilis) more wide-spread than one which has a planktonic larval dispersal stage (L. littorea)? Mar. Biol. 99: 507–513.
Johannesson, K. & B. Johannesson, 1989. Clinal variation in Aat over vertical transects of rocky shores suggests selection in populations of Littorina saxatilis Olivi (Prosobranchia). Genet. Res., Camb. 54: 7–11.
Knight, A. J., R. N. Hughes & R. D. Ward, 1987. A striking example of the founder effect in the mollusc Littorina saxatilis. Biol. J. linn. Soc. 32: 417–426.
Malone, C. R., 1965. Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus) as a means of dispersal for aquatic gastropods. Ecology 46: 551–552.
Mayr, E., 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard Univ. Press, Camb., Mass., 797 pp.
Nei, M., 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am. Nat. 106: 283–292.
Raffaelli, D. G. & R. N. Hughes, 1978. The effects of crevice size and availability on populations of Littorina rudis and Littorina neritoides. J. anim Ecol. 47: 71–83.
Scheltema, R. S., 1986. On dispersal and planktonic larvae of benthic invertebrates: an eclectic overview and summary of problems. Bull. mar. Sci. 39: 290–322.
Snedecor, G. & M. R. Irwin, 1933. On the chi-square test for homogeneity. Iowa St. J. Sci. 8: 75–81.
Strathmann, R. R., 1986. What controls the type of larval development? Summary statement for the evolution session. Bull. mar. Sci. 39: 616–622.
Ward, R. D. & T. Warwick, 1980. Genetic differentiation in the molluscan species Littorina rudis and Littorina arcana ( Prosobranchia: Littorinidae). Biol. J. linn. Soc. 14: 417–428.
Warmoes, T., T. Backeljau & L. De Bruyn, 1988 (1989). The littorinid fauna of the Belgian coast ( Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bull. Ihst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. Biologie 58.
Workman, P. L. & J. D. Niswander, 1970. Population studies on southwestern Indian tribes. II. Local genetic differentiation in the Papago. Am. J. hum. Genet. 22: 24–49.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this paper
Cite this paper
Johannesson, K., Warmoes, T. (1990). Rapid colonization of Belgian breakwaters by the direct developer, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) (Prosobranchia, Mollusca). In: Johannesson, K., Raffaelli, D.G., Hannaford Ellis, C.J. (eds) Progress in Littorinid and Muricid Biology. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 56. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0563-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0563-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6741-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0563-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive