Skip to main content

Bisphosphonates: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Use

  • Chapter
Physiology and Pharmacology of Bone

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 107))

Abstract

The bisphosphonates are a new class of drugs which have been developed in the past 2 decades for use in various diseases of bone, tooth, and calcium metabolism. This chapter will cover the chemistry, the mechanisms of action, and the clinical applications of these compounds. Since a review was published on the same topic in this handbook in 1988 (Fleisch 1988), some parts which were extensively discussed there will be kept short. Emphasis will be on newer developments and on clinical aspects. For complete information the reader should consult both articles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adami S, Salvagno G, Guarrera G, Bianchi G, Dorizzi R, Rosini S, Morbilio G, Lo Casco V (1985) Dichloromethylene-diphosphonate in patients with prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the skeleton. J Urol 134:1152-1154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adami S, Bhalla AK, Dorizzi R, Montesanti F, Rosini S, Salvagno G, Lo Cascio V (1987a) The acute-phase response after bisphosphonate administration. Calcif Tissue Int 41:326-331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adami S, Bolzicco GP, Rizzo A, Salvagno G, Bertoldo F, Rossini M, Suppi R, Lo Cacio V (1987b) The use of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate and aminobutane bisphosphonate in hypercalcemia of malignancy. Bone Miner 2:395-404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adami S, Mian M, Bertoldo F, Rossini M, Jayawerra P, O’Riordan JLH, Lo Cascio V (1990) Regulation of calcium-parathyroid hormone feedback in primary hyperparathyroidism: effects of bisphosphonate treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 33:391-397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahrengart L, Lindgren U (1986) Prevention of ectopic bone formation by local application of ethane-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate (EHDP): an experimental study in rabbits. J Orthop Res 4:18-26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alden CL, Parker R, Eastman DF (1989) Development of an acute model for the study of chloromethanediphosphonate nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol 17:27-32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altman RD, Johnston CC, Khairi MRA, Wellman H, Serafini AN, Sankey RR (1973) Influence of disodium etidronate on clinical and laboratory manifestations of Paget’s disease of bone (osteitis deformans). N Engl J Med 289:1379-1384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson C, Cape RDT, Crilly RG, Hodsman AB, Wolfe BMJ (1984) Preliminary observations of a form of coherence therapy for osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 36:341-343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ascari E, Attardo-Parrinello G, Merlini G (1989) Treatment of painful bone lesions and hypercalcemia. Eur J Haematol 43(51):135-139

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkin I, Ornoy A, Pita JC, Muniz OE, Agundez A, Castiglione G, Howell DS (1988) EHDP-induced rachitic syndrome in rats is not reversed by vitamin D meta- bolites. Anat Rec 220:22-30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkins RM, Yates AJP, Gray RES, Urwin GH, Hamdy NAT, Beneton MNC, Rosini S, Kanis JA (1987) Aminohexane diphosphonate in the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res 2(4):273-279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Audran M, Clochon P, Etghen D, Mazières B, Renier JC (1989) Treatment of Paget’s disease of bone with (4-chloro-phenyl) thiomethylene bisphosphonate. Clin Rheumatol 8(l):71-79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auriola S, Kostiainen R, Ylinen M, Mönkkönen J, Ylitalo P (1989) Analysis of (dichloromethylene) bisphosphonate in urine by capillary gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 7:1623-1629

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbier A, Brelière JC, Remandet B, Roncucci R (1986) Studies on the chronic phase of adjuvant arthritis: effect of SR 41319, a new diphosphonate. Ann Rheum Dis 45:67-74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basle MF, Rebel A, Renier JC, Audran M, Filmon R, Malkani K (1984) Bone tissue in Paget’s disease treated by ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). Clin Orthop 184:281-288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassett CAL, Donath A, Macagno F, Preisig R, Fleisch H, Francis MD (1969) Diphosphonates in the treatment of myositis ossificans. Lancet 2:845

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann JM, Bisaz S, Fleisch H, Wacker M (1978) Biochemical and clinical effects of ethane-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate on calcium nephrolithiasis. Clin Sci Mol Med 54:509-516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter LA, DeLuca HF, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H (1974) Inhibition of vitamin D meta- bolism by ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate. Arch Biochem Biophys 164: 655-662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beertsen W, Niehof A, Everts V (1985) Effects of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphos- phonate (HEBP) on the formation of dentin and the periodontal attachment apparatus in the mouse. Am J Anat 174:83-103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bickerstaff DR, Douglas DL, Burke PH, O’Doherty DP, Kanis JA (1990) Improve- ment in the deformity of the face in Paget’s disease treated with disphosphonates. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 72:132-136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bijvoet OLM, Frijlink WB, Jie K, van der Linden H, Meijer CJLM, Mulder H, van Paassen HC, Reitsma PH, te Velde J, de Vries E, van der Wey JP (1980) APD in Paget’s disease of bone. Role of the mononuclear phagocyte system? Arthritis Rheum 23:1193-1204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird HA, Hill J, Sitton NG, Dixon JS, Wright V (1988) A clinical and biochemical assessment of etidronate disodium in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 7(1): 91-94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bisaz S, Felix R, Fleisch H (1975) Quantitative determination of ethane-1-hydroxy- 1,1-diphosphonate in urine and plasma. Clin Chim Acta 65:299-307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bisaz S, Jung A, Fleisch H (1978) Uptake by bone of pyrophosphate, diphosphonates and their technetium derivatives. Clin Sci Mol Med 54:265-272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Body JJ, Borkowski A, Cleeren A, Bijvoet ALM (1986) Treatment of malignancy- associated hypercalcemia with intravenous aminohydroxypropylidene diphos- phonate. J Clin Oncol 4:1177-1183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Body JJ, Magritte A, Seraj F, Sculier JP, Borkowski A (1989) Aminohydroxy- propylidene bisphosphonate (APD) treatment for tumor-associated hyper- calcemia: a randomized comparison between a 3-day treatment and single 24-hour infusions. J Bone Miner Res 4:923-928

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boehringer Mannheim (Schweiz) (1986) OSTAC pro infusione - zur symptomatischen Therapie der Tumor-Hyperkalzaemie - zur palliativen Therapie der Tumor- Osteolyse infolge Knochenmetastasen oder haemotologischer Neoplasien. Boehringer Mannheim (Schweiz), Rotkreuz

    Google Scholar 

  • Bone HG, Zerwekh JE, Britton F, Pak CYC (1979) Treatment of calcium urolithiasis with diphosphonate: efficacy and hazards. J Urol 121:568-571

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R (1990) Clodronate in hypercalcemia of malignancy. Calcif Tissue Int 46:20-25

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonjour JP, Tröhler U, Preston C, Fleisch H (1978) Parathyroid hormone and renal handling of Pi: effect of dietary Pi and diphosphonates. Am J Physiol 234: F487-F505

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonjour JP, Philippe J, Guelpa G, Bisetti A, Rizzoli R, Jung A, Rosini S, Kanis JA (1988) Bone and renal components in hypercalcemia of malignancy and res- ponses to a single infusion of clodronate. Bone 9:123-130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonekamp PM, van der Wee-Pals LJA, van Wijk-Lennep MML, Thesing CW, Bijvoet OLM (1986) Two modes of action of bisphosphonates on osteoclastic resorption of mineralized matrix. Bone Miner 1:27-39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonekamp PM, Löwik CWGM, van der Wee-Pals LJA, van Wijk-van Lennep MLL, Bijvoet OLM (1987) Enhancement of the inhibitory action of APD on the transformation of osteoclast precursors into resorbing cells after dimethylation of the amino group. Bone Miner 2:29-42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bounameaux HM, Schifferli J, Montani JP, Jung A, Chatelanat F (1983) Renal failure associated with intravenous diphosphonate. Lancet 1:471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce BF, Fogelman I, Ralston S, Smith L, Johnston E, Boyle IT (1984) Focal osteomalacia due to low-dose diphosphonate therapy in Paget’s disease. Lancet 1:821-824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briner WW, Francis MD, Widder JS (1971) The control of dental calculus in experimental animals. Int Dent J 21:61-73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brommage R, Baxter DC (1990) Inhibition of bone mineral loss during lactation by C12MBP. Calcif Tissue Int 47:169-172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner KW, Fleisch H, Senn HJ (eds) (1989) Bisphosphonates and tumor osteolysis. Recent Results Cancer Res 116

    Google Scholar 

  • Burckhardt P (ed) (1989) Disodium pamidronate (APD) in the treatment of malignancy-related disorders. Huber, Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Cal JC, Daley-Yates PT (1990) Disposition and nephrotoxicity of 3-amino-1- hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD), in rats and mice. Toxicology 65:179-197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canfield RE (1987) Etidronate disodium: a new therapy for hypercalcemia of malignancy. Am J Med 82:1-78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canfield RE, Rosner W, Skinner J, McWorther J, Resnick L, Feldman F, Kammerman S, Ryan K, Kunigonis M, Bohne W (1977) Diphosphonate therapy of Paget’s disease of bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44:96-106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carano A, Teitelbaum SL, Konsek JD, Schlesinger PH, Blair HC (1990) Bisphos- phonates directly inhibit the bone resorption activity of isolated avian osteoclasts in vitro. J Clin Invest 85:456-461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey PO, Lippert MC (1988) Treatment of painful prostatic bone métastasés with oral etidronate disodium. Urology 32:403-407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cecchini MG, Fleisch H (1990) Bisphosphonates in vitro specifically inhibit, among the hematopoietic series, the development of the mouse mononuclear phagocyte lineage. J Bone Min Res 5:1019-1027

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cecchini MG, Felix R, Cooper PH, Fleisch H (1987) Effect of bisphosphonates on proliferation and viability of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. J Bone Min Res 2:135-142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cecchini MG, Castagna M, Schenk R, Fleisch H (1990) A new “in vivo” model for studying “de novo” osteoclastogenesis: the post-natal mouse caudal vertebrae. J Bone Min Res 5 Suppl 2:S223

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers TJ (1980) Diphosphonates inhibit bone resorption by macrophages in vitro. J Pathol 132:255-262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan MM, Riggins RS, Rucker RB (1977) Effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphos- phonate (EHDP) and dietary fluoride on biomechanical and morphological changes in chick bone. J Nutr 107:1747-1754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ, Alexandre CM, Vignon EP (1980) Effects of disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate on hypercalcemia produced by bone mét- astases. J Clin Invest 65:1243-1247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapuy MC, Charhon SA, Meunier PJ (1983) Sustained biochemical effects of short treatment of Paget’s disease of bone with dichloromethylene diphosphonate. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 4:325-328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chesnut CH III (1988) Drug therapy: calcitonin, bisphosphonates, anabolic steroids, and hPTH (1-34). In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ (eds) Osteoporosis: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Raven, New York, pp 403-414

    Google Scholar 

  • Chester TL, Lewis EC, Benedict JJ, Sunberg RJ, Tettenhorst WC (1981) Determina- tion of (dichloromethylene) diphosphonate in physiological fluids by ion- exchange chromatography with phosphorus-selective detection. J Chromatogr Sci 225:17-25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleton FJ, van Holten-Verzantvoort AT, Zwinderman A, Kroon HM, Hermans J, Bijvoet OLM (1989) Long-term bisphosphonate treatment of bone métastasés in breast cancer patients - effects on morbidity and quality of life. In: Burckhardt P (ed) Disodium pamidronate (APD) in the treatment of malignancy-related disorders. Huber, Bern, pp 113-119

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad KA, Lee SM (1981) Clodronate kinetics and dynamics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 30:114-120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cram RL, Barmade R, Geho WB, Ray BD (1971) Diphosphonate treatment of calcinosis universalis. N Engl J Med 285:1012-1013

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daley-Yates PT, Bennett R (1988) A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of 14C- labelled APD and 99mTc-labelled APD in the mouse. Calcif Tissue Int 43:125-127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daley-Yates P, Gifford LA, Hoggarth CR (1989) Assay of l-hydroxy-3-amino- propylidene-l,l-bisphosphonate and related bisphosphonates in human urine and plasma by high-performance ion chromatography. J Chromatogr 490: 329-338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delaissé J-M, Eeckhout Y, Vaes G (1985) Bisphosphonates and bone resorption: effects on collagenase and lysosomal enzyme excretion. Life Sci 37:2291-2296

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delmas PD, Chapuy MC, Vignon E, Charhon S, Briançon D, Alexandre C, Edouard C, Meunier PJ (1982a) Long term effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate in Paget’s disease of bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54(4):837-844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delmas PD, Charhon S, Chapuy MC, Vignon E, Briançon D, Edouard C, Meunier PJ (1982b) Long-term effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) on skeletal lesions in multiple myeloma. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 4:163-168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delmas PD, Chapuy MC, Edouard C, Meunier PJ (1987) Beneficial effects of aminohexane diphosphonate in patients with Paget’s disease of bone resistant to sodium etidronate. Am J Med 83:276-282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Marco JD, Biffar SE, Reed DG, Brooks MA (1989) The determination of 4-amino-1-hydroxybutane-1,1-diphosphonic acid monosodium salt trihydrate in pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 7:1719-1727

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries E, van der Weij JP, van der Veen CJP, van Paassen HC, Jager MJ, Sleeboom HP, Bijvoet OLM, Cats A (1982) In vitro effect of (3-amino-1- hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (APD) on the function of mononu- clear phagocytes in lymphocyte proliferation. Immunology 47:157-163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries HR, Bijvoet OLM (1974) Results of prolonged treatment of Paget’s disease of bone with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). Neth J Med 17:281-298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodd GW, Ibbertson HK, Fraser TRC, Holdaway IM, Wattie D (1987) Radiological assessment of Paget’s disease of bone after treatment with the bisphosphonates EHDP and APD. Br J Radiol 60:849-860

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodwell DJ, Howell A, Ford J (1990) Reduction in calcium excretion in women with breast cancer and bone metastases using the oral bisphosphonate pamidronate. Br J Cancer 61:123-125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas DL, Russell RGG, Preston CJ, Prenton MA, Duckworth T, Kanis JA, Preston FE, Woodhead JS (1980) Effect of dichloromethylene diphosphonate in Paget’s disease of bone and in hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism or malignant disease. Lancet 1:1043-1047

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi M, Yamaguchi T, Shiota E, Handa S (1982) Fault of ossification and calcification and angular deformities of long bones in the mouse fetuses caused by high doses of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) during pregnancy. Congenital Anom 22:47-52

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhut M, Berbereich R, Kimmig B, Oberhausen E (1986) Iodine-131-labeled diphosphonates for palliative treatment of bone metastases. II. Preliminary clinical results with iodine-131 BDP3. J Nucl Med 27:1255-1261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elomaa I, Blomqvist C, Gröhn P, Porkka L, Kairento AL, Selander K, Lamberg- Allardt C, Holmström T (1983) Long-term controlled trial with diphosphonate in patients with osteolytic bone metastases. Lancet 1:146-149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elomaa I, Blomqvist C, Porkka L, Lamberg-Allardt C, Borgström GG (1987) Treatment of skeletal disease in breast cancer: a controlled clodronate trial. Bone 8(1):53-56

    Google Scholar 

  • Emonds-Alt X, Brelière J-C, Roncucci R (1985) Effects of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1 bisphosphonate and (chloro-4 phenyl) thiomethylene bisphosphonic acid (SR 41319) on the mononuclear cell factor-mediated release of neutral proteinases by articular chondrocytes and synovial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 34:4043–4049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ende JJ (1979) Effects of some diphosphonates on the metabolism of bone in vivo and in vitro. Thesis, University of Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Eubank WB, Reeves RE (1982) Analog inhibitors for the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase of Entamoeba histolytica and their effect of culture growth. J Parasitol 68:599-602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evêquoz V, Trechsel U, Fleisch H (1985) Effect of bisphosphonates on production of interleukin 1-like activity by macrophages and its effect on rabbit chondrocytes. Bone 6:439-444

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fast DK, Felix R, Dowse C, Neumann WF, Fleisch H (1978) The effects of diphos- phonates on the growth and glycolysis of connective-tissue cells in culture. Biochem J 172:97-107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix R, Fleisch H (1975) Properties of inorganic pyrophosphatase of pig scapula cartilage. Biochem J 147:111-118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix R, Fleisch H (1979) Increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in calvaria cells cultured with diphosphonates. Biochem J 183:73-81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix R, Fleisch H (1981) Increase in fatty acid oxidation in calvaria cells cultured with diphosphonates. Biochem J 196:237-245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix R, Russell RGG, Fleisch H (1976) The effect of several diphosphonates on acid phosphohydrolases and other lysosomal enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta 429:429-438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix R, Fast DK, Sallis JD, Fleisch H (1980) Effect of diphosphonate on glycogen content of rabbit ear cartilage cells in culture. Calcif Tissue Int 30:163-166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix R, Bettex JD, Fleisch H (1981) Effect of diphosphonates on the synthesis of prostaglandins in cultured calvaria cells. Calcif Tissue Int 33:549-552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felix R, Guenther HL, Fleisch H (1984) The subcellular distribution of 14C dichlor- omethylenebisphosphonate and 14C l-hydroxyethylidene-l,l-bisphosphonate in cultured calvaria cells. Calcif Tissue Int 36:1080–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Fels JP, Guyonnet J, Berger Y, Cautreels W (1988) Determination of (4-chlorophenyl) thiomethylene bisphosphonic acid, a new bisphosphonate, in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 430:73-79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti JL, Cointry G, Capozza R, Montuori E, Roldan E, Pérez Lloret A (1990) Biomechanical effects of the full range of useful doses of (3-amino-1-hydroxy- propylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD) on femur diaphyses and cortical bone tissue in rats. Bone Miner 11:111-122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finerman GAM, Stover SL (1981) Heterotopic ossification following hip replacement or spinal cord injury. Two clinical studies with EHDP. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 4:337-342

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitton A, McTavish D (1991) A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in resorptive bone disease. Drugs 41:289-318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan AM, Chambers TJ (1989) Dichloromethylenebisphosphonate (C12MBP) inhibits bone resorption through injury to osteoclasts that resorb Cl2MBP-coated bone. Bone Miner 6:33-43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch H (1988) Bisphosphonates: a new class of drugs in diseases of bone and calcium metabolism. In: Baker PF (ed) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 83. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 441-466

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch H (1991) Bisphosphonates: pharmacology and use in the treatment of tumour- induced hypercalcaemic and metastatic bone disease. Drugs 42:913-944

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch H, Russell RGG (1970) Pyrophosphate and polyphosphate. In: Rasmussen H (ed) Pharmacology of the endocrine system and related drugs. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 61-100, Encyclopaedia of pharmacology and therapeutics, sect 51

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch H, Russell RGG, Straumann F (1966) Effect of pyrophosphate on hydroxy- apatite and its implications in calcium homeostasis. Nature 212:901-903

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch H, Russell RGG, Bisaz S, Casey PA, Mühlbauer RC (1968) The influence of pyrophosphate analogues (diphosphonates) on the precipitation and dissolution of calcium phosphate in vitro and in vivo. Calcif Tissue Res 2 Suppl: 10-10A

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch H, Russell RGG, Francis MD (1969) Diphosphonates inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution in vitro and bone resorption in tissue culture and in vivo. Science 165:1262-1264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch H, Russell RGG, Bisaz S, Mühlbauer RC, Williams DA (1970) The inhibitory effect of phosphonates on the formation of calcium phosphate crystals in vitro and on aortic and kidney calcification in vivo. Eur J Clin Invest 1:12-18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flesch G, Hauffe SA (1989) Determination of the bisphosphonate pamidronate dis- odium in urine by pre-column derivatization with fluorescamine, high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 489:446-451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flora L (1979) Comparative antiinflammatory and bone protective effects of two diphosphonates in adjuvant arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 4:340-346

    Google Scholar 

  • Flora L, Hassing GS, Parfitt AM, Villanueva AR (1980) Comparative skeletal effects of two diphosphonates in dogs. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 2:389-407

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogelman I, Smith L, Mazess R, Wilson MA, Bevan JA (1986) Absorption of oral diphosphonate in normal subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24:57-62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis MD (1969) The inhibition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth by polyphosphates. Calcif Tissue Res 3:151-162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis MD, Martodam PR (1983) Chemical, biochemical, and medicinal properties of the diphosphonates. In: Hilderbrand RL (ed) The role of phosphonates in living systems. CRC, Boca Raton, p 55

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis MD, Slough CL (1984) Acute intravenous infusion of disodium dihydrogen (l-hydroxyethylidene) diphosphonate: mechanism of toxicity. J Pharm Sci 73:1097-1100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis MD, Russell RGG, Fleisch H (1969) Diphosphonates inhibit formation of calcium phosphate crystals in vitro and pathological calcification in vivo. Science 165:1264-1266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis MD, Flora LF, King WF (1972) The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy- 1,1-diphosphonate on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Calcif Tissue Res 9:109-121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis MD, Hovancik K, Boyce RW (1989) NE-58095: a diphosphonate which prevents bone erosion and preserves joint architecture in experimental arthritis. Int J Tissue React 11:239-252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser D, Russell RGG, Pohler O, Robertson WG, Fleisch H (1972) The influence of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on the development of experimentally induced urinary stones in rats. Clin Sci 42:197-207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed JH, Hahn H, Menter R, Dillon T (1982) The use of three-phase bone scan in the early diagnosis of heterotopic ossification (HO) and in the evaluation of didronel therapy. Paraplegia 20:208-216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freudiger H, Bonjour JP (1989) Bisphosphonates and extrarenal acid buffering capacity. Calcif Tissue Int 44:3-10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frijlink WB, te Velde J, Bijvoet OLM, Heynen G (1979) Treatment of Paget’s disease with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (A. P. D.). Lancet 1:799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm GA, Schajowicz F, Casco C, Ghiringhelli G, Mautalen C (1979) The treatment of Paget’s bone disease with sodium ethidronate. Am J Med Sci 227:29-37

    Google Scholar 

  • Galasko CSB, Samuel AW, Rushton S, Lacey E (1980) The effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and diphosphonates on tumour-mediated osteolysis. Br J Surg 67:493-496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallacher SJ, Ralston SH, Dryburgh FJ, Fraser CL, Allam BF, Boyce BF, Boyle IT (1990) Immobilization-related hypercalcaemia - a possible novel mechanism and response to pamidronate. Postgrad Med J 66:918-922

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher JA, Guenther HL, Fleisch H (1982) Rapid intracellular degradation of newly synthesized collagen by bone cells. Effect of dichloromethylenebisphos- phonate. Biochim Biophys Acta 719:349-355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garland DE, Betzabe A, Venos KG, Vogt JC (1983) Diphosphonate treatment for heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injury patients. Clin Orthop 176:197-200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gasser AB, Morgan DB, Fleisch HA, Richelle LJ (1972) The influence of two diphosphonates on calcium metabolism in the rat. Clin Sci 43:31-45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebauer U, Russell RGG, Touabi M, Fleisch H (1976) Effect of diphosphonates on adenosine 3’:5’ cyclic monophosphate in mouse calvaria after stimulation by parathyroid hormone in vitro. Clin Sci Mol Med 50:473-478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geho WB, Whiteside JA (1973) Experience with disodium etidronate in diseases of ectopic calcification. In: Frame B, Parfitt AM, Duncan H (eds) Clinical aspects of metabolic bone disease. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 506

    Google Scholar 

  • Geusens P, Nijs J, van der Perre G, van Audekercke R, Lowet G, Goovaerts S, Barbier A, Lacheretz F, Remandet B, Jiang Y, Dequeker J (1992) Longitudinal effect of tiludronate on bone mineral density, resonant frequency, and strength in monkeys. J Bone Min Res 7:599-609

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs CJ, Peacock M (1986) Hypercalcaemia due to sarcoidosis corrects with bisphosphonate treatment. Postgrad Med J 61:937-938

    Google Scholar 

  • Glatt M, Pataki A, Blättler A, Reife R (1986) APD longterm treatment increases bone mass and mechanical strength of femora of adult mice. Calcif Tissue Int 39:A72

    Google Scholar 

  • Golomb G, Langer R, Schoen FJ, Smith MS, Choi YM, Levy RJ (1986) Controlled release of diphosphonate to inhibit bioprosthetic heart valve calcification: dose- response and mechanistic studies. J Contr Rel 4:181-194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golomb G, Dixon M, Smith MS, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ (1987) Controlled-release drug delivery of diphosphonates to inhibit bioprosthetic heart valve calcification: release rate modulation with silicone matrices via drug solubility and membrane coating. J Pharm Sci 76:271-276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray RES, Yates AJP, Preston CJ, Smith R, Russell RGG, Kanis JA (1987) Duration of effect of oral diphosphonate therapy in Paget’s disease of bone. Q J Med 245:755-767

    Google Scholar 

  • Greif F, Anais D, Frei L, Arbeit L, Sorroff HS (1990) Blocking the calcium cascade in experimental acute renal failure. Isr J Med Sci 26:301-305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guaitani A, Polentarutti N, Filippeschi S, Marmonti L, Corti F, Italia C, Coccioli G, Donelli MG, Mantovani A, Garattini S (1984) Effects of disodium etidronate in murine tumor models. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 20:685-693

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guaitani A, Sabatini M, Coccioli G, Cristina S, Garattini S, Bartosek I (1985) An experimental rat model of local bone cancer invasion and its responsiveness to ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-bis (phosphonate). Cancer Res 45:2206-2209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guenther HL, Guenther HE, Fleisch H (1979) Effects of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1- diphosphonate and dichloromethane on rabbit articular chondrocytes in culture. Biochem J 184:203-214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guenther HL, Guenther HE, Fleisch H (1981a) The effects of 1-hydroxy ethane-1,1- diphosphonate and dichloromethanedisphosphonate on collagen synthesis by rabbit articular chondrocytes and rat bone cells. Biochem J 196:293-301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guenther HL, Guenther HE, Fleisch H (1981b) The influence of 1-hydroxyethane- 1,1-diphosphonate and dichloromethanediphosphonate on lysine hydroxylation and cross-link formation in rat bone, cartilage and skin collagen. Biochem J 196:303-310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guilland DF, Sallis JD, Fleisch H (1974) The effect of two diphosphonates on the handling of calcium by rat kidney mitochondria in vitro. Calcif Tissue Res 15:303-314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guilland D, Trechsel U, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H (1975) Stimulation of calcium absorption and apparent increased intestinal, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in rats treated with low doses of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate. Clin Sci Mol Med 48:157-160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guncaga J, Lauffenburger R, Lentner C, Dambacher MA, Haas HG, Fleisch H, Olah AJ (1974) Diphosphonate treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. A correlated metabolic, calcium kinetic and morphometric study. Horm Metab Res 6:62-69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gural RP (1975) Pharmacokinetics and gastrointestinal absorption behavior of etridronate. Dissertation, University of Kentucky

    Google Scholar 

  • Gural RP, Chungi VS, Shrewsbury RP, Dittert LW (1985) Dose-dependent absorption of disodium etidronate. J Pharm Pharmacol 37:443-445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hähnel H, Mühlbach R, Lindenhayn K, Schaetz P, Schmidt UJ (1973) Zum Einfluß von Diphosphonat auf die experimentelle Heparinosteopathie. Z Altersforsch 28:289-292

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamdy NAT, Gray RES, McCloskey E, Galloway J, Rattenbury JM, Brown CB, Kanis JA (1987) Clodronate in the medical management of hyperparathyroidism. Bone 8(1):69-77

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamdy NAT, McCloskey EV, Brown CB, Kanis JA (1990) Effects of clodronate in severe hyperparathyroid bone disease in chronic renal failure. Nephron 56:6-12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanhijärvi H, Elomaa I, Karlsson M, Lauren L (1989) Pharmacokinetics of disodium clodronate after daily intravenous infusions during five consecutive days. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 27:602-606

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen NM Jr, Felix R, Bisaz S, Fleisch H (1976) Aggregation of hydroxyapatite crystals. Biochim Biophys Acta 451:549-559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardt AB (1988) Bisphosphonate effects on alveolar bone during rat molar drifting. J Dent Res 67:1430-1433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harinck HIJ, Papapoulos SE, Blanksma HJ, Moolenaar AJ, Vermeij P, Bijvoet OLM (1987) Paget’s disease of bone: early and late responses to three different modes of treatment with aminohydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate (APD). Br Med J 295:1301-1305

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasling C, Charles P, Mosekilde L (1986) Etidronate disodium for treating hyper- calcaemia of malignancy: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Invest 16:433-437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heaney RP, Saville PD (1976) Etidronate disodium in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cin Pharmacol Ther 20:593-604

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hené RJ, Visser WJ, Duursma SA, Raymakers JA, de Bos Kuil RJ, Dorhout Mees EJ (1990) No effect of APD (amino hydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate) on hypercalcemia in patients with renal osteodystrophy. Bone 11:15–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henley JW, Croxson RS, Ibbertson HK (1979) The cardiovascular system in Paget’s disease of bone and the response to therapy with calcitonin and diphosphonate. Aust NZ J Med 9:390-397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesch RD, Heck J, Delling G, Keck E, Reeve J, Canzler H, Schober O, Harms H, Rittinghaus EF (1988) Results of a stimulatory therapy of low bone metabolism in osteoporosis with (1-38) hPTH and diphosphonate EHDP. Protocol of study I, osteoporosis trial Hannover. Klin Wochenschr 66:976-984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heynen G, Delwaide P, Bijvoet OLM, Franchimont P (1982) Clinical and biological effects of low doses of (3 amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD) in Paget’s disease of bone. Eur J Clin Invest 11:29-35

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill LF, Lumb GA, Mawer EB, Stanbury SW (1973) Indirect inhibition of the bio- synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in rats treated with a diphosphonate. Clin Sci 44:335-347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hintze KL, d’Amato RA (1980) Comparative toxicity of two diphosphonates. Toxicology 2:192

    Google Scholar 

  • Hock JM, Hummert JR, Boyce R, Fonseca J, Raisz LG (1989) Resorption is not essential for the stimulation of bone growth by hPTH-(l-34) in rats in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 4:449-458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodsman AB (1989) Effects of cyclical therapy for osteoporosis using an oral regimen of inorganic phosphate and sodium etidronate: a clinical and bone histomorphometric study. Bone Miner 5:201-212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander W, Prusty S, Nagraj S, Kirkpatrick B, Paddock J, Colombo M (1978) Comparative effects of cetaben (PHB) and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MBP) on the development of atherosclerosis in the cynomolgus monkey. Atherosclerosis 31:307-325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosking DJ (1990) Advances in the management of Paget’s disease of bone. Drugs 40(6):829-840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howell DS, Muniz OE, Blanco LN, Pita JC (1980) A micropuncture study of growth cartilage in phosphonate (EHDP) induced rickets. Calcif Tissue Int 30:35-42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes DE, MacDonald BR, Russell RGG, Gowen M (1989) Inhibition of osteoclast- like cell formation by bisphosphonates in long-term cultures of human bone marrow. J Clin Invest 83:1930-1935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeo T, Takaya T, Yamauchi K, Miwa M, Shioji I, Sakiyama Y (1987) Effect of ethane-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate (EHDP) on fetal mice during pregnancy: chemical changes in skin collagen. J Osaka Dent Univ 21:45-53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail Z, Aldous S, Triggs EJ, Smithurst BA, Barry HD (1987) Gas chromatographic analysis of didronel tablets. J Chromatogr 404:372-377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs TP, Siris ES, Bilezikian JP, Baquiran DC, Shane E, Canfield RE (1981) Hypercalcemia of malignancy: treatment with intravenous dichloromethylene diphosphonate. Ann Intern Med 94:312-316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs TP, Gordon AC, Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Reich L, Clemens TL, Gundberg CH (1987) Neoplastic hypercalcemia: physiologic response to intravenous etidronate disodium. Am J Med 82(2a):42-50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janner M, Mühlbauer RC, Fleisch H (1991) Sodium EDTA enhances intestinal absorption of two bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int 49:280-283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jee WSS, Black HE, Gotcher JE (1981) Effect of dichloromethane disphosphonate on cortisol-induced bone loss in young adult rabbits. Clin Orthop 156:39–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KY, Wesseler MA, Olson HM, Martodam RR, Poser JW (1982) The effects of diphosphonates on tumor-induced hypercalcemia and osteolysis in Walker carcinosarcoma 256 (W-256) of rats. In: Donath A, Courvoisier B (eds) Diphos- phonates and bone. Médecine et Hygiène, Genéva, pp 386-389

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston CC Jr, Altman RD, Canfield RE, Finerman GAM, Taulbee JD, Ebert ML (1983) Review of fracture experience during treatment of Paget’s disease of bone with etidronate disodium (EHDP). Clin Orthop 172:186-194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones M, Eidbo EE, Hilbert SL, Ferrans VJ, Clark RE (1988) The effects of anticalcification treatments on bioprosthetic heart valves implanted in sheep. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 34:1027-1031

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RG, McLasky EVM, Kanis JA (1987) Transient taste-loss during treatment with etidronate. Lancet 2:637

    Google Scholar 

  • Jowsey J, Holley KE, Linman JW (1970) Effect of sodium etidronate in adult cats. J Lab Clin Med 76:126-133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jowsey J, Riggs BL, Kelly PJ, Hoffman DL, Bordier P (1971) The treatment of osteoporosis with disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate. J Lab Clin Med 78:574-584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung A (1982) Comparison of two parenteral diphosphonates in hypercalcemia of malignancy. Am J Med 72:221-226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung A, Bisaz S, Fleisch H (1973) The binding of pyrophosphate and two diphos- phonates on hydroxyapatite crystals. Calcif Tissue Res 11:269-280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung A, Mermillod B, Barras C, Baud M, Courvoisier B (1981) Inhibition by two diphosphonates of bone lysis in tumor conditioned media. Cancer Res 41: 3233-3237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung A, Bornand J, Mermillod B, Edouard C, Meunier PJ (1984) Inhibition by diphosphonates of bone resorption induced by the Walker tumor of the rat. Cancer Res 44:3007-3011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanis JA (1991) Pathophysiology and treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. In: Kanis JA (ed) Pathophysiology and treatment of Paget’s disease. Dunitz, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanis JA, McCloskey EV (1990) The use of clodronate in disorders of calcium and skeletal metabolism. In: Kanis JA (ed) Calcium metabolism. Karger, Basel, pp 89–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanis JA, Cundy T, Heynen G, Russell RGG (1980) The pathophysiology of hypercalcaemia. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 2:151-159

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanis JA, Urwin GH, Gray Res, Beneton MNC, McCloskey EV, Hamdy NAT, Murray SA (1987) Effects of intravenous etidronate disodium on skeletal and calcium metabolism. Am J Med 82(2A):55-70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan RA, Geho WB, Pointdexter C, Haussier M, Dietz GW, Pak CYC (1977) Metabolic effects of diphosphonate in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Pharmacol 17:410-419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khairi MRA, Altman RD, DeRosa GP, Zimmermann J, Schenk RK, Johnston CC (1977) Sodium etidronate in the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. Ann Intern Med 87:656-663

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King WR, Francis MD, Michael WR (1971) Effect of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy- 1.1-diphosphonate on bone formation. Clin Orthop 78:251-270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein G, Martin JB, Satre M (1988) Methylenediphosphonate, a metabolic poison in Dictyostelium discoideum.31P NMR evidence for accumulation of adenosine 5’-(β, τ-methylenetriphosphate) and diadenosine 5’,5’-P1, P4-(P2, P3-methy- lenetetraphosphate). Biochemistry 27:1897-1901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline WF, Matuszewski BK, Bayne WF (1990) Determination of 4-amino-1-hydroxy- butane-1,1-bisphosphonic acid in urine by automated precolumn derivatization with 2,3-naphthalene dicarboxyaldehyde and high-performance liquid chromato- graphy with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 534:139-149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak ST, Rizzoli R, Trechsel U, Fleisch H (1987) Effect of a single injection of two new bisphosphonates on the hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria induced by Walker carcinosarcoma 256/B in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Cancer Res 47:6193-6197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch DM, Chan CT (1978) The effect of agents interfering with soft tissue calcification and cell proliferation on calcific fibrous fatty plaques in rabbits. Circ Res 42:562-571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong E, Chiu AMY, McClintock SA, Cotton ML (1990) HPLC analysis of an amino bisphosphonate in pharmaceutical formulations using postcolumn deriva- tization and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr Sci 28:563-566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labat ML, Tzehoval E, Moricard Y, Feldmann M, Milhaud G (1983) Lack of a T-cell dependent subpopulation of macrophages in (dichloromethylene) diphos- phonate-treated mice. Biomed Pharmacother 37:270-276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labat ML, Florentin I, Davigny M, Moricard Y, Milhaud G (1984) Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) reduces natural killer (NK) cell activity in mice. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 5:281-287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamson ML, Fox JL, Huguchi WI (1984) Calcium and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1- bisphosphonic acid: polynuclear complex formation in the physiological range of pH. Int J Pharm 21:143-154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson A (1974) The short-term effects of high doses of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1- diphosphonates upon early dentine formation. Calcif Tissue Res 16:109–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson SE (1976) The metabolic heterogeneity of glycosaminoglycans of the different zones of the epiphyseal growth plate and the effect of ethane-1-hydroxy- 1.1-diphosphonate (EHDP) upon glycosaminoglycan synthesis in vivo. Calcif Tissue Res 21:67-82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson A, Rohlin M (1980) In vivo distribution of 14C-labeled ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1- diphosphonate in normal and treated young rats. An autoradiographic and ultrastructural study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 52:391-399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenehan TM, Balligand M, Nunamaker DM, Wood FE Jr (1985) Effect of EHDP on fracture healing in dogs. J Orthop Res 3:499-507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy RJ, Wolfrum J, Schoen FJ, Hawley MA, Lund SA (1985) Inhibition of calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves by local controlled release diphos- phonate. Science 228:190-192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Lund SA, Smith MS (1987) Prevention of leaflet calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves with diphosphonate injection therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:551-557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liggett SJ (1973) Determination of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid (EHDP) in human feces and urine. Biochem Med 7:68-77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin JH, Chen IW, Deluna FA, Hichens M (1992) Renal handling of alendronate in rats. An uncharacterized renal transport system. Drug Metab Dispos 20:608-613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood DR, Vogel JM, Schneider VS, Hulley SB (1975) Effect of the diphos- phonate EHDP on bone mineral metabolism during prolonged bed rest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:533-541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Löwik CWGM, van der Pluijm G, van der Wee-Pals LJA, van Bloys Treslong-de Groot H, Bijvoet OLM (1988) Migration and phenotypic transformation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts: the effect of a bisphosphonate. J Bone Miner Res 3:185-191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mallette LE, LeBlanc AD, Pool JL, Mechanick JI (1989) Cyclic therapy of osteo- porosis with neutral phosphate and brief, high-dose pulses of etidronate. J Bone Miner Res 4(2): 143-148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markusse HM, Lafeber GJM, Breedveld FC (1990) Bisphosphonates in collagen arthritis. Rheumatol Int 9:281-283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martodam RR, Thornton KS, Sica DA, Souza SM, Flora L, Mundy GR (1983) The effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on hypercalcemia and other parameters of the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in the rat Leydig cell tumor. Calcif Tissue Int 35:512-519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mautalen C, Gonzalez D, Blumenfeld EL, Santini Araujo E, Schajowicz F (1986) Spontaneous fractures of uninvolved bones in patients with Paget’s disease during unduly prolonged treatment with disodium etidronate (EHDP). Clin Orthop 207:150-155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxon HR, Deutsch EA, Thomas SR, Libson K, Lukes SJ, Williams CC, Ali S (1988) Re-186(Sn) HEDP for treatment of multiple metastatic foci in bone: human biodistribution and dosimetric studies. Radiology 166:501-507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey EV, Yates AJP, Gray RES, Hamdy NAT, Galloway J, Kanis JA (1988) Diphosphonates and phosphate homoeostasis in man. Clin Sci 74:607-612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey EV, Paterson AHG, Powles T, Kanis JA (1990) Clodronate decreases the incidence of hypercalcaemia and major vertebral fractures in metastatic breast cancer. J Bone Miner Res 5(2):241

    Google Scholar 

  • Meunier P, Chapuy MC, Courpron P, Vignon E, Edouard C, Bernard J (1975) Effects cliniques, biologiques et histologiques de l’éthane-1-hydroxy-1,1- diphosphonate (EHDP) dans la maladie de Paget. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 42:699-705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier PJ, Alexandre C, Edouard C, Mathieu L, Chapuy MC, Bressot C, Vignon E, Trechsel U (1979) Effects of disodium dichloromethylenediphosphonate on Paget’s disease of bone. Lancet 2:489-492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael WR, King WR, Francis MD (1971) Effectiveness of diphosphonates in preventing “osteoporosis” of disuse in the rat. Clin Orthop 78:271-276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael WR, King WR, Wakim JM (1972) Metabolism of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy- 1,1-diphosphonate (disodium etidronate) in the rat, rabbit, dog and monkey. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 21:503-515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milhaud G, Labat ML, Moricard Y (1983) (Dichloromethylene) diphosphonate- induced impairment of T-lymphocyte function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:4469-4473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller SC, Jee WSS (1979) The effect of dichloromethylene-diphosphonate, a pyrophosphate analog, on bone and bone cell structure in the growing rat. Anat Rec 193:439-462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minaire P, Bérard E, Meunier PJ, Edouard C, Goedert G, Pilonchéry G (1981) Effects of disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate on bone loss in paraplegic patients. J Clin Invest 68:1086-1092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mönkkönen J (1988) A one year follow-up study of the distribution of 14C-clodronate in mice and rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 62:51-53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mönkkönen J, Ylitalo P (1990) The tissue distribution of clodronate (dichloro- methylene bisphosphonate) in mice. The effects of vehicle and the route of administration. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 15:239-294

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mönkkönen J, Ylitalo P, Elo HA, Airaksinen MM (1987) Distribution of 14C- clodronate (dichloromethylene bisphosphonate) disodium in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 89:287-292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mönkkönen J, Koponen HM, Ylitalo P (1989a) Comparison of the distribution of three bisphosphonates in mice. Pharmacol Toxicol 65:294-298

    Google Scholar 

  • Mönkkönen J, Urtti A, Paronen P, Elo HA, Ylitalo P (1989b) The uptake of clodronate (dichloromethylene bisphosphonate) by macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Drug Metab Dispas 17:690-693

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan DB, Monod A, Russell RGG, Fleisch H (1973) Influence of dichloro- methylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) and calcitonin on bone resorption, lactate production and phosphatase and pyrophosphatase content of mouse calvaria treated with parathyroid hormone in vitro. Calcif Tissue Res 13:287-294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton AR, Cantrill JA, Craig AE, Howell A, Davies M, Anderson DC (1988) Single dose versus daily intravenous aminohydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate (APD) for the hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Br Med J 296:811-814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mühlbauer RC, Russell RGG, Williams DA, Fleisch H (1971) The effects of diphos- phonates, polyphosphonates, and calcitonin on immobilisation osteoporosis in rats. Eur J Clin Invest 1:336-344

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mühlbauer RC, Bauss F, Schenk R, Janner M, Bosies E, Strein K, Fleisch H (1991) BM 21.0955 A potent new bisphosphonate to inhibit bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 6:1003-1011

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mühlemann HR, Bowles D, Schatt A, Bernimoulin JP (1970) Effect of diphosphonate on human supragingival calculus. Helv Odontol Acta 14:31-33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagant de Deuxchaisnes C, Rombouts-Lindemans C, Huaux JP, Malghem J, Madlague B (1979) Roentgenologic evaluation of the action of the diphosphonate EHDP and of combined therapy (EHDP and calcitonin) in Paget’s disease of bone. Mol Endocrinol 1:405-433

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagant de Deuxchaisnes C, Rombouts-Lindemans C, Huaux JP, Devogelaer JP, Malghem J, Madague B, Withofs H, Meersseman F (1981) Paget’s disease of bone. Br Med J 283:1054-1055

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemoto R, Uchida K, Tsutsumi M, Koiso K, Satou S, Satou T (1987) A model of localized osteolysis induced by the MBT-2 tumor in mice and its responsiveness to etidronate disodium. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 113:539-543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson OS, Bauer HCF, Brosjö O, Törnkvist H (1990) Bone resorption in orthotopic and heterotopic bone of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate-treated rats. J Orthop Res 8:213-219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon GA, Buehler EV, Newmann EA (1972) Preliminary safety assessment of disodium etidronate as an additive to experimental oral hygiene products. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 22:661-671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen GA, Buehler EV (1971) The effects of disodium etidronate on the reproductive functions and embryogeny of albino rats and New Zealand rabbits. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 18:548-561

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuti R, Righi G, Turchetti V, Vattimo A (1981) Etidronato sodico (EHDP) ed osteoporosi. Clin Ter 99:33-42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Doherty DP, Bickerstaff DR, McCloskey EV, Hamdy NAT, Beneton MNC, Harris S, Mian M, Kanis JA (1990) Treatment of Paget’s disease of bone with aminohydroxybutylidene bisphosphonate. J Bone Miner Res 5(5):483-491

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue DJ, Hosking DJ (1987) Biochemical response to combination of disodium etidronate with calcitonin in Paget’s disease. Bone 8:219-225

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa Y, Adachi Y, Hong S, Yagi T (1989) l-Hydroxyethylidene-l,l-bisphosphonate (HEPB) simultaneously induces two distinct types of hypomineralization in the rat incisor dentine. Calcif Tissue Int 44:46-60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohata M, Pak CY (1974) Preliminary study of the treatment of nephrolithiasis (calcium stones) with diphosphonate. Metabolism 23:1167-1173

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohya K, Yamada S, Felix R, Fleisch H (1985) Effect of bisphosphonates on prosta- glandin synthesis by rat bone cells and mouse calvaria in culture. Clin Sci 69:403-411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowski K, Wojtowicz A, Dziedzic-Goclawska A, Rozycka M (1988) Effect of 1-hydroxyethylidene-l,l-bisphosphonate (HEBP) and dichloromethylidene- bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP) on the structure of the organic matrix of heterotopically induced bone tissue. Histochemistry 88:207-212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacifici R, McMurtry C, Vered I, Rupich R, Avioli LV (1988) Coherence therapy does not prevent axial bone loss in osteoporotic women: a preliminary compara- tive study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:747-753

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmoski M, Brandt K (1978) Effects of diphosphonates on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and proteoglycan aggregation in normal adult articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 21:942-949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papapoulos SE, Hoekman K, Löwik CWGM, Vermeij P, Bijvoet OLM (1989) Application of an in vitro model and a clinical protocol in the assessment of the potency of a new bisphosphonate. J Bone Miner Res 4(5):775-781

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paspaliaris V, Leaver DD (1990) The bisphosphonate, clodronate, inhibits calcium- induced contraction in vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 183:1257

    Google Scholar 

  • Passed M, Baroni MC, Pedrazzoni M, Pioli G, Barbagallo M, Costi D, Biondi M, Girasole G, Arlunnoo B, Palummeri E (1991) Intermittent treatment with intra- venous 4-amino-l-hydroxybutylidene-l,l-bisphosphonate (AHBuBP) in the therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone Min 15:237-248

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson AD, Kanis JSA, Cameron EC, Douglas DL, Beard DJ, Preston FE, Russell RGG (1983) The use of dichloromethylene diphosphonate for the man- agement of hypercalcaemia in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 54:121-131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedrazzoni M, Palummeri E, Ciotti G, Davoli L, Pioli G, Girasole G, Passeri M (1989) Short-term effects on bone and mineral metabolism of 4-amino-1- hydroxybutylidene-1,1-diphosphonate (ABDP) in Paget’s disease of bone. Bone Miner 7:301-307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilzyk R, Sutcliffe H, Martin TJ (1972) Effect of bisphosphonates on prostaglandin synthesis by rat bone cells and mouse calvaria in culture. Clin Sci 69:403-411

    Google Scholar 

  • Plasmans CMT, Kuypers W, Slooff TJJH (1978) The effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1- diphosphonic acid (EHDP) on matrix induced ectopic bone formation. Clin Orthop 132:233-243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plasmans CMT, Jap PHK, Kujipers W, Slooff TJJH (1980) Influence of diphosphonate on the cellular aspect of young bone tissue. Calcif Tissue Int 32:247-256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potsaid MS, Irwin RJ, Castronovo FP, Prout GR Jr, Harvey WJ, Francis MD, Tofe AJ, Zamenhof RG (1978) (32P)Diphosphonate dose determination in patients with bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma. J Nucl Med 19:98-104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preston CJ, Yates AJP, Beneton MNC, Russell RGG, Gray RES, Smith R, Kanis JA (1986) Effective short term treatment of Paget’s disease with oral etidronate. Br Med J 292:79-80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston SH, Alzaid AA, Gallacher SJ, Gardner MD, Cowan RA, Boyle IT (1988) Clinical experience with aminohydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate (APD) in the management of cancer-associated hypercalcaemia. Q J Med 81:258-266

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston SH, Hacking L, Willocks L, Bruce F, Pitkeathly DA (1989) Clinical, biochemical, and radiographic effects of aminohydroxypropylidene bisphos- phonate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 48:396-399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rastad J, Benson L, Johansson H, Knuutila M, Pettersson B, Wallfeit C, Akerstrom G, Ljunghall S (1987) Clodronate treatment in patients with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Acta Med Scand 221:489-494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recker RR, Saville PD (1973) Intestinal absorption of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy- 1,1-diphosphonate (disodium etidronate) using a deconvolution technique. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 24:580-589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recker RR, Hassing GS, Lau JR, Saville PD (1973) The hyperphosphatemic effect of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonates (EHDP(tm)): renal handling of phosphorus and the renal response to parathyroid hormone. J Lab Clin Med 81:258-266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reginster JY, Jeugmans-Huynen AM, Albert A, Denis D, Deroisy R, Lecart MP, Fontaine MA, Collette J, Franchimont P (1988) Biological and clinical assessment of a new bisphosphonate, (chloro-4 phenyl) thiomethylene bisphosphonate, in the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. Bone 9:349-354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reginster JY, Lecart MP, Deroisy D, Sarlet N, Denis D, Collette J, Ethgen D, Franchimont P (1989) Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by tiludronate. Lancet 2:1469-1471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid IR, Alexander CJ, King AR, Ibbertson HK (1988) Prevention of steroid- induced osteoporosis with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD). Lancet 1:143-146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid IR, Schooler BA, Stewart AW (1990) Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 5(6):619-623

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner M, Sautter V, Olah A, Bossi A, Largiadèr U, Fleisch H (1980) Diphosphonate treatment in myositis ossificans progressiva. In: Caniggia A (ed) Etidronate. Istituto Gentili, Pisa, p 237

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitsma PH, Bijvoet OLM, Verlinden-Ooms H, van der Wee-Pals LJA (1980) Kinetic studies of bone and mineral metabolism during treatment with (3-amino- 1-hydroxy-propylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (ADP) in rats. Calcif Tissue Int 32:145-147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitsma PH, Teitelbaum SL, Bijvoet OLM, Kahn AJ (1982) Differential action of the bisphosphonates (3-amino-l-hydroxypropylidene)-l,l-bisphosphonate (ADP) and disodium dichloromethylidene bisphosphonate (C12MDP) on rat macrophage- mediated bone resorption in vitro. J Clin Invest 70:927-933

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds JJ, Minkin C, Morgan DB, Spycher D, Fleisch H (1972) The effect of two diphosphonates on the resorption of mouse calvaria in vitro. Calcif Tissue Res 10:302-313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds JJ, Murphy H, Mühlbauer RC, Morgan DB, Fleisch H (1973) Inhibition by diphosphonates of bone resorption in mice and comparison with grey lethal osteopetrosis. Calcif Tissue Res 12:59-71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivero DP, Skipor AK, Singh M, Urban RM, Galante JO (1987) Effect of disodium etidronate (EHDP) on bone ingrowth in a porous material. Clin Orthop 215:279-286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP (1989) High extracellular calcium increases the production of a parathyroid hormone-like activity by cultured Leydig tumor cells associated with humoral hypercalcemia. J Bone Miner Res 4:839-844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzoli R, Caverzasio J, Fleisch H, Bonjour JP (1986) Parathyroid hormone-like changes of renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption induced by Leydig cell tumor in thyroparathyroid-ectomized rats. Endocrinology 119:1004-1009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson WG, Peacock M, Nordin BEC (1973) Inhibitors of the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro. Clin Chim Acta 43:31-37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum IY, Black HE, Ferrell JF (1977) The effects of various diphosphonates on a rat model of cardiac calciphylaxis. Calcif Tissue Res 23:151–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossier JR, Cox JA, Niesor EJ, Bentzen CL (1989) A new class of calcium entry blockers defined by 1,3-diphosphonates. J Biol Chem 264:16598-16607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RGG, Mühlbauer RC, Bisaz S, Williams DA, Fleisch H (1970) The influence of pyrophosphate, condensed phosphates, phosphonates and other phosphate compounds on the dissolution of hydroxyapatite in vitro and on bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone in tissue culture and in thyroparathyroidec- tomised rats. Calcif Tissue Res 6:183-196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RGG, Preston C, Smith R, Walton RJ, Woods CG (1974) Diphosphonates in Paget’s disease. Lancet 1:894-898

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryzen E, Martodam RR, Troxell M, Benson A, Paterson A, Shepard K, Hicks R (1985) Intravenous etidronate in the management of malignant hypercalcemia. Arch Intern Med 145:449-452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahni M, Guenther HL, Collin P, Martin TJ, Fleisch H (1993) Bisphosphonates act on rat bone resorption through the mediation of osteoblasts. J Clin Invest (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakiyama Y, Tada I, Yamamoto H, Nakanishi T, Yasuda Y, Soeda Y, Oda M (1985) The effect of ethane-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate (EHDP) on fetal mice during pregnancy: with emphasis on implantation and fetal weight. J Osaka Dent Univ 19:87-90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakiyama Y, Yamamoto H, Soeda Y, Tada I, Oda M, Nagasawa S, Ikeo T (1986) The effect of ethane-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate (EHDP) on fetal mice during pregnancy. II. Anomalies. J Osaka Dent Univ 20:91-100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato M, Grasser W (1990) Effects of bisphosphonates on isolated rat osteoclasts as examined by reflected light microscopy. J Bone Miner Res 5:31-40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato M, Grasser W, Endo N, Akins R, Simmons H, Thompson DD, Golub E, Rodan GA (1991) Bisphosphonate action. Alendronate localization in rat bone and effects of osteoclast ultrastructure. J Clin Invest 88:2095-2105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenk R, Merz WA, Mühlbauer R, Russell RGG, Fleisch H (1973) Effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene diphos- phonate (C12MDP) on the calcification and resorption of cartilage and bone in the tibial epiphysis and metaphysis of rats. Calcif Tissue Res 11:196-214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenk R, Eggli P, Felix R, Fleisch H, Rosini S (1986) Quantitative morphometric evaluation of the inhibitory activity of new aminobisphosphonates on bone resorption in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 38:342-349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidli RS, Wilson I, Espiner EA, Richards AM, Donald RA (1990) Amino- propylidene diphosphonate (APD) in mild primary hyperparathyroidism: effect on clinical status. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32:293-300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider VS, McDonald J (1984) Skeletal calcium homeostasis and countermeasures to prevent disuse osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 36(1):151–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoutens A, Verhas M, Dourov N, Bergmann P, Caulin F, Verschaeren A, Mone M, Heilporn A (1988) Bone loss and bone blood flow in paraplegic rats treated with calcitonin, diphosphonate, and indomethacin. Calcif Tissue Int 42:136-143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shane E, Baquiran DC, Bilezikian JP (1981) Effect of dichloromethylene diphos- phonate on serum and urinary calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Intern Med 95:23-27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda H, Adamek G, Felix R, Fleisch H, Schenk R, Hagan P (1983) Structure- activity relationship of various bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int 35:87-99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiota E (1985) Effects of diphosphonate on osteoporosis induced in rats. Roento- geneological, histological and biomechanical studies. Fukuoka Acta Med 76(6): 317-342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer FR, Ritch PS, Lad TE, Ringenberg QS, Schiller JH, Recker RR, Ryzen E (1991) Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy with intravenous etidronate. Arch Intern Med 151:471-476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siris ES, Canfield RE, Jacobs TP, Baquiran DC (1980a) Long-term therapy of Paget’s disease of bone with EHDP. Arthritis Rheum 23:1177-1183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siris ES, Sherman WH, Baquiran DC, Schlatterer JP, Osserman EF, Canfield RE (1980b) Effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on skeletal mobilization of calcium in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 302:310-315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeboom HP, Bijvoet OLM, van Oosterom AT, Gleed JH, O’Riordan JLH (1983) Comparison of intravenous (3-amino-l-hydroxypropylidene)-l,l-bisphosphonate and volume repletion in tumor-induced hypercalcemia. Lancet 2:239-243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slooff TJJH, Feith R, Bijvoet OLM, Nollen AJG (1974) The use of a disphosphonate in para-articular ossification after total hip replacement. A clinical study. Acta Orthop Belg 40:820-828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slough CL, Spinelli MJ, Kasting GB (1988) Transdermal delivery of etidronate (EHDP) in the pig via iontophoresis. J Membr Sci 35:161-165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JA (1989) Pallation of painful bone metastases from prostate cancer using sodium etidronate: results of a randomized, prospective double-blind, placebo- controlled study. J Urol 141:85-87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ML, Fogelman I, Hart DM, Scott E, Bevan J, Leggate I (1989) Effect of etidronate disodium on bone turnover following surgical menopause. Calcif Tissue Int 44:74-79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith R, Russell RGG, Bishop M (1971) Diphosphonates and Paget’s disease of bone. Lancet 1:945-947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova IN, Kudryavtseva NA, Komissarenko SV, Tarusova NB, Baykov AA (1988) Diphosphonates are potent inhibitors of mammalian inorganic pyrophos- phatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 267:280-284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spielman G, Gennarelli TA, Rogers CR (1983) Disodium etidronate: its role in preventing heterotopic ossification in severe head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 64:539-542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steber J, Wierich P (1986) Properties of hydroxyethane disphosphonates affecting its environmental fate: degradability, sludge adsorption, mobility in soils, and bioconcentration. Chemosphere 15:929-945

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson PH, Stevenson JR (1986) Cytotoxic and migration inhibitory effects of bisphosphonates on macrophages. Calcif Tissue Int 38:227-233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone MD, Hawthorne AB, Kerr D, Webster G, Hosking DJ (1990) Treatment of Paget’s disease with intermittent low-dose infusions of disodium pamidronate (APD). J Bone Miner Res 5(12): 1231-1235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storm T, Thamsborg G, Steiniche T, Genant HK, Soerensen OH (1990) Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 322(18): 1265-1271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stronski S, Bettschen-Camin L, Wetterwald A, Felix R, Trechsel U, Fleisch H (1988) Bisphosphonates inhibit 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced increase of osteocalcin in plasma of rats in vivo and in culture medium of rat calvaria in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 42:248-254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart G, Wren C, Bain H (1990) Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification in two siblings: failure of treatment with diphosphonate. Br Heart J 64:156-159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stutzer A, Fleisch H, Trechsel U (1988) Short- and long-term effects of a single dose of bisphosphonates on retinoid-induced bone resorption in thyroparathyroi- dectomized rats. Calcif Tissue Int 43:294-299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talanian RV, Brown NC, McKenna CE, Ye TG, Levy JN, Wright GE (1989) Carbonyldiphosphonate, a selective inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 28:8270-8274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan PLJ, Ames R, Yeoman S, Ibbertson HK, Caughey DE (1989) Effects of aminobisphosphonate infusion on biochemical indices of bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheum 28:325-328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan TT, Alzaid AA, Sutcliffe N, Gardner MD, Thomson JA, Boyle IT (1988) Treatment of hypercalcaemia in thyrotoxicosis with aminohydroxypropylidene diphosphonate. Postgrad Med J 64:224-227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thepen T, van Rooijen N, Kraal G (1989) Alveolar macrophage elimination in vivo is associated with an increase in pulmonary immune response in mice. J Exp Med 170:499-509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Jaeger P, Jacquet AF, Burckhardt P (1986a) A single-day treatment of tumor-induced hypercalcemia by intravenous amino-hydroxypropylidene bisphos- phonate. J Bone Miner Res 1:555-562

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Portmann L, Jaeger PH, Jacquet AF, Burckhaardt P (1986b) Oral versus intravenous AHPrBP (APD) in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malig- nancy. Bone 7:247-253

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Jaeger P, Burckhardt P (1987) Paget’s disease of bone treated in five days with AHPrBP (APD) per os. J Bone Miner Res 2(1):45-52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Jaeger P, Jacquet AF, Burckhardt P (1988a) Dose-response in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy by a single infusion of the bisphos- phonate AHPrBP. J Clin Oncol 6:762-768

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Jaeger P, Gobelet C, Jacquet AF, Burckhardt P (1988b) A single infusion of the bisphosphonate AHPrBP (APD) as treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. Am J Med 85:207-212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Jacquet AF, Burckhard P (1990a) Fast and effective treatment of malignant hypercalcemia: combination of suppositories of calcitonin and a single infusion of 3-amino 1-hydroxypropylidene-l-bisphosphonate. Arch Intern Med 150:2125-2128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Jaeger P, Burckhardt P (1990b) Response to retreatment of malignant hypercalcemia with the bisphosphonate AHPrBP (ABD): respective role of kidney and bone. J Bone Miner Res 5:221-226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiébaud D, Leyvraz S, von Fliedner V, Perey L, Cornu P, Thiébaud S, Burckhardt P (1991) Treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer and myeloma with pamidronate. Eur J Cancer 27:37-41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas BJ, Amstutz HC (1985) Results of the administration of diphosphonate for the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 67:400-403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson DD, Seedor JG, Quartuccio H, Solomon H, Fioravanti C, Davidson J, Klein H, Jackson R, Clair J, Frankenfield D, Brown E, Simmons HA, Rodan GA (1992) The bisphosphonate, alendronate, prevents bone loss in ovari- ectomized baboons. J Bone Min Res 7:951-960

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trechsel U, Schenk R, Bonjour JP, Russell RGG, Fleisch H (1977) Relation between bone mineralization. Ca absorption, and plasma Ca in phosphonate- treated rats. Am J Physiol 232:E298-E305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trechsel U, Stutzer A, Fleisch H (1987) Hypercalcemia induced with an arotinoid in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. A new model to study bone resorption in vivo. J Clin Invest 80:1679-1686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troehler U, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H (1975) Renal secretion of diphosphonates in rats. Kidney Int 8:6-13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troehler U, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H (1982) Interference of dichloromethylene diphos- phonate with parathyroid hormone effects at the bone but not at the kidney level. Miner Electrolyte Metab 7:122-126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urwin GH, Yates AJP, Gray Res, Hamdy NAT, McCloskey EV, Preston FE, Greaves M, Neil FE, Kanis JA (1987) Treatment of the hypercalcaemia of malignancy with intravenous clodronate. Bone 8(1):43-51

    Google Scholar 

  • Valkema R, Vismans F-JFE, Papapoulos SE, Pauwels EKJ, Bijvoet OLM (1989) Maintained improvement in calcium balance and bone mineral content in patients with osteoporosis treated with the bisphosphonate APD. Bone Miner 5:183-192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Breukelen FJM, Bijvoet OLM, von Oosterom AT (1979) Inhibition of osteolytic bone lesions by (3-amino-l-hydroxypropylidene)-l,l-bisphosphonate (A.P.D.). Lancet 1:803-805

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Breukelen FJM, Bijvoet OLM, Frijlink WB, Sleebloom HP, Mulder H, von Oosterom AT (1982) Efficacy of amino-hydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate in hypercalcemia: observations on regulation of serum calcium. Calcif Tissue Int 34:321-327

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bos T, Beertsen W (1987) Effects of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) on the synthesis of dentine matrix proteins in the mouse. Coll Relat Res 7:135-147

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Holten-Verzantvoort AT, Bijvoet OLM, Cleton FJ, Hermans J, Kroon DM, Harinck HIJ, Vermey P, Elte JWF, Neijt JP, Beex LVAM, Blijham G (1987) Reduced morbidity from skeletal métastasés in breast cancer patients during long-term bisphosphonate (APD) treatment. Lancet 2:983-985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Hoogdalem EJ, Wackwitz ATE, de Boer AG, Breimer DD (1989) 3-Amino-1- hydroxypropylidene-1,1-diphosphonate (APD): a novel enhancer of rectal cefoxitin absorption in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 41:339-341

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rooijen N, Kors N (1989) Effects of intracellular diphosphonates on cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system: in vivo effects of liposome-encapsulated diphos- phonates on different macrophage subpopulations in the spleen. Calcif Tissue Int 45:153-156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rooijen N, van Nieuwmegen R (1984) Elimination of phagocytic cells in the spleen after intravenous injection of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate: an enzyme-histochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 238:355-358

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rooijen N, Kors N, van den Ende M, Dijkstra CD (1990) Depletion and repopulation of macrophages in spleen and liver of rat after intravenous treatment with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate. Cell Tissue Res 260:215-222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton RJ, Russell RGG, Smith R (1975) Changes in the renal and extrarenal handling of phosphate induced by disodium etidronate (EHDP) in man. J Clin Sci Mol Med 49:45-56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman RH, Bonjour JP, Fleisch H (1973) Ileal absorption of disodium ethane- 1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and disodium dichloromethylene diphos- phonate (C12MDP) in the chick. Experientia 29:1110-1111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, Wasnick RD, Miller PD, Jackson RD, Licata AA, Ross P, Woodson G, Yanover MJ, Mysiw WJ, Kohse L, Rao MB, Steiger P, Richmond B, Chesnut CH (1990) Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 323(2):73-79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb CL, Benedict JJ, Schoen FJ, Linden JA, Levy RJ (1987) Inhibition of biopros- thetic heart valve calcification with covalently bound aminopropanehydroxy- diphosphonate. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 33:592-595

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmer WH, Zbinden AM, Trechsel U, Fleisch H (1983) Ultrafiltrability and chromatographic properties of pyrophosphate, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1- bisphosphonate, and dichloromethylenebisphosphonate in aqueous buffers and in human plasma. Calcif Tissue Int 35:397-400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingen F, Schmähl D (1985) Distribution of 3-amino-1-hydroxypropane-1,1- diphosphonic acid in rats and effects on rat osteosarcoma. Arzneimittelforsching 35:1565-1571

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingen F, Eichmann T, Manegold C, Krempien B (1986) Effects of new bisphos- phonic acids on tumor-induced bone destruction in the rat. J Cancer REs Clin Oncol 111:35-41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wink CS, Hill EM (1988) Dichloromethylene bisphosphonate retards femoral expan- sion in normal and castrated adult male rats. Acta Anat (Basel) 132:321-323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wink CS, Onge MS, Parker B (1985) The effects of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate on osteoporotic femora of adult castrate male rats. Acta Anat 124:117-121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wronski TJ, Dann LM, Scott KS, Crooke LR (1989) Endocrine and pharmacological suppressors of bone turnover protect against osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 125:810-816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wüster C, Scharia SH, Schmidt J, Ziegler R (1990) Efficacy and safety of BM 21.0955, a new bisphosphonate in patients with humoral hypercalcemia of malig- nancy. J Bone Miner Res 5(2): 102

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakatan GJ, Poynor WJ, Talbert RL, Floyd BF, Slough CL, Ampulski RS, Benedict JJ (1982) Clodronate kinetics and bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31: 402-410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yap AS, Hockings GI, Fleming SJ, Khafagi FA (1990) Use of aminohydroxy- propylidene bisphosphonate (AHPrBP, “APD”) for the treatment of hyper- calcemia in patients with renal impairment. Clin Nephrol 34:225-229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates AJP, Jones TJ, Mundy KI, Hague RV, Brown CB, Guilland-Cumming D, Kanis JA (1984) Immobilisation hypercalcaemia in adults and treatment with clodronate. Br Med J 289:1111-1112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates AJP, Percival RC, Gray RES, Urwin GH, Hamdy NAT, Preston CJ, Beneton MNC, Russell RGG, Kanis JA (1985) Intravenous clodronate in the treatment and retreatment of Paget’s disease of bone. Lancet 1:1474-1477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates AJP, Murray RML, Jerums GJ, Martin TJ (1987) A comparison of single and multiple intravenous infusions of 3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1- bisphosphonate (APD) in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy. Aust N Z J Med 17:387-391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fleisch, H. (1993). Bisphosphonates: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Use. In: Physiology and Pharmacology of Bone. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 107. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77991-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77991-6_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-77993-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77991-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics