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Noble Metal Nanoparticles

Part of the book series: Nanostructure Science and Technology ((NST))

Abstract

Gold and silver that are beautiful and resistant to water and air were always fascinating for people. Metals and noble metals remain important even in the present ages of wood, polymer, carbon, and silicon. Different pathways have been proposed for the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles with tailor-made size and shape in the present decades. The nanometer regime covers the transition from condensed matter behavior to atomic and molecular properties and thus is a very rich but also very demanding area in materials science. Decreasing the dimension of nanoparticles has pronounced effect on the physical properties that significantly differ from the bulk material. They represent the missing link between metal atoms and microparticles. The role of interfaces is rapidly increasing in science and nanotechnology and they are the key to new functions. Separation and purification techniques play important role in separation of the nanomaterials (NMs) and their conjugates from the original reactants and by-products. Characterization includes assessment of composition, morphology, dimensionality, and physical and chemical properties. Size, volume, aspect ratio, perimeter, projected area, surface roughness, etc., are typical morphology parameters that are assessed. A variety of well-developed techniques which already have been successfully applied to the characterization of bare NMs are now being extended to examining NM-conjugates. These include separation-based, scattering, microscopy, spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and thermal techniques. Dialysis, filtration, extraction, and differential precipitation represent the most common methods applied to nanoparticle-(bio)conjugate purification. Chemical extraction and differential precipitation are other potentially efficient but largely underused purification techniques. Top-down approaches, such as photolithography, e-beam lithography (EBL), and Focused ion beam (FIB), offer high fidelity and high controllability in terms of design and prediction. Some bottom-up approaches based on self-assembly can produce high-resolution (sub)nanostructures over a large area with a low cost. The utilization of spectroscopic techniques for the detection of cancerous and precancerous lesions is based on the analysis of specific light-tissue interactions to assess the state of biological tissue. As light illuminates the targeted tissue, these biomolecules, termed fluorophores, absorb the energy in the illuminating light and respond by emitting fluorescent light of lower energy (and longer wavelength). Advances in bioengineering and the continued refinement of optical detection techniques have led to the development of multimodal optical detection systems. The ultimate goal of the optical detection systems centers on the achievement of an “optical biopsy.” Nanotechnology is increasingly gaining a foothold in clinical medicine, especially in oncology. The fabrication of nanodevices as probes is complex, most likely the assembly of building blocks including nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and substrates.

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Abbreviations

1D:

One-dimensional

1H-NMR:

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

9-BBN:

9-borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane

AAO:

Anodized aluminum oxide

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

Ag–PfFt:

Ferritin protein

AOT:

Sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate

APS:

Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane

APTES:

(Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane

APTMS:

Aldehyde propyltrimethoxysilane

AU:

Analytical ultracentrifugation

AuDENP:

Dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles

AuDSNPs:

Dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles

AuNDs:

Gold nanodots

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

BAC:

Benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride

BDAC:

Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride

BHDAC:

Benzylhexadecylammonium chloride

C AuNP :

AuNP concentrations

CD:

Cyclodextrin

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CMC:

Critical micellar concentration

CMT:

Critical micellar temperature

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CSPI:

Cross-sectional perimeter integration

CT:

Computed tomography

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

CTAC:

Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride

Cys:

Cysteine

DanArg:

Dansylated arginine

DDA:

Discrete dipole approximation

DDT:

1-dodecanethiol

DENPs:

Dendrimer-entrapped nanoparticles

DFM:

Dark-field microscopy

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DOS:

Density of states

DOTAP:

1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

DSNPs:

Dendrimer-stabilized nanoparticles

DVLO:

Derjaguin-Verway-Landau-Overbeek theory

E :

Efficiency

EBL:

E-beam lithography

EDAX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis

EDS:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

EDXRF:

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence

EELS:

Electron energy loss spectroscopy

EET:

Electronic energy transfer

EG:

Ethylene glycol

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EM:

Electromagnetic

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

ES-DMA:

Electrospray-differential mobility analysis

ESEM:

Environmental SEM

Et3P:

Three ethyl phosphine

FA:

Folic acid

FAR:

Folic acid receptor

FCS:

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

FE:

Field emission

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

FFF:

Field flow fractionation

FI:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

FIB:

Focused ion beam

FRET:

Förster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

FWHM:

Half the maximum intensity

GE:

Gel electrophoresis

Glu:

Glutamic acid

Gly:

Glycine

GO:

Graphene oxide

Gp:

Graphene peak

GSH:

Glutathione

HAuCl4 × 3H2O:

Gold(III)-chloride-trihydrate

HDT:

1-hexadecanethiol

HEIS:

High-energy ion scattering

His:

Histidine

HLB:

Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

HMTS:

Heptamethyltrisiloxane

HOPG:

Highly ordered (oriented) pyrolytic graphite

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HRTEM:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

HSA:

Human serum albumin

HTAB:

N-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide

IBBC:

Integrated blood barcode chip

ICP-AES:

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

ICPs:

Infinite coordination polymer particles

IL:

Ionic liquid

IR:

Infrared

ITC:

Isothermal titration calorimetry

Lac:

P-aminophenyl-β-D-lactopyranoside

LBL:

Layer-by-layer

LDOS:

Local density of states

L-PEI:

Linear polyethylenimine

LSP:

Localized surface plasmon

LSPR:

Localized surface plasmon resonance

mAbs:

Monoclonal antibodies

MBA:

P-mercaptobenzoic acid

MBI:

2-mercaptobenzimidazole

MC@MNPs:

Metal nanoparticles decorated microcapsule

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MEF:

Metal-enhanced fluorescence

Met:

Methionine

NIR:

Near-infrared

MMT:

Montmorillonite

MOFs:

Metal-organic frameworks

MPA:

3-mercaptopropionic acid

mPEG-SH:

Monofunctional methoxy PEG

MPTMS:

Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MW:

Microwave

MWCNTs:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

MwCO:

Molecular weight cutoff

Na2H(C3H5O(COO)3):

Sodium citrate

NaAuCl4 :

Gold salt

NaBH4 :

Sodium borohydride

N ap :

Average number of particles

NBI:

Narrowband imaging

NICISS:

Neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy

NIL:

Nanoimprint lithography

NMHs:

Noble metal-based hybrids

NMNPs:

Noble metal nanoparticles

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NMs:

Nanomaterials

NPs:

Nanoparticles

NSOM:

Near-field scanning optical microscopy

NSOM (SNOM):

Near-field scanning optical microscopy

NT:

1-nonanethiol

o/w:

Oil-in-water

o/w/o:

Oil-in-water-in-oil

OA:

Oriented attachment

OCT:

Optical coherence tomography

OR:

Ostwald ripening

PA:

Amino polymers

PAA:

Poly(allylamine)

PAM:

Polyacrylamide

PAH:

Poly(allylamine hydrochloride)

PAMAM:

Poly(amidoamine)

PAN:

Poly(amidoamine), polyacrylate, polyacrylonitrile

PAT:

Process analytical technology

PCS:

Photon correlation spectroscopy

PBS:

Phosphate buffer saline

PDHPMA:

Poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate)

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PDPAEMA:

Poly[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate]

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycole)

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PEs:

Polyelectrolytes

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PES:

Polyethersulfone

PEU:

Poly(ether)urethane

PfFt:

Ferritin protein

PG:

Polyguanidino oxanorbornene

PLGA:

Poly(L-glutamic acid)

PLL:

Poly(L-lysine)

PNIPAM:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

PPO:

Poly(propylene oxide)

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

PSD:

Particle size distribution

PSt:

Polystyrene

PTA:

Photothermal ablation therapy

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

PVPo:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

QD:

Quantum dot

RBS:

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry

RCA120 :

Recinus communis agglutinin

RET:

Resonance energy transfer

RF:

Relative frequency

RGD:

Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid

ROMP:

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization

r p :

Particle radius

S :

Sedimentation coefficient

S/V :

Surface-to-volume

SAED:

Selected-area electron diffraction

SAMs:

Self-assembled monolayers

SANS:

Small-angle neutron scattering

S area :

Surface area

SAXS:

Small-angle X-ray scattering

SEC:

Size exclusion

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SERRS:

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering

SERS:

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

SET:

Surface energy transfer

SiNWs:

Silicon nanowires

SLS:

Static light scattering

SNOM:

Scanning near-field optical microscopy

(sp)FRET:

Single-pair or particle

SPM:

Scanning probe microscopy

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

STM:

Scanning tunneling microscopy

SWCNTs:

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

TAPP:

Tetra(4-aminophenyl) porphyrin

TDT:

1-tetradecanethiol

TED:

Transmission electron diffraction

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TEOS:

Tetraethylorthosilicate, tetraethoxysilane

T g :

Glass transition temperature

TGA:

Thermal gravimetric analysis

TG-DTA:

Thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis

TLC:

Thin-layer chromatography

TOA:

Trioctylamine

TOAB:

Tetraoctylammonium bromide

Trp:

Tryptophan

Tween 20:

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate

UPD:

Underpotential deposition

v f :

Volume fractions

VFT:

Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann

w/o:

Water-in-oil

w/o/w:

Water-in-oil-in-water

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

ν a :

Volume of action

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  1. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Ignác Capek

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Glossary

Biomarker, or biological marker

generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. The term is also occasionally used to refer to a substance the presence of which indicates the existence of a living organism.

Fluorophore (or fluorochrome, similarly to a chromophore)

is a fluorescent chemical compound that can re-emit light upon light excitation. Fluorophores typically contain several combined aromatic groups, or planar or cyclic molecules with several π bonds.

Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency)

is a state in which the immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb)

are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody).

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (sometimes called NHL, or just lymphoma)

is a cancer that starts in cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune system.

Photothermal therapy (PTT)

refers to efforts to use electromagnetic radiation (most often in infrared wavelengths) for the treatment of various medical conditions, including cancer. This approach is an extension of photodynamic therapy, in which a photosensitizer is excited with specific band light. This activation brings the sensitizer to an excited state, where it then releases vibrational energy (heat), which is what kills the targeted cells.

Premalignant (precancerous) lesions

are morphologically atypical tissue which appears abnormal under microscopic examination, in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart.

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Capek, I. (2017). Nanofield. In: Noble Metal Nanoparticles. Nanostructure Science and Technology. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56556-7_1

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