Abstract
During the purification of nerve growth factor from mouse submaxillary glands by carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, distinct biological activities were noticed when a fraction that did not contain nerve growth promoting activity was injected into newborn mice (Cohen 1960; Levimontalcini and Cohen 1960). These new responses included precocious opening of the eyelids, eruption of incisors, an inhibition of hair growth, and “stunting” of growth. Two years later Cohen (1962) reported the isolation of a heat-stable protein from mouse submaxillary glands, termed “tooth-lid factor”, which reproduced the developmental effects on the eyelids and incisors. Histological studies indicated that the precocious eyelid opening in “factor-treated” animals was the consequence of a generalized increase in epidermal thickening and keratinization (Cohen and Elliott 1963). When studies performed in vitro with explants of either skin or epidermis demonstrated a direct effect on epidermal growth, the tooth-lid factor was termed epidermal growth factor or EGF (Cohen 1964).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acres RB, Lamb JR, Feldman M (1985) Effects of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on antigen-induced proliferation of human T-cell lines. Immunology 54: 9–16
Ahrén B (1987) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits stimulated thyroid hormone secretion in the mouse. Peptides 8: 743–745
Akaji K, Fuki N, Yamjima H, Kyozo H, Hayashi K, Mizuta K, Aono M, Moriga M (1985) Studies on peptides. CXXVII. Synthesis of a tripentacontapeptide with epidermal growth factor activity. Chem Pharm Bull 33: 184–201
Akiyama T, Saito T, Ogawara H, Toyoshima K, Yamamoto T (1988) Tumor promoter and epidermal growth factor stimulate phosphorylation of the c-erbB-2 gene product in MKN-7 human adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 8: 1019–1026
Almazan G, Honegger P, Matthieu J-M, Guentert-Lauber B (1985) Epidermal growth factor and bovine growth hormone stimulate differentiation and myelination of brain cell aggregates in culture. Dev Brain Res 21: 257–264
Al-Nafussi AI, Wright NA (1982) The effect of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on cell proliferation of the gastrointestinal mucosa in rodents. Virchows Arch [B] 40: 63–69
Anderson TR, Mayer GL, Hebert N, Nicoll CS (1987) Interactions among prolactin, epidermal growth factor, and proinsulin on the growth and morphology of the pigeon corp-sac mucosal epithelium in vivo. Endocrinology 120: 1258–1264
Anson DS, Choo KH, Rees DJG, Giannelli F, Gould K, Huddleston JA, Bronlee GF (1984) The gene structure of human anti-haemophilic factor IX. EMBO J 3: 1053–1060
Antosz ME, Bellows CG, Aubin JE (1987) Biphasic effects of epidermal growth factor on bone nodule formation by isolated rat calvaria cells in vitro. J Bone Mineral Res 2: 385–393
Anzano MA, Roberts AB, Smith MJ, Sporn MB, De Larco JE (1983) Sarcoma growth factor from conditioned medium of virally transformed cells is composed of both type a and type ß transforming growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 6264–6268
Appella E, Weber IT, Blasi F (1988) Structure and function of epidermal growth factor-like regions in proteins. FEBS Lett 231: 1–4
Arakawa M, Perry JW, Cossu MF, Oka T (1985) Further characterization of the inhibition of casein production in a primary mouse mammary epithelial cell culture by epidermal growth factor. Antagonism by cyclic AMP. Exp Cell Res 158: 111–118
Arlawd GJ, Willia AC, Gagnon J (1987) Complete amino acid sequence of the A chain of human complement-classical-pathway enzyme C1r. Biochem J 241: 711–720
Arsenault P, Ménard D (1987) Stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract of the suckling mouse. Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 86: 123–127
Ascoli M, Euffa J, Segaloff DL (1987) Epidermal growth factor activates steroid biosynthesis in cultured Leydig tumor cells without affecting the levels of cAMP and potentiates the activation of steroid biosynthesis by choriogonadotropin and cAMP. J Biol Chem 262: 9196–9203
Aulerich RJ, Bursian SJ, Napolitano AC (1988) Biological effects of epidermal growth factor and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on developmental parameters of neonatal mink. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 17: 27–31
Aune TM (1985) Inhibition of soluble immune response suppressor activity by growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 6260–6264
Avola R, Condorelli DR, Surrentino S, Turpeenoja L, Costa A, Giuffrida-Stella AM (1988) Effect of epidermal growth factor and insulin on DNA, RNA, and cytoskeletal protein labeling in primary rat astroglial cell cultures. J Neurosci Res 19: 230–238
Bade EG, Feindler S (1988) Liver epithelial cell migration induced by epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor alpha is associated with changes in the gene expression of secreted proteins. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 24: 149–154
Bahn RS, Speeg KV Jr, Ascoli M, Rabin D (1980) Epidermal growth factor stimulates production of progesterone in cultured human choriocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 107: 2121–2123
Bailey JM, Muza B, Hla T, Salata K (1985) Restoration of prostacyclin synthese in vascular smooth muscle cells after aspirin treatment: regulation by epidermal growth factor. J Lipid Res 26: 54–61
Bajaj M, Waterfield MD, Schlessinger J, Taylor WR, Blundell T (1987) On the tertiary structure of the extracellular domains of the epidermal growth factor and insulin receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 916: 220–226
Baldwin GS (1985) Epidermal growth factor precursor is related to the translation product of the Moloney sarcoma virus oncogene mos. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 1921–1925
Balk SD, Shiu RPC, LaFleur MM, Young LL (1982) Epidermal growth factor and insulin cause normal chicken heart mesenchymal cells to proliferate like their Rous sarcoma virus-infected counterparts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1154–1157
Barbar JR, Verma IM (1987) Modification of fos proteins: phosphorylation of c-fos, but not v-fos, is stimulated by 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and serum. Mol Cell Biol 7: 2201–2211
Barka T, van der Noen H, Gresik EW, Kerenyi T (1978) Immunoreactive epidermal growth factor in human amniotic fluid. Mt Sinai J Med (NY) 45: 679–684
Barrandon Y, Green H (1987) Cell migration is essential for the sustained growth of keratinocyte colonies: the roles of transforming growth factor-a and epidermal growth factor. Cell 50: 1131–1137
Bates SB, Davidson NE, Valverius EM, Freter CE, Dickson RB, Tam JP, Kudlow JE, Lippman ME, Salomon DS (1988) Expression of transforming growth factor a and its messenger RNA in human breast cancer: its regulation by estrogen and its possible functional significance. Mol Endocrinol 2: 543–555
Battini R, Ferrari S, Kaczmarek L, Calabretta B, Chen S-t, Baserga R (1987) Molecular cloning of a cDNA for a human ADP/ATP carrier which is growth-regulated. J Biol Chem 262: 4355–4359
Beardmore JM, Lewis-Jones DI, Richards RC (1983) Urogastrone and lactose concentrations in precolostrum, colostrum, and milk. Pediatr Res 17: 825–828
Beauchamp RD, Barnard JA, McCutchen CM, Cherner JA, Coffey RJ (1989) Localization of TGFa and its receptor in gastric mucosal cells: implications for a regulatory role in acid secretion and mucosal renewal. J Clin Invest 84: 1017–1023
Beaulieu J-F, Calvert R (1981) The effect of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on the differentiation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in fetal mouse small intestine in organ culture. J Histochem Cytochem 29: 765–770
Bedrick AD, Ladda RL (1978) Epidermal growth factor potentiates cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse. Teratology 17: 13–18
Beguinot L, Lyall RM, Willingham ME, Pastan I (1984) Down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in KB cells is due to receptor internalization and subsequent degradation in lysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2384–2388
Bell GI, Fong NM, Stempie NM, Wormsted MA, Caput D, Ku L, Urdea MS, Rall LB, Sanchez-Pescador R (1986) Human epidermal growth factor precursor: cDNA sequence, expression in vitro and gene organization. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 8427–8446
Benveniste R, Speeg KV Jr, Carpenter G, Cohen S, Linder T, Rabinowitz D (1978) Epidermal growth factor stimulates secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin by cultured human choriocarcinoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 169–172
Berger MS, Greenfield C, Gullick WJ, Haley J, Downward J, Neal DE, Harris AL, Waterfield MD (1987 a) Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptors in bladder tumours. Br J Cancer 56: 533–537
Berger MS, Gullick WJ, Greenfield C, Evans S, Addis BJ, Waterfield MD (1987 b) Epidermal growth factor receptors in lung tumours. J Pathol 152: 297–307
Berk BC, Brock TA, Webb RC, Taubman MB, Atkinson WJ, Gimbrone MA Jr, Alexander RW (1985) Epidermal growth factor, a vascular smooth muscle mitogen, induces rat aortic contraction. J Clin Invest 75: 1083–1086
Bernard O, De St. Groth BF, Ullrich A, Greca W, Schlessinger J (1987) High-affinity interleukin 2 binding by an oncogenic hybrid interleukin 2-epidermal growth factor receptor molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2125–2129
Bertics PJ, Gill GN (1985) Self-phosphorylation enhances the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 260: 14642–14647
Bertics PJ, Chen WS, Hubler L, Lazar CS, Rosenfeld MG, Gill GN (1988) Alteration of epidermal growth factor receptor activity by mutation of its primary carboxyl-terminal site of tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 263: 3610–3617
Bertoncello I, Bradley TR, Hodgson GS (1981) Clonal agar culture of normal primary explanted bovine granulosa cells. Cell Biol Int Rep 5: 169–178
Bertoncello I, Bradley TR, Chamley WA, Hodgson GS (1982) The characteristics of an anchorage-independent clonal agar assay for primary explanted bovine granulosa cells. J Cell Physiol 113: 224–230
Bevilacqua MP, Stengelin S, Gimbrone MA Jr, Seed B (1989) Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1: an inducible receptor for neutrophils related to complement regulatory proteins and lectins. Science 243: 1160–1165
Bhargava G, Rifas L, Makman MH (1979) Presence of epidermal growth factor receptors and influence of epidermal growth factor on proliferation and aging in cultured smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 100: 365–374
Bjorge JD, Kudlow JE (1987) Epidermal growth factor receptor synthesis is stimulated by phorbol ester and epidermal growth factor. Evidence for a common mechanism. J Biol Chem 262: 6615–6622
Blackshear PJ, Stumpo DJ, Huang J-K, Nemenoff RA, Spach DH (1987) Protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways of proto-oncogene induction in human astrocytoma cells. J Biol Chem 262: 7774–7781
Blackwell GI, Carnuccio R, Di Rosa M, Flower RJ, Parente L, Persico P (1980) Macrocortin: a polypeptide causing the anti-phospholipase effect of glucocorticoids. Nature 287: 147–149
Blatti SP, Foster DN, Ranganathan G, Moses HL (1988) Induction of fibronectin gene transcription and mRNA is a primary response to growth-factor stimulation of AKR-2B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1119–1123
Blomquist MC, Hunt LT, Barker WC (1984) Vaccinia virus 19-kilodalton protein: relationship to several mammalian proteins, including two growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 7363–7367
Blundell TL, Cutfield JF, Cutfield SM, Dodson EJ, Dodson GG, Hodgkin DC, Mer-cola DA, Vijayan M (1971) Atomic positions in rhombohedral 2-zinc insulin crystals. Nature 231: 506–511
Boccardo F, Valenti G, Zanardi S, Cerruti G, Fassio T, Bruzzi P, De Francesc V, Barreca A, Del Monte P, Minuto F (1988) Epidermal growth factor in breast cyst fluid: relationship with intracystic cation and androgen conjugate content. Cancer Res 48: 5860–5863
Böni-Schnetzler M, Pilch PF (1987) Mechanism of epidermal growth factor receptor autophosphorylation and high-affinity binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7832–7836
Bower JM, Camble R, Gregory H, Gerring EL, Wiltshire IR (1975) The inhibition of gastric acid secretion by epidermal growth factor. Experientia 31: 825–826
Bravo R, Burckhardt J, Curran T, Müller R (1985) Stimulation and inhibition of growth by EGF in different A431 cell clones is accompanied by the rapid induction of c-fos and c-myc proto-oncogenes. EMBO J 4: 1193–1197
Bravo R, MacDonald-Bravo H, Muller R, Hübsch D, Almendral JM (1987) Bombesin induces c-fos and c-myc expression in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. Comparative study with other mitogens. Exp Cell Res 170: 103–115
Breyer MD, Jacobson HR, Breyer JA (1988) Epidermal growth factor inhibits the hydrosomatic effect of vasopressin in the isolated perfused rabbit cortical collecting tubule. J Clin Invest 82: 1313–1320
Brightwell JR, Riddle SL, Eiferman RA, Valenzuela P, Barr PJ, Merryweather JP, Schultz GS (1985) Biosynthetic human EGF accelerates healing of neodecadrontreated primate corneas. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 26: 105–110
Bringman TS, Lindquist PB, Derynck R (1987) Different transforming growth factor-cc species are derived from a glycosy1ated and palmitoylated transmembrane precursor. Cell 48: 429–440
Brissenden JE, Ullrich A, Francke U (1984) Human chromosomal mapping of genes for insulin-like growth factors I and II and epidermal growth factor. Nature 310: 781–784
Brissenden JE, Derynck R, Francke U (1985) Mapping of transforming growth factor a gene on human chromosome 2 close to the breakpoint of the Burkitt’s lymphoma t (2;8) variant. Cancer Res 45: 5593–5597
Brown GL, Curtsinger L III, Brightwell JR, Ackerman DM, Tobin GR, Polk HC Jr, George-Nascimento C, Valenzuela P, Schultz GS (1986) Enhancement of epidermal regeneration by biosynthetic epidermal growth factor. J Exp Med 163: 1319–1324
Brown JP, Twardzik DR, Marquardt H, Todaro GJ (1985) Vaccinia virus encodes a polypeptide homologous to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor. Nature 313: 491–492
Broyles SS, Yuen L, Shuman S, Moss B (1988) Purification of a factor required for transcription of vaccinia virus early genes. J Biol Chem 263:10754–10760
Brugge JS (1986) The p35/p36 substrates of protein-tyrosine kinases as inhibitors of phospholipase A2. Cell 46:149–150
Brunk U, Schellens J, Westermark B (1976) Influence of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on ruffling activity, pinocytosis and proliferation of cultivated human glia cells. Exp Cell Res 103: 295–302
Bucher NLR, Patel U, Cohen S (1978) Hormonal factors and liver growth. Adv Enzymol Regul 16: 205–213
Buckley A, Davidson JM, Kamerath CD, Wolt TB, Woodward SC (1985) Sustained release of epidermal growth factor accelerates wound repair. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 82: 7340–7344
Buckley A, Davidson JM, Kamerath CD, Woodward SC (1987) Epidermal growth factor increases granulation tissue formation dose dependently. J Surg Res 43: 322–328
Buhrow SA, Cohen S, Staros JV (1982) Affinity labeling of the protein kinase associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor in membrane vesicles from A431 cells. J Biol Chem 257: 4019–4022
Buller RNL, Chakrabarti S, Cooper JA, Twardzik DR, Moss B (1988a) Deletion of the vaccinia virus growth factor gene reduces virus virulence. J Virol 62:866–874
Buller RNL, Chakrabarti S, Moss B, Fredrickson T (1988b) Cell proliferative response to vaccinia virus is mediated by VGF. Virology 164:182–192
Burgess AW, Knesel J, Sparrow LG, Nicola NA, Nice EC (1982) Two forms of murine epidermal growth factor: rapid separation by using reverse-phase HPLC. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 5753–5757
Burgess AW, Lloyd CJ, Nice EC (1983) Murine epidermal growth factor: heterogeneity on high resolution ion-exchange chromatography. EMBO J 2: 2065–2069
Burgess AW, Lloyd CJ, Smith S, Stanley E, Walker F, Fabri L, Simpson RJ, Nice EC (1988) Murine epidermal growth factor: structure and function. Biochemistry 27: 4977–4985
Cahill L, Dolling M, Young R, Chamley W, Thorburn G (1982) The effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on follicular growth in the ovine fetus. Proc 14th Annu Conf Australian Soc. Reprod Biol, p 78
Calabretta B, Battini R, Kaczmarek L, de Riel JK, Baserga R (1986) Molecular cloning of the cDNA for a growth factor-inducible gene with strong homology to S-100, a calcium-binding protein. J Biol Chem 261: 12628–12632
Calvert R, Beaulieu J-F, Ménard (1982) Epidermal growth factor ( EGF) accelerates the maturation of fetal mouse intestinal mucosa in utero. Experientia 38: 1096–1097
Campion SR, Matsunami RK, Engler DA, Stevens A, Niyogi SK (1989) Site-directed mutagenesis of human epidermal growth factor: biochemical properties of ß-loop mutants. (submitted)
Cappelletti V, Brivia M, Miodini P, Granata G, Coradini D, Di Fronzo G (1988) Simultaneous estimation of epidermal growth factor receptors and steroid receptors in a series of 136 resectable primary breast tumors. Tumour Biol 9: 200–211
Carpenter G (1981) Epidermal growth factor. In: Baserga R (ed) Tissue growth factors. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 89–132 (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 57 )
Carpenter G (1987) Receptors for epidermal growth factor and other polypeptide mitogens. Annu Rev Biochem 56: 881–894
Carpenter G, Cohen S (1976) 125I-Labeled human epidermal growth factor (hEGF): binding, internalization, and degradation in human fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 71: 159–171
Carpenter G, Lembach KJ, Morrison MM, Cohen S (1975) Characterization of the binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor to human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 250: 4297–4304
Carpenter G, King L Jr, Cohen S (1978) Epidermal growth factor stimulates phosphorylation in membrane preparations in vitro. Nature 276: 409–410
Carpenter G, King L Jr, Cohen S (1979) Rapid enhancement of protein phosphorylation in A-431 cell membrane preparations by epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 254: 4884–4891
Carpentier J-L, White MF, Orci L, Kahn RC (1987) Direct visualization of the phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor during its internalization in A431 cells. J Cell Bio1105: 2751–2762
Carter NB, Fawcett AA, Hales JRS, Moore GPM, Panaretto BA (1988) Circulatory effects of a depilatory dose of mouse epidermal growth factor in sheep. J Physiol (Lond) 403: 27–39
Carver JA, Cooke RM, Esposito G, Campbell ID, Gregory H, Sheard B (1986) A high resolution ‘H NMR study of the solution structure of human epidermal growth factor. FEBS Lett 205: 77–81
Casey ML, Mitchell MD, MacDonald PC (1987) Epidermal growth factor-stimulated prostaglandin E2 production in human amnion cells: specificity and nonesterified arachidonic acid dependency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 53: 169–176
Casey ML, Korte K, MacDonald PC (1988) Epidermal growth factor stimulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in amnion cells. Induction of prostaglandin H2 synthase. J Biol Chem 263: 7846–7854
Catterton WZ, Escobedo MB, Sexson WR, Gray ME, Sundell HW, Stahlman MT (1979) Effect of epidermal growth factor on lung maturation in fetal rabbits. Pediatr Res 13: 104–108
Cawley DB, Herschman HR, Gilliland DG, Collier RJ (1980) Epidermal growth factor-toxin A chain conjugates: EGF-ricin A is a potent toxin while EGFdiphtheria fragment A is nontoxic. Cell 22: 563–570
Centrella M, McCarthy TL, Canalis E (1987) Mitogenesis in fetal rat bone cells simultaneously exposed to type ß transforming growth factor and other growth regulators. FASEB J 1: 312–317
Cerny T, Barnes DM, Hasleton P, Barber PV, Healy K, Gullick W, Thatcher N (1986) Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGF-R) in human lung tumours. Br J Cancer 54: 265–269
Chabot JG, Payet N, Hugon JS (1983) Effects of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on adult mouse small intestine in vivo and in organ culture. Comp Biochem Physiol [A] 74: 247–252
Chan CP, McNall SJ, Krebs EG, Fischer EH (1988) Stimulation of protein phosphatase activity by insulin and growth factors in 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6257–6261
Chang W, Upton C, Hu S-L, Purchio AF, McFadden G (1987) The genome of the Shope fibroma virus, a tumorigenic poxvirus, contains a growth factor gene with sequence similarity to those encoding epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 7: 535–540
Chang W, Lim JG, Hellström I, Gentry LE (1988) Characterization of Vaccinia virus growth factor biosynthetic pathway with an antipeptide antiserum. J Virol 62: 1080–1083
Chatelier RC, Ashcroft RG, Lloyd CJ, Nice EC, Whitehead RH, Sawyer WH, Burgess AW (1986) Binding of fluoresceinated epidermal growth factor to A431 cell sub-populations studies using a model-independent analysis of flow cytometric fluorescence data. EMBO J 5: 1181–1186
Chatterjee AK, Sieradzki J, Schatz H (1986) Epidermal growth factor stimulates (Pro-) insulin biosynthesis and 3H-thymidine incorporation in isolated pancreatic rat islets. Horm Metab Res 18: 873–874
Chen WS, Lazar CS, Poenie M, Tsien RY, Gill GN, Rosenfeld MG (1987) Requirement for intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase in the immediate and late actions of the EGF receptor. Nature 328: 820–823
Chester JR, Gaissert HA, Ross JS, Malt RA (1986) Pancreatic cancer in the Syrian hamster produced by N-Nitrosobis(2-Oxoropyl)-amine• cocarcinogenic effect of epidermal growth factor. Cancer Res 46: 2954–2957
Chiba T, Hirata Y, Taminato T, Kadowaki S, Matsukura S, Fujita T (1982) Epidermal growth factor stimulates prostaglandin E release from isolated perfused rat stomach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 105: 370–374
Chikuma T, Kato T, Hiramatsu M, Kanayama S, Kumegawa M (1984) Effect of epidermal growth factor on dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase and collagenase-like peptidase activities in cloned osteoblastic cells. J Biochem 95: 283–286
Clark AJ, Ishii S, Richert N, Merlino GT, Pastan I (1985) Epidermal growth factor regulates the expression of its own receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 8374–8378
Clark S, Cheng DJ, Hsuan JJ, Haley JD, Waterfield MD (1988) Loss of three major autophosphorylation sites in the EGF receptor does not block the mitogenic action of EGF. J Cell Physiol 134: 421–428
Clemmons DR (1984) Interaction of circulating cell-derived and plasma growth factors in stimulating cultured smooth muscle cell replication. J Cell Physiol 121: 425–430
Cochet C, Kashles O, Chambaz EM, Borrello I, King CR, Schlessinger J (1988) Demonstration of epidermal growth factor-induced receptor dimerization in living cells using a chemical covalent cross-linking agent. J Biol Chem 263: 3290–3295
Coffey RJ Jr, Derynck R, Wilcox JN, Bringman TS, Goustin AS, Moses HL, Pittelkow MR (1987) Production and auto-induction of transforming growth factor-a in human keratinocytes. Nature 328: 817–820
Coffey RJ Jr, Bascom CC, Sipes NJ, Graves-Deal R, Weissman BE, Moses HL (1989) Selective inhibition of growth-related gene expression in murine keratinocytes by transforming growth factor /3. Mol Cell Biol 8: 3088–3093
Cohen S (1960) Purification of a nerve-growth promoting protein from the mouse salivary gland and its neuro-cytotoxic antiserum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 46: 302–311
Cohen S (1962) Isolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the new-born animal. J Biol Chem 237: 1555–1562
Cohen S (1964) Isolation and biological effects of an epidermal growth-stimulating protein. In: Rutter WJ (ed) Metabolic control mechanisms in animal cells. National Cancer Institute Monograph 13, pp 13–27
Cohen S (1965) The stimulation of epidermal proliferation by a specific protein (EGF). Dev Biol 12: 394–407
Cohen S, Elliott G (1963) The stimulation of epidermal keratinization by a protein iso-lated from the submaxillary gland of the mouse. J Invest Dermatol 40: 1–5
Cohen S, Fava RA (1985) Internalization of functional epidermal growth factor: recep-tor/kinase complexes in A-431 cells. J Biol Chem 260: 12351–12358
Cohen S, Carpenter G, Lembach KJ (1975) Interaction of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) with cultured fibroblasts. Adv Metab Disord 8: 265–284
Cohen S, Carpenter G, King L Jr (1980) Epidermal growth factor-receptor-kinase interactions. Co-purification of receptor and epidermal growth factor-enhanced phosphorylation activity. J Biol Chem 255: 4834–4842
Cohen S, Ushiro H, Stoscheck C, Chinkers M (1982a) A native 170000 epidermal growth factor receptor-kinase complex from shed plasma membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem 257: 1523–1531
Cohen S, Fava R, Sawyer ST (1982 b) Purification and characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor protein kinase from normal mouse liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 6237–6241
Coleman S, Silberstein GB, Daniel CW (1988) Ductal morphogenesis in the mouse mammary gland: evidence supporting a role of epidermal growth factor. Dev Biol 127: 304–315
Collette J, Hendrick J-C, Jaspar J-M, Franchimont P (1986) Presence of a-lactalbumin, epidermal growth factor, epithelial membrane antigen, and gross cystic disease fluid protein (15 000 daltons) in breast cyst fluid. Cancer Res 46: 3728–3733
Connell ND, Rheinwald JG (1983) Regulation of the cytoskeleton in mesothelial cells: reversible loss of keratin and increase in vimentin during rapid growth in culture. Cell 34: 245–254
Connolly JM, Rose DP (1988) Epidermal growth factor-like proteins in breast fluid and human milk. Life Sci 42: 1751–1756
Cooke RM, Wilkinson AJ, Baron M, Pastore A, Tappin MJ, Campbell ID, Gregory H, Sheard B (1987) The solution structure of human epidermal growth factor. Nature 327: 339–341
Corcoran JM, Waters MJ, Eastman CJ, Jorgensen G (1986) Epidermal growth factor: effect on circulating thyroid hormone levels in sheep. Endocrinology 119: 214–217
Cowley GP, Smith JA, Gusterson BA (1986) Increased EGF receptors on human squamous carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 53: 223–229
Crompton MR, Moss SE, Crumpton MJ (1988) Diversity in the lipocortin/calpactin family Cell 55: 1–3
Cruise JL, Michalopoulos G (1985) Norepinephrine and epidermal growth factor: dynamics of their interaction in the stimulation of hepatocyte DNA synthesis. J Cell Physiol 125: 45–50
Cummings RD, Soderquist AM, Carpenter G (1985) The oliosaccharide moieties of the epidermal growth factor receptor in A-431 cells. Presence of complex-type N-linked chains that contain terminal N-acetylgalactosamine. J Biol Chem 260: 11944–11952
Curran T, Franza BR Jr (1988) Fos and jun: the AP-1 connection. Cell 55: 395–397
Dagogo-Jack S, Atkinson S, Kendall-Taylor P (1985) Homologous radioimmunoassay for epidermal growth factor in human saliva. J Immunoassay 6: 125–136
Dahlbäck B, Lundevall A, Stenfle J (1986) Primary structure of bovine vitamin K-dependent protein S. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 4199–4203
Daniele S, Frati L, Fiore C, Santoni G (1979) The effect of the epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on the corneal epithelium in humans. Exp Ophthalmol 210: 159–165
Darlak K, Franklin G, Woost P, Sonnenfeld E, Twardzik D, Spatola A, Schultz G (1988) Assessment of biological activity of synthetic fragments of transforming growth factor-alpha. J Cell Biochem 36: 341–352
Davidson FF, Dennis EW, Powell M, Glenney JR Jr (1987) Inhibition of phospholipase A2 by “lipocortins” and calpactins. An effect of binding to substrate phospholipids. J Biol Chem 262: 1698–1705
Davidson NE, Gelmann EP, Lippman ME, Dickson RB (1987) Epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in estrogen receptor-positive and negative human breast cancer cell lines. Mol Endocrinol 1: 216–223
Davis RJ (1988) Independent mechanisms account for the regulation by protein kinase C of the epidermal growth factor receptor affinity and tyrosine-protein kinase activity. J Biol Chem 263: 9462–9469
Davis RJ, Czech MP (1985) Tumor promoting phorbol diesters cause the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in normal human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 1974–1978
De BK, Misono KS, Lukas TJ, Mroczkowski B, Cohen S (1986) A calcium-dependent 35-kilodalton substrate for epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase isolated from normal tissue. J Biol Chem 261: 13784–13792
Dean DH, Hiramoto RN, Ghanta VK (1987) Modulation of immune response. A possible role for murine salivary epidermal and nerve growth factors. J Periodontol 58: 498–500
Decker SJ (1984) Effects of epidermal growth factor and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate on metabolism of the epidermal growth factor receptor in normal human fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 4: 1718–1724
Defeo-Jones D, Tai JY, Wegrzyn RJ, Vuocolo GA, Baker AE, Payne LS, Garsky VM, Oliff A, Riemen MW (1988) Structure-function analysis of synthetic and recombinant derivatives of transforming growth factor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 8: 2999–3007
Dekel N, Sherizly I (1985) Epidermal growth factor induces maturation of rat follicle-enclosed oocytes. Endocrinology 116: 406–409
De Larco JE, Todaro GJ (1978) Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 4001–4005
Delarue JC, Friedman S, Mouriesse H, May-Levin F, Sancho-Gamier H, Contesso G (1988) Epidermal growth factor receptor in human breast cancers: correlation with estrogen and progesterone receptors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 11: 173–178
De Leon FD, Vijayakumar R, Brown M, Rao CV, Yussman MA, Schultz G (1986) Peritoneal fluid volume, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin, and epidermal growth factor concentrations in patients with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 68: 189–194
DeMarco A, Menegatti E, Guarneri M (1983) Epidermal growth factor: exposure and dynamics of the aromatic side chains as investigated by photo-CIDNP and variable temperature 1H-NMR. FEBS Lett 159: 201–206
DeMarco A, Mayo KH, Bartolotti F, Scalia S, Menegatti E, Kaptein R (1986) Proton NMR and photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization studies of peptide fragments obtained by controlled proteolysis of mouse epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 261: 13501–13516
Dembinski AB, Johnson LR (1985) Effect of epidermal growth factor on the development of rat gastric mucosa. Endocrinology 116: 90–94
Dembinski A, Gregory H, Konturek SJ, Polanski (1982) Trophic action of epidermal growth factor on the pancreas and gastroduodenal mucosa in rats. J Physiol [Lond] 325: 35–42
Dembinski A, Drozdowicz D, Gregory H, Konturek SJ, Warzecha Z (1986) Inhibition of acid formation by epidermal growth factor in the isolated rabbit gastric glands. J Physiol [Loud] 378: 347–357
Denton PH, Fowlkes DM, Lord ST, Reisner HM (1988) Hemophilia B Durham: a mutation in the first EGF-like domain of factor IX that is characterized by polymerase chain reaction. Blood 72: 1407–1411
DePalo L, Das M (1988) Epidermal growth factor-induced stimulation of epidermal growth factor-receptor synthesis in human cytotrophoblasts and A431 carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 48: 1105–1109
Derynck R (1988) Transforming growth factor a. Cell 54: 593–595
Derynck R, Roberts AB, Winkler ME, Chen EY, Goeddel DV (1984) Human transforming growth factor-a: precursor structure and expression in E.coli. Cell 38: 287–297
Derynck R, Roberts AB, Eaton DH, Winkler ME, Goeddel DV (1985) Human transforming growth factor-a: precursor sequence, gene structure, and heterologous expression. Cancer Cells 3: 79–86
Derynck R, Goeddel DV, Ullrich A, Gutterman JV, Williams RD, Bringman TS, Berger WH (1987) Synthesis of messenger RNAs for transforming growth factors a and ß and the epidermal growth factor receptor by human tumors. Cancer Res 47: 707–712
DiAugistine RP, Walker MP, Klappner DG, Grove RI, Willis WD, Harvan DJ, Hernandez 0 (1985) ß-Epidermal growth factor is the des-asparaginyl form of the polypeptide. J Biol Chem 260: 2807–2811
DiAugustine RP, Petrusz P, Bell GI, Brown CF, Korach KS, McLachlan JA, Teng CT (1988) Influence of estrogens on mouse uterine epidermal growth factor precursor protein and messenger RNA. Endocrinology 122: 2355–2363
DiFiore PP, Pierce JH, Fleming TP, Hazan R, Ullrich A, Kling CR, Schlessinger J, Aaronson SA (1987) Overexpression of the human EGF receptor confers an EGFdependent transformed phenotype to NIH 3T3 cells. Cell 51: 1063–1070
Doolittle RF, Feng DF, Johnson MS (1984) Computer-based characterization of epidermal growth factor precursor. Nature 307: 558–560
Dorow DS, Simpson RJ (1988) Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat epidermal growth factor. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 9338
Downs SM, Daniel SAJ, Eppig JJ (1988) Induction of maturation in cumulus cell-enclosed mouse oocytes by follicle-stimulating hormone and epidermal growth factor: evidence for a positive stimulus of somatic cell origin. J Exp Zool 245: 86–96
Downward J, Parker P, Waterfield MD (1984) Autophosphorylation sites on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 311: 483–485
Drakenberg T, Fernlung P, Roepstorff P, Stenflo J (1983) ß-Hydroxyaspartic acid in vitamin K-dependent protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 1802–1806
D’Souza SW, Haigh R, Micklewright L, Donnai P, Keys A (1985) Amniotic fluid epidermal growth factor and placental weight at term. Lancet II (8449): 272–273
Dunn WA, Connolly TP, Hubbard AL (1986) Receptor-mediated endocytosis of epidermal growth factor by rat hepatocytes: receptor pathway. J Cell Biol 102: 24–36
Durkin ME, Chakravarti S, Bartos BB, Liu S-M, Friedman RL, Chung AE (1988) Amino acid sequence and domain structure of entactin. Homology with epidermal growth factor precursor and low density lipoprotein receptor. J Cell Biol 107: 2749–2756
Earp HS, Austin KS, Blaisdell J, Rubin RA, Nelson KG, Lee LW, Grisham JW (1986) Epidermal growth factor ( EGF) stimulates EGF receptor synthesis. J Biol Chem 261: 4777–4780
Earp HS, Hepler JR, Petch LA, Miller A, Berry AR, Harris J, Raymond VW, McCune BK, Lee LW, Grisham JW, Harden TK (1988) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hormones stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and increase EGF receptor protein synthesis and mRNA levels in rat liver epithelial cells. Evidence for protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 263: 13868–13874
Eggo MC, Bachrach LK, Fayet G, Errick J, Kudlow JE, Cohen MF, Burrow GN (1984) The effects of growth factors and serum on DNA synthesis and differentiation in thyroid cells in culture. Mol Cell Endocrinol 38: 141–150
Elder JT, Fisher GJ, Lindquist PB, Bennett GL, Derynck R, Pittelkow MR, Coffey RJ, Ellingsworth L, Voorhees JJ (1989) Overexpression of transforming growth factor-a in psoriatic epidermis. Science 243: 811–814
Elder PK, Schmidt LJ, Ono T, Getz MJ (1984) Specific stimulation of actin gene transcription by epidermal growth factor and cycloheximide. Proc Nat] Acad Sci USA 81: 7476–7480
Elsholtz HP, Mangalam HJ, Potter E, Albert VR, Supowit S, Evans RM, Rosenfeld MG (1986) Two different cis-active elements transfer the transcriptional effects of both EGF and phorbol esters. Science 234: 1552–1557
Elson SD, Browne CA, Thorburn GD (1984) Idendification of epidermal growth factor-like activity in human male reproductive tissues and fluids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58: 589–594
Engler DA, Matsunami RK, Campion SR, Stringer CD, Stevens A, Niyogi SK (1988) Cloning of authentic human epidermal growth factor as a bacterial secretory protein and its initial structure-function analysis by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 263: 12384–12390
Erickson GF, Case E (1983) Epidermal growth factor antagonizes ovarian theca-interstitial cytodifferentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 31: 71–76
Evans CT, Corbin CJ, Saunders CT, Merrill JC, Simpson ER, Mendelson CR (1987) Regulation of estrogen biosynthesis in human adipose stromal cells. Effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, epidermal growth factor, and phorbol esters on the synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450. J Biol Chem 262: 6914–6920
Fabricant RN, De Larco JE, Todaro GJ (1977) Nerve growth factor receptors on human melanoma cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 565–569
Fabricant R, Salisbury JD, Berkowitz RA, Kaufman HE (1982) Regenerative effects of epidermal growth factor after penetrating keratoplasty in primates. Arch Ophthalmol 100: 994–995
Falconer J (1987) Oral epidermal growth factor is trophic for the stomach in the neonatal rat. Biol Neonate 52: 347–350
Fanger BO, Stephens JE, Staros JV (1989) High-yield trapping of EGF-induced receptor dimers by chemical cross-linking. FASEB J 3: 71–75
Fava RA, Cohen S (1984) Isolation of a calcium-dependent 35 kilodalton substrate for the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase from A-431 cells. J Biol Chem 259: 2636–2645
Ferrari S, Calabretta B, de Riel JK, Battini R, Ghezzo F, Lauret E, Griffin C, Emanuel BS, Gurrieri F, Baserga R (1987) Structural and functional analysis of a growth-regulated gene, the human calcyclin. J Biol Chem 262: 8325–8332
Finke U, Rutten M, Murphy RA, Silen W (1985) Effects of epidermal growth factor on acid secretion from guinea pig gastric mucosa: in vitro analysis. Gastroenterology 88: 1175–1182
Finney KJ, Ince P, Appleton DR, Sunter JP, Watson AJ (1987) A trophic effect of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on rat colonic mucosa in organ culture. Cell Tissue Kinet 20: 43–56
Finzi E, Fleming T, Segatto O, Pennington DY, Bringman TS, Derynck R, Aaronson SA (1987) The human transforming growth factor type x coding sequence is not a direct-acting oncogene when overexpressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 3733–3737
Finzi E, Kilkenny A, Strickland JE, Balaschak M, Bringman T, Derynck R, Aaronson S, Yuspa SH (1988) TGFa stimulates growth of skin papillomas by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms but does not cause neoplastic progression. Mol Carcinogen 1: 7–12
Fisch TM, Prywes R, Roeder RG (1987) c-fos Sequences necessary for basal expression and induction by epidermal growth factor, 12–0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, and the calcium ionophore. Mol Cell Biol 7: 3490–3502
Fishleigh RV, Robson B, Gamier J, Finn PW (1987) Studies on rationales for an expert system approach to the interpretation of protein sequence data. Preliminary analysis of the human epidermal growth factor receptor. FEBS Lett 214: 219–225
Fitzpatrick SL, Brightwell J, Wittliff JL, Barrows GH, Schultz GS (1984) Epidermal growth factor binding by breast tumor biopsies and relationship to estrogen receptor and progestin receptor levels. Cancer Res 44: 3448–3453
Flower RJ, Blackwell GJ (1979) Anti-inflammatory steroids induce biosynthesis of a phospholipase A2 inhibitor which prevents prostaglandin generation. Nature 278: 456–459
Foster D, Davie EW (1984) Characterization of a cDNA coding for human protein C. Proc Nat] Acad Sci USA 81: 4766–4770
Foster DC, Yoshitake S, Davie EW (1985) The nucleotide sequence of the gene for human protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 4673–4677
Foster DN, Schmidt LJ, Hodgson CP, Moses HL, Geta MJ (1982) Polyadenylylated RNA complementary to a mouse retrovirus-like multigene family is rapidly and specifically induced by epidermal growth factor stimulation of quiescent cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 7317–7321
Franchimont P, Hazee-Hagelstein MT, Charlet-Renard C, Jaspar JM (1986) Effect of mouse epidermal growth factor on DNA and protein synthesis, progesterone and inhibin production by bovine granulosa cells in culture. Acta Endocrinol 111: 122–127
Franklin JD, Lynch JB (1979) Effects of topical applications of epidermal growth factor on wound healing. Experimental study on rabbit ears. Plast Reconstr Surg 64: 766–770
Franklin TJ, Gregory H, Morris WP (1986) Acceleration of wound healing by recombinant human urogastrone (epidermal growth factor). J Lab Clin Med 108: 103–108
Frati C, Covelli I, Mozzi R, Frati L (1972) Mechanism of action of the epidermal growth factor. Effect on the sulfhydryl and disulphide groups content of the mouse epidermis during keratinization. Cell Differ 1: 239–244
Freeman DA, Ascoli M (1982) Desensitization of steroidogenesis in cultured Leydig tumor cells: role of cholesterol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 7796–7800
Freemark M (1986) Epidermal growth factor stimulates glycogen synthesis in fetal rat hepatocytes: comparison with the glycogenic effects of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin. Endocrinology 119: 522–526
Fung MR, Hay CW, MacGillivary RTA (1985) Characterization of an almost full-length cDNA coding for human blood coagulation factor X. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3591–3595
Gabrielson EW, Gerwin BI, Harris CC, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Lechner JR (1988) Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured primary human mesothelial cells by specific growth factors. FASEB J 2: 2717–2721
Gan BS, Hollenberg MD, MacCannell KL, Lederis K, Winkler ME, Derynck R (1987 a) Distinct vascular actions of epidermal growth factor-urogastrone and transforming growth factor-a. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242: 331–337
Gan BS, MacCannell KL, Hollenberg MD (1987b) Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone causes vasodilation in the anesthetized dog. J Clin Invest 80: 199–206
Gardner RM, Lingham RB, Stancel GM (1987) Contractions of the isolated uterus stimulated by epidermal growth factor. FASEB J 1: 224–228
Gates RE, King LE Jr (1985) Different forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase have different autophosphorylation sites. Biochemistry 24: 5209–5215
Gates RE, King LE Jr (1988) Alkaline hydrolysis and multiple site autophosphorylation differ for two forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153: 183–190
Gentry LE, Twardzik DR, Lim GJ, Ranchalis JE, Lee DC (1987) Expression and characterization of transforming growth factor a precursor protein in transfected mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 7: 1585–1591
George-Nascimento C, Gyenes A, Halloran SM, Merryweather J, Valenzuela P, Steimer KS, Masiarg FR, Randolph A (1988) Characterization of recombinant human epidermal growth factor produced in yeast. Biochemistry 27: 797–802
Gerschenson LE, Conner EA, Yang J, Andersson M (1979) Hormonal regulation of proliferation in two populations of rabbit endometrial cells in culture. Life Sci 24: 1337–1344
Ghezzo F, Lauret E, Ferrari S, Baserga R (1988) Growth factor regulation of the promoter for calcylin, a growth-regulated gene. J Biol Chem 263: 4758–4763
Giard DJ, Aaronson SA, Todaro GJ, Arnstein P, Kersey JH, Dosik H, Parks WP (1973) In vitro cultivation of human tumors: establishment of cell lines derived from a series of solid tumors. JNCI 51: 1417–1423
Gill GN, Lazar CS (1981) Increased phosphotyrosine content and inhibition of proliferation in EGF-treated A-431 cells. Nature 293: 305–307
Gill GN, Bertics PJ, Stanton JB (1987) Epidermal growth factor and its receptor. Mol Cell Endorinol 51: 169–186
Ginsburg E, Vonderhaar BK (1985) Epidermal growth factor stimulates the growth of A431 tumors in athymic mice. Cancer Lett 28: 143–150
Giugni TD, Chen K, Cohen C (1988) Activation of a cytosolic serine protein kinase by epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 263: 18988–18995
Gladhaug IP, Christoffersen T (1988) Rapid constitutive internalization and externalization of epidermal growth factor receptors in isolated rat hepatocytes. Monensin inhibits receptor externalization and reduces the capacity for continued endocytosis of epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 263: 12199–12203
Glenney JR Jr, Chen WS, Lazar CS, Walton GM, Zokas LM, Rosenfeld MG, Gill GN (1988) Ligand-induced endocytosis to the EGF receptor is blocked by mutational inactivation and by microinjection of anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Cell 52: 675–684
Goldin GV, Opperman LA (1980) Induction of supernumerary tracheal buds and the stimulation of DNA synthesis in the embryonic chick lung and trachea by epidermal growth factor. J Embryo Exp Morphol 60: 235–243
Goodman R, Slater E, Herschman HR (1980) Epidermal growth factor induces tyrosine hydroxylase in a clonal pheochromocytoma cell line, PC-G2. J Cell Biol 84: 495–500
Gospodarowicz D, Bialecki (1978) The effects of the epidermal and fibroblast growth factors on the replicative lifespan of cultured bovine granulosa cells. Endocrinology 103: 854–865
Gospodarowicz D, Bialecki H (1979) Fibroblast and epidermal growth factors are mitogenic agents for cultured granulosa cells of rodent, porcine, and human origin. Endocrinology 104: 757–764
Gospodarowicz D, Greenburg G (1979) The effects of epidermal and fibroblast growth factors on the repair of corneal endothelial wounds in bovine corneas maintained in organ culture. Exp Eye Res 28: 147–157
Gospodarowicz D, Ill CR, Birdwell CR ( 1977 a) Effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on ovarian cell proliferation in vitro. I. Characterization of the response of granulosa cells to FGF and EGF. Endocrinology 100: 1108–1120
Gospodarowicz D, Mescher AL, Birdwell CR (1977 b) Stimulation of corneal endothelial cell proliferation in vitro by fibroblast and epidermal growth factors. Exp Eye Res 25: 75–89
Gospodarowicz D, Bialecki H, Thakral TK (1979) The angiogenic activity of the fibroblast and epidermal growth factor. Exp Eye Res 28: 501–514
Gospodarowicz D, Hirabayashi K, Giguère L, Tauber J-P (1981) Factors controlling the proliferative rate, final cell density, and life span of bovine vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. J Cell Biol 89: 569–578
Gould KL, Cooper JA, Bretscher A, Hunter T (1986) The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, p81, is homologous to a chicken microvillar core protein. J Cell Biol 102: 660–669
Gray A, Dull TJ, Ullrich A (1983) Nucleotide sequence of epidermal growth factor cDNA predicts a 128 000-molecular weight protein precursor. Nature 303: 722–725
Green H, Kehinde O, Thomas J (1979) Growth of cultured human epidermal cells into multiple epithelia suitable for grafting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 5665–5668
Greenberg ME, Greene LA, Ziff EG (1985) Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor induce rapid transient changes in proto-oncogene transcription in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 260: 14101–14110
Greenfield C, Patel G, Clark S, Jones N, Waterfield MD (1988) Expression of the human EGF receptor with ligand-stimulatable kinase activity in insect cells using a baculovirus vector. EMBO J 7: 139–146
Greenwald I (1985) lin-12, A nematode homeotic gene, is homologous to a set of mam-malian proteins that includes epidermal growth factor. Cell 43: 583–590
Gregory H (1975) Isolation and structure of urogastrone and its relationship to epidermal growth factor. Nature 257: 325–327
Gregory H, Holmes JE, Willshire IR (1977) Urogastrone levels in the urine of normal adult humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 668–672
Gregory H, Willshire IR, Kavanagh JP, Blacklook NJ, Chowdury S, Richards RC (1986) Urogastrone-epidermal growth factor concentrations in prostatic fluid of normal individuals and patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Clin Sci 70: 359–363
Gregory H, Thomas CE, Young JA, Wiltshire IR, Garner A (1988) The contribution of the C-terminal undecapeptide sequence of urogastrone-epidermal growth factor to its biological action. Regu Pept 22: 217–226
Greslik EW, Gubits RM, Barka T (1985) In situ localization of mRNA for epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland of the mouse. J Histochem Cytochem 33: 1235–1240
Grosenbaugh DA, Amoss MS, Hood DM, Morgan SJ, Williams JD (1988) Epidermal growth factor-mediated effects on equine vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 255: C447 - C451
Grove RI, Pratt RM (1983) Growth and differentiation of embryonic mouse palatal epithelial cells in primary culture. Exp Cell Res 148: 195–205
Grove RI, Pratt R (1984) Influence of epidermal growth factor and cyclic AMP on growth and differentiation of palatal epithelial cells in culture. Dev Biol 106: 427–437
Gubits RM, Shaw PA, Gresik EW, Onetti-Muda A, Barka T (1986) Epidermal growth factor gene expression is regulated differently in the mouse kidney and submaxillary gland. Endocrinology 119: 1382–1387
Guentert-Lauber B, Honegger P (1985) Responsiveness of astrocytes in serum-free aggregate cultures to epidermal growth factor: dependence on the cell cycle and the epidermal growth factor concentration. Dev Neurosci 7: 286–295
Günzler WA, Steffens GJ, Otting F, Klim S-MA, Frankus E, Flohé L (1982) The complete primary structure of high molecular mass urokinase from human urine. The complete amino acid sequence of the A chain. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z Physiol Chem 363: 1155–1165
Gusterson B, Cowley G, Mcllhinney J, Ozanne B, Fisher C, Reeves B (1985) Evidence for increased epidermal growth factor receptors in human sarcomas. Int J Cancer 36: 689–693
Gutierrez GE, Mundy GR, Derynck R, Hewlett EL, Katz MS (1987) Inhibition of parathyroid hormone-responsive adenylate cyclase in clonal osteoblast-like cells by transforming growth factor a and epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 262: 15845–15850
Haeder M, Rotsch M, Bepler G, Hennig C, Havemann K, Heimann B, Moelling K (1988) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 48: 1132–1136
Hagen FS, Gray CL, O’Hara P, Grant FJ, Saari GC, Woodbury RG, Hart CE, Insley M, Kistel W, Kurachi K, Davie EW (1986) Characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor VII. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2412–2416
Haigler H, Ash JR, Singer SJ, Cohen S (1978) Visualization by fluorescence of the binding and internalization of epidermal growth factor in human carcinoma cells A-431. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 3317–3321
Haigler HT, McKanna JA, Cohen S (1979) Direct visualization of the binding and internalization of a ferritin conjugate of epidermal growth factor in human carcinoma cells A-431. J Cell Biol 81: 382–395
Haigler HT, Maxfield FR, Willingham FR, Pastan I (1980) Dansylcadavarine inhibits internalization of 125I-epidermal growth factor in Balb 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 255: 1239–1241
Haigler HT, Schlaepfer DD, Burgess WH (1987) Characterization of lipocortin I and an immunologically unrelated 33-kDa protein as epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase substrates and phospholipase A2 inhibitors. J Biol Chem 262: 6921–6930
Haley J, Whittle N, Bennett P, Kinchington D, Ullrich A, Waterfield MD (1987) The human EGF receptor gene: structure of the 110kb locus and identification of se-quences regulating its transcription. Oncogene Res 1: 375–396
Han VKM, Hunter ES, Pratt RM, Zendegui JG, Lee DC (1987) Expression of rat transforming growth factor alpha mRNA during development occurs predominantly in the maternal decidua. Mol Cell Biol 7: 2335–2343
Han VKM, Di’Ercole AJ, Lee DC (1988) Expression of transforming growth factor alpha during development. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 66: 1113–1121
Hardie G (1988) Pseudosubstrates turn off protein kinases. Nature 335: 592–593
Harper JMM, Soar JB, Buttery PJ (1987) Changes in protein metabolism of bovine primary muscle cultures on treatment with growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I or epidermal growth factor. J Endocrinol 112: 87–96
Harris RC, Hoover RL, Jacobson HR, Badr KF (1988) Evidence for glomerular actions of epidermal growth factor in the rat. J Clin Invest 82: 1028–1039
Hassell JR (1975) The development of rat palatal shelves in vitro an ultrastructural analysis of the inhibition of epithelial cell death and palate fusion by the epidermal growth factor. Dev Biol 45: 90–102
Hassell JR, Pratt RM (1977) Elevated levels of cAMP alters the effect of epidermal growth factor in vitro on programmed cell death in the secondary palatal epithelium. Exp Cell Res 106: 55–62
Hata R-I, Hori H, Nagai Y, Tanaka S, Kondo M, Hiramatsu M, Utsumi N, Kumegawa M (1984) Selective inhibition of type I collagen synthesis in osteoblastic cells by epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology 115: 867–876
Hayashi T, Sakamoto S (1988) Radioimmunoassay of human epidermal growth factorhEGF levels in human body fluids. J Pharmacobiodyn 11: 146–151
Hayashida H, Miyata T (1985) Sequence similarity between epidermal growth factor precursor and atrial natriuretic factor precursor. FEBS Lett 185: 125–128
Haystead AJ, Hardie DG (1986) Both insulin and epidermal growth factor stimulate lipogenesis and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in isolated adipocytes. Importance of homogenization procedure in avoiding artifacts in acetyl-CoA carboxylase assay. Biochem J 234: 279–284
Heath WF, Merrifield RB (1986) A synthetic approach to structure-function relationships in the murine epidermal growth factor molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 6367–6371
Heimberg M, Weinstein I, LeQuire VS, Cohen S (1965) The induction of fatty liver in neonatal animals by a purified protein ( EGF) from mouse submaxillary gland. Life Sci 4: 1625–1633
Heiserman GJ, Gill GN (1988) Epidermal growth factor receptor threonine and serine residues phosphorylated in vivo. J Biol Chem 263: 13152–13158
Heldin N-E, Westermark B (1988) Epidermal growth factor, but not thyrotropin, stimulates the expression of c-fos and c-myc messenger ribonucleic acid in porcine thyroid follicle cells in primary culture. Endocrinology 122: 1042–1046
Helper JR, Nakahata N, Lovenberg TW, DiGuiseppi J, Herman B, Harden TK (1987) Epidermal growth factor stimulates the rapid accumulation of inositol (1,4,5)trisphosphate and a rise in cytosolic calcium mobilized from intracellular stores in A431 cells. J Biol Chem 262: 2951–2956
Herz J, Hamann U, Rogne S, Myklebost O, Gausepohl H, Stanley KK (1988) Surface location and high affinity for calcium of a 500-kd liver membrane protein closely related to the LDL receptor suggest a physiolgical role as lipoprotein receptor. EMBO J 7: 4119–4127
Hesketh TR, Morris JDH, Moore JP, Metcalfe JC (1988) Ca’ and pH responses to sequential additions of mitogens in single 3T3 fibroblasts: correlations with DNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 263: 11879–11886
Higuchi Y, Morimoto Y, Horinaka A, Yasuoka N (1988) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies on human epidermal growth factor. J Biochem 103: 905–906
Hiraki Y, Rosen OM, Birbaum MJ (1988) Growth factors rapidly induce expression of the glucose transporter gene. J Biol Chem 263: 13655–13662
Hirata F, Schiffmann E, Venkatasubramaniam K, Salomon D, Axelrod J (1980) A phospholipase Az inhibitory protein in rabbit neutrophils induced by glucocorticoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 2533–2536
Hirata Y, Moore GW, Bertagna C, Orth DN (1980) Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive human epidermal growth factor (urogastrone) in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 440–444
Hirata Y, Sueoka S, Uchihashi M, Yoshimoto Y, Fuijita T, Matsukura S, Motoyama T (1982 a) Specific binding sites for epidermal growth factor and its effect on human chorionic gonadotrophin secretion by cultured tumour cell lines: comparison between trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic cells. Acta Endocrinol 101: 281–286
Hirata Y, Uchihashi M, Nakajima M, Fujita T, Matsukura S (1982 b) Immunoreactive human epidermal growth factor in human pancreatic juice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 1242–1245
Hirata Y, Uchihashi M, Nakajima H, Fujita T, Matsukura S (1982c) Presence of human epidermal growth factor in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 1174–1177
Hirata Y, Uchihashi M, Hazama M, Fujita T (1987) Epidermal growth factor in human seminal plasma. Horm Metab Res 19: 35–37
Ho PC, Davis WH, Elliott JH, Cohen S (1974) Kinetics of corneal epithelial regeneration and epidermal growth factor. Invest Ophthalmol 13: 804–809
Hoath SB (1986) Treatment of the neonatal rat with epidermal growth factor: differences in time and organ response. Pediatr Res 20: 468–472
Hoath SB, Pickens WL (1987) Effect of thyroid hormone and epidermal growth factor on tactile hair development and craniofacial morphogenesis in the postnatal rat. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 7: 161–167
Hoath SB, Pickens WL, Donnelly MM (1988) Epidermal growth factor-induced growth retardation in the newborn rat: quantitation and relation to changes in skin temperature and viscoelasticity. Growth Dev Aging 52: 77–83
Hodgson CP, Elder PK, Ono T, Foster DN, Getz MJ (1983) Structure and expression of mouse VL30 genes. Mol Cell Biol 3: 2221–2231
Hofmann J, Kunzmann R, Drescher A, Hackenberg R, Hölzel F, Schulz K-D (1988) Growth regulation of human endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro by steroid hormones and growth factors. Prog Cancer Res Ther 35: 452–455
Hejrup P, Jensen MS, Peterson TE (1985) Amino acid sequence of bovine protein Z: a vitamin K-dependent serine protease homolog. FEBS Lett 184: 333–337
Holladay LA, Savage CR Jr, Cohen S, Puett D (1976) Conformation and unfolding thermodynamics of epidermal growth factor and derivatives. Biochemistry 15: 2624–2633
Holland R, Hardie DG (1985) Both insulin and epidermal growth factor stimulate fatty acid synthesis and increase phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and ATP-citrate lyase in isolated hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 181: 308–312
Hollenberg M, Gregory H (1980) Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone: biological activity and receptor binding derivatives. Mol Pharmacol 17: 314–320
Hollis DE, Chapmann RE (1987) Apoptosis in wool follicles during mouse epidermal growth-factor (mEGF)-induced catagen regression. J Invest Dermatol 88: 455–458
Hollstein MC, Smits AM, Galiana C, Yamasaki H, Bos JL, Mandard A, Partensky C, Montesano R (1988) Amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor gene but no evidence of ras mutations in primary human esophageal cancers. Cancer Res 48: 5119–5123
Honegger AM, Dull TJ, Felder S, Van Obberghen E, Bellot F, Szapary D, Schmidt A, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1987 a) Point mutation at the ATP binding site of EGF receptor abolishes protein-tyrosine kinase activity and alters cellular routing. Cell 51: 199–209
Honegger AM, Szapary D, Schmidt A, Lyall R, Van Obberghen E, Dull TJ, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1987b) A mutant epidermal growth factor receptor with defective protein tyrosine kinase is unable to stimulate proto-oncogene expression and DNA synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 7: 4568–4571
Honegger A, Dull TJ, Bellott F, Van Obberghen E, Szapary D, Schmidt A, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1988a) Biological activities of EGF-receptor: mutant with in-dividually altered autophosphorylation sites. EMBO J 7: 3045–3052
Honegger A, Dull TJ, Szapary D, Komoriya A, Kris R, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1988b) Kinetic parameters of the protein tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-receptor mutants with individually altered autophosphorylation sites. EMBO J 7: 3053–3063
Hoshi M, Nishida E, Sakai H (1988) Activation of a Ca’ -inhibitable protein kinase that phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 in vitro by growth factors, phorbol esters, and serum in quiescent cultured human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 263: 5396–5401
Hoskins J, Norman DK, Bechman RJ, Long GL (1987) Cloning and characterization of human liver cDNA encoding a protein S precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 349–353
Hsu C-J, Holmes SD, Hammone JM (1987) Ovarian epidermal growth factor-like activity. Concentrations in porcine follicular fluid during follicular enlargement. Biochem Biophys Res Communl 47: 242–247
Hsueh AJW, Welsh TH, Jones PBC (1981) Inhibition of ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis by epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology 108: 2002–2004
Hudson LG, Santon JB, Gill GN (1989) Regulation of epidermal growth factor recep-tor gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 3: 400–408
Humphrey PA, Wong AJ, Vogelstein B, Friedman HS, Werner MH, Bigner DD, Bigner SH (1988) Amplification and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human glioma xenografts. Cancer Res 48: 2231–2238
Hunter T, Ling N, Cooper JA (1984) Protein kinase C phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at a threonine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Nature 311: 480–483
Hunts J, Ueda M, Ozawa S, Abe O, Pastan I, Shimizu N (1985) Hyperproduction and gene amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor in squamous cell carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 76: 663–666
Hursh DA, Andrews ME, Raff RA (1987) A sea urchin gene encodes a polypeptide homologous to epidermal growth factor. Science 237: 1487–1490
Hyver KJ, Campana JE, Cotter RJ, Fenselau C (1985) Mass spectral analysis of murine epidermal growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 130: 1287–1293
Ibbotson KJ, Twardzik DR, D’Souza SM, Hargreaves WR, Todaro GJ, Mundy GR (1985) Stimulation of bone resorption in vitro by synthetic transforming growth factor-alpha. Science 228: 1007–1009
Ibbotson KJ, Harrod J, Gowen M, D’Souza S, Smith DD, Winkler ME, Derynck R, Mundy GR (1986) Human recombinant transforming growth factor a stimulates bone resorption and inhibits formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2228–2232
Ignotz RA, Kelly B, Davis RJ, Massagué J (1986) Biologically active precursor for transforming growth factor type a, released by retrovirally transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 6307–6311
Ikeda H, Mitsuhashi T, Kubota K, Kuzuya N, Uchimura H (1984) Epidermal growth factor stimulates growth hormone secretion from superfused rat adenohypophyseal fragments. Endocrinology 115: 556–558
Imada O, Hayashi N, Masamoto K, Kasuga S, Fuwa T, Nakagawa S (1987) Long-latency growth-promoting activity of EGF when administered to mice at the neonatal stage. Am J Physiol 253: E251 - E254
Imagawa W, Tomooka Y, Hamamoto S, Nandi S (1985) Stimulation of mammary epithelial cell growth in vitro: interaction of epidermal growth factor and mammogenic hormones. Endocrinology 116: 1514–1524
Inoue H, Kikuchi K, Nishino M (1986) Effects of epidermal growth factor on the synthesis of DNA and polyamine in isoproterenol-stimulated murine parotid gland. J Biochent 100: 605–613
Ishii S, Xu Y-H, Stratton RH, Roc BA, Merlino GT, Pastan I (1985) Characterization and sequence of the promoter region of the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 4920–4924
Jackman RW, Beeler DL, Futze L, Soff G, Rosenberg RD (1987) Human thrombomodulin gene is intron depleted: nucleic acid sequences of the cDNA and gene predict protein structure and suggest sites of regulatory control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6425–6429
Jacobs DO, Evans DA, Mealy K, O’Dwyer ST, Smith RJ, Wilmore MD (1988) Combined effects of glutamine and epidermal growth factor on the rat intestine. Surgery 104: 358–364
Jakobovits EB, Schlokat V, Vaunice JL, Derynck R, Levinson AD (1988) The human transforming growth factor alpha promoter directs transcription initiation from a single site in the absence of a TATA sequence. Mol Cell Biol 8: 5549–5554
Jansson L, Karlson FA, Westermark B (1985) Mitogenic activity and epidermal growth factor content in human milk. Acta Paediatr Scand 74: 250–253
Jaskulski D, Gatti C, Travali S, Calabretta S, Baserga R (1988) Regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen cyclin and thymidine kinase mRNA levels by growth factors. J Biol Chem 263: 10175–10179
Jaspar JM, Franchimont P (1985) Radioimmunoassay of human epidermal growth factor in human breast cyst fluid. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 21: 1343–1348
Jenö P, Ballou LM, Novak-Hofer I, Thomas G (1988) Identification and characteriza-tion of a mitogen-activated S6 kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 406–410
Jinno Y, Merlino GT, Pastan I (1988) A novel effect of EGF on mRNA stability. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 4957–4966
Johnson AC, Ishii S, Jinno Y, Pastan 1, Merlino GT ( 1988 a) Epidermal growth factor receptor gene promoter. Deletion analysis and identification of nuclear protein binding sites. J Biol Chem 263: 5693–5699
Johnson AC, Jinno Y, Merlino GT (1988 b) Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor proto-oncogene transcription by a promoter site sensitive to S1 nuclease. Mol Cell Biol 8: 4174–4184
Johnson AC, Garfield SH, Merlino GT, Pastan I (1988 c) Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor proto-oncogene mRNA in regenerating rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 150: 412–418
Johnson CC, Dawson WE, Turner JT, Wyche JH (1980) Regulation of rat ovarian cell growth and steroid secretion. J Cell Biol 86: 483–489
Johnson GI, Cook RG, McEver RP (1989) Cloning of GMP-140 a granule membrane protein of platelets and endothelium: sequence similarity to proteins involved in cell adhesion and inflammation Cell 56: 1033–1044
Johnson HM, Torres BA (1985) Peptide growth factors PDGF, EGF, and FGF regulate interferon-y production. J Immunol 134: 2824–2826
Johnson LR, Guthrie PD (1980) Stimulation of rat oxyntic gland mucosal growth by epidermal growth factor. Am J Physiol 238: G45 — G49
Johnson RM, Garrison JC (1987) Epidermal growth factor and angiotensin II stimulate formation of inositol 1,4,5- and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate in hepatocytes. Differential inhibition by pertussis toxin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. J Biol Chem 262: 17285–17293
Jones FS, Burgoonn MP, Horrman S, Crossin KL, Cunningham BA, Edelman GM (1988) A cDNA clone for cytotactin contains sequences similar to epidermal growth factor-like repeats and segments of fibronectin and fibrinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1286–2190
Kageyama R, Merlino GT, Pastan I (1988 a) A transcription factor active on the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 5016–5020
Kageyama R, Merlino GT, Pastan I (1988 b) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene transcription, Requirement for Sp1 and an EGF receptor specific factor. J Biol Chem 263: 6329–6336
Kamata N, Chida K, Rikimaru K, Horikoshi M, Enomoto S, Kuroki T (1986) Growth-inibitory effects of epidermal growth factor and overexpression of its receptors on human squamous cell carcinomas in culture. Cancer Res 46: 1648–1653
Kamata T, Feramisco JR (1984) Epidermal growth factor stimulates guanine nucleotide binding activity and phosphorylation of ras oncogene proteins. Nature 310: 147–150
Kaslow DC, Quakyi IA, Lyin C, Raum MG, Keister DB, Coligan JE, McCutchan TF, Miller LH (1988) A vaccine candidate from the sexual stage of human malaria that contains EGF-like domains. Nature 333: 74–76
Kay DG, Lai WH, Uchihashi M, Khan MN, Posner BI, Bergeron JM (1986) Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase translocation and activation in vivo. J Biol Chem 261: 8473–8480
Kennedy KA, Wilton P, Mellander M, Rojas J, Sundell H (1986) Effect of epidermal growth factor on lung liquid secretion in fetal sheep. J Dev Physiol 8: 421–433
Kerr LD, Olashaw NE, Matrisian LM (1988) Transforming growth factor ß1 and cAMP inhibit transcription of epidermal growth factor-and oncogene induced transin RNA. J Biol Chem 263: 16999–17005
Khazaie K, Dull TJ, Graf T, Schlessinger J, Ullrich A, Beug H, Vennstrom B (1988) Truncation of the human EGF receptor leads to differential transforming potentials in primary avian fibroblasts and erythroblasts. EMBO J 7: 3061–3071
Kidd S, Kelley MR, Young MW (1986) Sequence of the Notch locus of Drosophila melanogaster: relationship of the encoded protein to mammalian clotting and growth factors. Mol Cell Biol 6: 3094–3108
Kim KH, Stelmach V, Javors J, Fuchs E (1987) Regulation of human mesothelial cell differentiation: opposing roles of retinoids and epidermal growth factor in the expression of intermediate filament proteins. J Cell Biol 105: 3039–3051
King CR, Borrello I, Bellot F, Comoglio P, Schlessinger J (1988) EGF binding to its receptor triggers a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the erbB-2 protein in the mammary tumor cell line SK-BR-3. EMBO J 7: 1647–1651
King CS, Cooper JA, Moos B, Twardzik DR (1986) Vaccinia virus growth factor stimulates tyrosine kinase activity of A431 cell epidermal growth factor receptors. Mol Cell Biol 6: 332–336
Kingsnorth AN, Abu-Khalaf M, Ross JS, Malt RA (1985) Potentiation of 1,2dimethylhydrazine-induced anal carcinoma by epidermal growth factor in mice. Surgery 97: 696–700
Kirkegaard P, Olsen PS, Nexo E, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS (1984) Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin on secretion of epidermal growth factor and bicarbonate from Brunner’s glands. Gut 24: 1225–1229
Knauer DJ, Cunningham DD (1983) A reevaluation of the response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to certain growth factors. J Cell Physiol 117: 397–406
Knecht M, Catt KJ (1983) Modulation of cAMP-mediated differentiation in ovarian granulosa cells by epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. J Biol Chem 158: 2789–2794
Knust E, Dietrich U, Tepass U, Bremer KA, Weigel D, Vässin H, Campos-Ortega JA (1987) EGF homologous sequences encoded in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster, and their relation to neurogenic genes. EMBO J 6: 761–766
Kohda D, Inagaki F (1988) Complete sequence-specific 1H nuclear magnetic resonance assignments for mouse epidermal growth factors. J Biochem 103: 554–571
Kohda D, Go N, Hayashi K, Inagaki F (1988) Tertiary structure of mouse epidermal growth factor determined by two-dimensional iH NMR. J Biochem 103: 741–743
Koide H, Yokoyama S, Kawai G, Ha J-M, Oka T, Kawai S, Miyake T, Fuma T, Miyazawa T (1988) Biosynthesis of a protein containing a nonprotein amino acid by Escherichia coli: L-2-aminohexanoic acid at position 21 in human epidermal growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6237–6241
Kokai Y, Dobashi K, Weiner DB, Myers JN, Nowell PC, Greene MI (1988) Phosphorylation process induced by epidermal growth factor alters the oncogenic and cellular neu ( NGL) gene products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 5389–5393
Komoriya A, Hortsch M, Meyers C, Smith M, Kanety H, Schlessinger J (1984) Biologically active synthetic fragments of epidermal growth factor: localization of a major receptor-binding region. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 1351–1355
Komura H, Wakimoto H, Chen C-F, Terakawa N, Aono T, Tanizawa O, Matsumoto K (1986) Retinoic acid enhances cell responses to epidermal growth factor in mouse mammary gland in culture. Endocrinology 118: 1530–1536
Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Piastucki I, Dembinski A, Radecki T, Dembinska-Kiec A, Zmuda A, Gregory H (1981 a) Role of mucosal prostaglandins and DNA synthesis in gastric cytoprotection by lumina] epidermal growth factor. Gut 22: 927–932
Konturek SJ, Radecki T, Brzozowski T, Piastucki I, Dembinski A, Dembinska-Kiec A, Zmuda A, Gryglewski R, Gregory H ( 1981 b) Gastric cytoprotection by epidermal growth factor. Role of endogenous prostaglandins and DNA synthesis. Gastroenterology 81: 438–443
Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Dembinski A, Warzecha A, Drozdowica D (1988a) Comparison of solcoseryl and epidermal growth factors ( EGF) in healing of chronic gastroduodenal ulcerations and mucosal growth in rats. Hepatogastroenterology 35: 25–29
Konturek SJ, Dembinski A, Warzecha Z, Brzozowski T, Gregory H (1988b) Role of epidermal growth factor in healing of chronic gastroduodenal ulcers in rats. Gastroenterology 94: 1300–1307
Korc M, Padilla J, Grosso D (1986) Epidermal growth factor inhibits the proliferation of a human endometrial carcinoma cell line. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62: 874–880
Kretsinger RH, Creutz CE (1986) Consensus in exocytosis. Nature 320: 573
Krusius T, Gehlsen KR, Ruoslahti E (1987) A fibroblast chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein contains lectin-like and growth factor-like sequences. J Biol Chem 262: 13120–13125
Kudlow JE, Cheung C-YM, Bjorge JD (1986) Epidermal growth factor stimulates the synthesis of its own receptor in a human breast cancer cell line. J Biol Chem 261: 4134–4138
Kurachi K, Davie EW (1982) Isolation and characterization of a cDNA coding for factor IX. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 6461–6464
Kurobe M, Tokida N, Furukawa S, Ishikawa E, Hayashi K (1986) Development of a sensitive enzyme immunoassay for human epidermal growth factor ( Urogastrone ). Clin Chim Acta 156: 51–60
Laato M, Niinikoski J, Gerdin B, Label L ( 1986 a) Stimulation of wound healing by epidermal growth factor. A dose-dependent effect. Ann Surg 203: 379–381
Laato M, Niinikoski J, Lundberg C, Arfors K-E ( 1986 b) Effect of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on experimental granulation tissue. J Surg Res 41: 252–255
Laskin DL, Laskin JD, Weinstein B, Carchman RA (1980) Modulation of phagocytosis by tumor promoters and epidermal growth factor in normal and transformed macrophages. Cancer Res 40: 1028–1035
Laskin DL, Laskin JD, Weinstein IB, Carchman RA (1981) Induction of chemotaxis in mouse peritoneal macrophages by phorbol ester tumor promoters. Cancer Res 41: 1923–1928
Lasky LA, Singer MS, Yechock TA, Dawbenko D, Fennie C, Rodriguez H, Nguyen T, Stachel S, Rosen SD (1989) Cloning of a lymphocyte homing receptor reveals a lectin domain. Cell 56: 1045–1055
Lawler J, Hynes RO (1986) The structure of human thrombospondin, a adhesive glycoprotein with multiple calcium-binding sites and homologies with several different proteins. J Cell Biol 103: 1635–1648
Lax I, Johnson A, Hawk R, Snap J, Bellot F, Winkler M, Ullrich A, Vennstrom B, Schlessinger J, Givol D (1988 a) Chicken epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor: cDNA cloning, expression in mouse cells, and differential binding of EGF and transforming growth factor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 8: 1970–1978
Lax I, Burgess WH, Bellot F, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J, Givol D (1988 b) Localization of a major receptor-binding domain for epidermal growth factor by affinity labeling. Mol Cell Biol 8: 1831–1834
Lazar E, Watanabe S, Dalton S, Sporn MB (1988) Transforming growth factor a: mutation of aspartic acid 47 and leucine 48 results in different biological activities. Mol Cell Biol 8: 1247–1252
Lee DC, Rockford R, Todaro GJ, Villarreal LP (1985 a) Developmental expression of rat transforming growth factor-a mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 5: 3644–3646
Lee DC, Rose TM, Webb NR, Todaro GJ (1985 b) Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat transforming growth factor-a. Nature 313: 489–491
Lee K, Tanaka M, Hatanaka M, Kuze F (1987) Reciprocal effects of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor f on the anchorage-dependent and independent growth of A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 173: 156–162
Lemaire P, Revelant O, Bravo R, Charnay P (1988) Two mouse genes encoding potential transcription factors with identical DNA-binding domains are activated by growth factors in cultured cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4691–4695
Leutz A, Schachner M (1981) Epidermal growth factor stimulates DNA-synthesis of astrocytes in primary cerebellar cultures. Cell Tissue Res 220: 393–404
Levi-Montalcini R, Cohen S (1960) Effects of the extract of the mouse submaxillary salivary glands on the sympathetic system of mammals. Ann NY Acad Sci 85: 324–341
Lewis EJ, Chikaraishi DM (1987) Regulated expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by epidermal growth factor. Mol Cell Biol 7: 3332–3336
Leytus SP, Chung DW, Kisiel W, Kurachi K, Davie EW (1984) Characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor X. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 3699–3702
Leytus SP, Foster DC, Kurachi K, Davie EW (1986) Gene for human factor X: a blood coagulation factor whose gene organization is essentially identical with that of factor IX and C. Biochemistry 25: 5098–5102
Libermann TA, Razon N, Bartal AD, Yarden Y, Schlessinger J, Soreq H (1984) Expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 44: 753–760
Libermann TA, Nusbaum HR, Razon N, Kris R, Lax I, Soreq H, Whittle N, Water-field MD, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1985) Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of EGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumours of glial origin. Nature 313: 144–147
Lin CR, Chen WS, Lazar CS, Carpenter CD, Gill GN, Evans RM, Rosenfeld MC (1986) Protein kinase C phosphorylation at Thr654 of the unoccupied EGF receptor and EGF binding regulate functional receptor and EGF binding regulated functional receptor and EGF binding regulate functional receptor loss by independent mechanisms. Cell 44: 839–848
Lin Y-Z, Caporaso G, Chang P-Y, Ke X-H, Tam JP (1988) Synthesis of a biologically active tumor growth factor from the predicted DNA sequence of Shope fibroma virus. Biochemistry 27: 5640–5645
Lintern-Moore S, Moore GPM, Panaretto BA, Robertson D (1981) Follicular development in the neonatal mouse ovary; effect of epidermal growth factor. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 96: 123–126
Livneh E, Glazer L, Segal D, Schlessinger J, Shilo B-Z (1985) The Drosophila EGF receptor gene homolog: conservation of both hormone binding and kinase domains. Cell 40: 599–607
Livneh E, Prywes R, Kashles O, Reiss N, Mory Y, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1986a) Reconstitution of human epidermal growth factor receptor and its deletion mutants in cultured hamster cells. J Biol Chem 261: 12490–12497
Livneh E, Beneviste M, Prywes R, Felder S, Kam Z, Schlessinger J (1986b) Large deletions in the cytoplasmic kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor do not affect its lateral mobility. J Cell Biol 103: 327–331
Livneh E, Reiss N, Berent E, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1987) An insertional mutant of the epidermal growth factor receptor allows dissection of diverse receptor functions. EMBO J 6: 2669–2676
Livneh E, Dull TJ, Bereut E, Prywes R, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1988) Release of a phorbol ester-induced mitogenic block by mutation at Thr654 of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol 8: 2302–2308
Logsdon CD, Williams JA (1983 a) Pancreatic acini in short-term culture: regulation by EGF, carbachol, insulin, and corticosterone. Am J Physiol 244: G675 — G682
Logsdon CD, Williams JA (1983 b) Epidermal growth factor binding and biologic ef-fects on mouse pancreatic acini. Gastroenterology 85: 339–345
Long GL, Belagaje RM, MacGillivary RTA (1984) Cloning and sequencing of liver cDNA coding for bovine protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 5653–5656
Lu A-H, Hsieh L-L, Luo F-C, Weinstein TB (1988) Amplification of the EGF receptor and c-myc genes in human esophageal cancers. Int J Cancer 42: 502–505
Luetteke NC, Michalopoulos GK, Teixido J, Gilmore R, Massagué J, Lee DC (1988) Characterization of high molecular weight transforming growth factor a produced by rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochemistry 27: 6487–6494
Luger A, Calogero AE, Kalogeras K, Gallucci WT, Gold PW, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP (1988) Interaction of epidermal growth factor with the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis: potential physiologic relevance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66: 334–337
Machida CM, Muldoon LL, Rodland KD, Magun BE (1988) Transcriptional modulating of transin gene expression by epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor ß. Mol Cell Biol 8: 2479–2483
Macias A, Azavedo E, Hägerström T, Klintenbert C, Pérez R, Skook L (1987) Prognostic significance of the receptor for epidermal growth factor in human mammary carcinomas. Anticancer Res 7: 459–464
MacNeil S, Dawson RA, Crocker G, Barton CH, Hanford L, Metcalfe R, McGurk M, Munro DS (1988) Extracellular calmodulin and its association with epidermal growth factor in normal body fluids. J Endocrinol 118: 501–509
Madtes DK, Raines EW, Sakariassen KS, Assoian RK, Sporn MB, Bell GD, Ross R (1988) Induction of transforming growth factor-a in activated human alveolar macrophages. Cell 53: 285–293
Mahadevan LC, Heath JK, Leichtfried FE, Cumming DVE, Hirst EMA, Foulkes JG (1988) Rapid appearance of novel phosphoproteins in the nuclei of mitogenstimulated fibroblasts. Oncogene 2: 249–257
Maihle NJ, Kung H-J (1989) c-erb B and the EGF receptor: a molecule with dual identity. Biochim Biophys Acta 948: 287–304
Makino K, Morimoto M, Nishi M, Sakamoto S, Tamura A, Inooka H, Akasaka K (1987) Proton nuclear magnetic resonance study on the solution conformation of human epidermal growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7841–7845
Malden LT, Novak U, Kaye AH, Burgess AW (1988) Selective amplification of the cytoplasmic domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 48: 2711–2714
Mallea LE, Machado AJ, Navaroli F, Rommerts FFG (1987) Modulation of stimulatory action of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and inhibitory action of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on aromatase activity in Sertoli cells by calcium. FEBS Lett 218: 143–147
Malo C, Ménard D (1982) Influence of epidermal growth factor on the development of suckling mouse intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 83: 28–35
Malt RA, Chester JR, Gaissert HA, Ross JS (1987) Augmentation of chemically induced pancreatic and bronchial cancers by epidermal growth factor. Gut 28: 249–251
Mann K, Deutzmann R, Aumailley M, Timpl R, Raimondi L, Jamada Y, Pan T-C, Conway D, Chu M-L (1989) Amino acid sequence of mouse nidogen, a multi-domain basement membrane protein with binding activity for laminin, collagen IV, and cells. EMBO J 8: 65–75
Margolis BL, Bonventre JV, Kremer SG, Kudlow JE, Skorecki KL (1988) Epidermal growth factor is synergistic with phorbol esters and vasopressin in stimulating arachidonate release and prostaglandin production in renal glomerular mesangial cells. Biochem J 249: 587–592
Margolis B, Rhee SG, Felder S, Mervic M, Lyall R, Levitzki A, Ullrich A, Zilberstein A, Schlessinger J (1989) EGF induces tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase c-II: A potential mechanism for EGF receptor signaling. Cell 57: 1101–1107
Marquardt H, Hunkapiller MW, Hood LE, Twardzik DR, De Larco JE, Stephenson JR, Todaro GJ (1983) Transforming growth factors produced by retrovirustransformed rodent fibroblasts and human melanoma cells: Amino acid sequence homology with epidermal growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 4684–4688
Marquardt H, Hunkapiller MW, Hood LE, Todaro GJ (1984) Rat transforming growth factor type 1: structure and relation to epidermal growth factor. Science 223: 1079–1082
Maruo T, Matsuo H, Oishi T, Hayashi M, Nishino R, Mochizuki M (1987) Induction of differentiated trophoblast function by epidermal growth factor: relation of immunohistochemically detected cellular epidermal growth factor receptor levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64: 744–750
Matias JR, Orentreich N (1983) Stimulation of hamster sebaceous glands by epidermal growth factor. J Invest Dermatol 80: 516–519
Matrisian LM, Larsen BR, Finch JS, Magun BE (1982) Further purification of epidermal growth factor by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 125: 339–351
Matrisian LM, Rautmann G, Magun BE, Breathnach R (1985) Epidermal growth factor or serum stimulation of rat fibroblasts induces an elevation in mRNA levels for lactate dehydrogenase and other glycolytic enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res 13: 711–726
Matrisian LM, Leroy P, Ruhlmann C, Gesnel M-C, Breathnach R (1986a) Isolation of the oncogene and epidermal growth factor-induced transin gene: complex control in rat fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 6: 1679–1686
Matrisian LM, Bowden GT, Krieg P, Fürstenberger G, Briand J-P, Leroy P, Breath-nach R (1986b) The mRNA coding for the secreted protease transin is expressed more abundantly in malignant than in benign tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 9412–9417
Mattila A-L, Perheentupa J, Pesonen K, Viinikka L (1985) Epidermal growth factor in human urine from birth to puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61: 997–1000
May JV, Buck PA, Schomberg DW (1987) Epidermal growth factor enhances [12 I]iodo-follicle-stimulating hormone binding by cultured porcine granulosa cells. Endocrinology 120: 2413–2420
Mayes ELV, Waterfield MD (1984) Biosynthesis of the growth factor receptor in A431 cells. EMBO J 3: 531–537
Mayo K (1984) Epidermal growth factor from the mouse. Structural characterization by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and nuclear Overhauser experiments at 500 MHz. Biochemistry 23: 3960–3973
Mayo KH (1985) Epidermal growth factor from the mouse. Physical evidence for a tiered ß-sheet domain: two-dimensional NMR correlated spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser experiments on backbone amide protons. Biochemistry 24: 3783–3794
Mayo KH, Burke C (1987) Structural and dynamical comparison of a, ß, and y forms of murine epidermal growth factor. Eur J Biochem 169: 201–207
Mayo KH, Schandies P, Savage CR, De Marco A, Kaptein R (1986) Structural characterization and exposure of aromatic residues in epidermal growth factor from rat. Biochem J 239: 13–18
Mayo KH, De Marco A, Menegatti E, Kaptein R (1987) Interaction of epidermal growth factor with micelles monitored by photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization-’ H NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 262: 14899–14904
Mayo KH, Cavalli RC, Peters AR, Boelens R, Kaptein R (1989) Sequence-specific ‘Hn.m.r. assignments and peptide backbone conformation in rat epidermal growth factor. Biochem J 257: 197–205
McAuslan BR, Bener V, Reilly W, Moss BA (1985) New functions of epidermal growth factor: stimulation of capillary endothelial cell migration and matrix dependent proliferation. Cell Biol Int Rep 9: 175–182
McClelland A, Kuhn LC, Ruddle FH (1984) The human transferrin receptor gene: genomic organization, and the complete primary structure of the receptor deduced from a cDNA sequence. Cell 39: 267–274
McDonald BJ, Waters MJ, Richards MD, Thorburn GD, Hopkins PS (1983) Effect of epidermal growth factor on wool fibre morphology and skin histology. Res Vet Sci 35: 91–99
McGowan JA, Strain AJ, Bucher NLR (1981) DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in a defined medium: effects of epidermal growth factor, insulin, glucagon, and cyclic-AMP. J Cell Physiol 108: 353–363
McGrath M, Palmer S, Nandi S (1985) Differential response of normal rat mammary epithelial cells to mammogenic hormones and EGF. J Cell Physiol 125: 182–191
McKeehan WL, Adams PS, Rosser MP (1984) Direct mitogenic effects of insulin, epidermal growth factor, glucocorticoid, cholera toxin, unknown pituitary factors and possibly prolactin, but not androgen, on normal rat prostate epithelial cells in serum-free, primary cell culture. Cancer Res 44: 1998–2010
McMullen BA, Fujikawa K (1985) Amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of human a-factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor). J Biol Chem 260: 5328–5341
McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Kisiel W (1983 a) The occurrence of ß-hydroxyaspartic acid in the vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation zymogens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 115: 8–14
McMullen BA, Fujukawa K, Kisiel W, Sasagawa T, Howald WN, Kwa EY, Weinstein B (1983 b) Complete amino acid sequence of the light chain of human blood coagulation factor X: evidence for identification of residue 63 as ß-hydroxyaspartic acid. Biochemistry 22: 2875–2884
Meisenhelder J, Suh P-G, Rhee SG, Hunter T (1989) Phospholipase C-y is a substrate for the PDGF and EGF receptor protein-tyrosine kinases in vivo and in vitro. Cell 57: 1109–1122
Ménard D, Arsenault P, Pothier P (1988) Biologic effects of epidermal growth factor in human fetal jejunum. Gastroenterology 94: 656–663
Merlino GT, Ishii S, Whang-Peng J, Knutsen T, Young-Hua X, Clark AJL, Stratton RH, Wilson RK, Ma DP, Roe BA, Hunts JH, Shimizu N, Pastan I (1985) Structure and localization of genes encoding aberrant and normal epidermal growth factor receptor RNAs from A431 human carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 5: 17221734
Messing EM, Hanson P, Ulrich P, Erturk E (1987) Epidermal growth factor-interactions with normal and malignant urothelium: in vivo and in situ studies. J Uro1138: 1329–1335
Mitchell MD (1987) Epidermal growth factor actions on arachidonic acid metabolism in human amnion cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 928: 240–242
Miyake A, Tasaka K, Otsuka S, Kohmura H, Wakimoto H, Aono T (1985) Epidermal growth factor stimulates secretion of rat pituitary luteinizing hormone in vitro. Acta Endocinol 108: 175–178
Mondschein JS, Schomberg DW (1981) Growth factors modulate gonadotropin receptor induction in granulosa cell cultures. Science 211: 1179–1180
Montelione GT, Wüthrich K, Nice EC, Burgess AW, Scheraga HA (1986) Identification of two anti-parallel ß-sheet conformations in the solution structure of murine epidermal growth factor by proton magnetic resonance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 8594–8598
Montelione GT, Wüthrich K, Nice EC, Burgess AW, Scheraga HA (1987) Solution structure of murine epidermal growth factor: determination of the polypeptide backbone chain-fold by nuclear magnetic resonance and distance geometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5226–5230
Montelione GT, Wüthrich K, Scheraga HA (1988) Sequence-specific 1H NMR assignments and identification of slowly exchanging amide protons in murine epidermal growth factor. Biochemistry 27: 2235–2243
Montelione GT, Winkler ME, Burton LE, Rinderknecht E, Sporn MB, Wagner G (1989) Sequence-specific 1H-NMR assignments and identification of two small antiparallel ß-sheets in the solution structure of recombinant human transforming growth factor a. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1519–1523
Montell DM, Goodman CS (1988) Drosophila substrate adhesion molecule: sequence of laminin B1 chain reveals domains of homology with mouse. Cell 53: 463–473
Moolenaar WH, Bierman AJ, Tilly BC, Verlaan I, Defize LHK, Honegger AM, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1988) A point mutation at the ATP-binding site of the EGF receptor abolishes signal transduction. EMBO J 8: 707–710
Moore GPM, Panaretto BA, Robertson D (1981 a) Effects of epidermal growth factor on hair growth in the mouse. J Endocrinol 88: 293–299
Moore GPM, Panaretto BA, Robertson D (1981 b) Epidermal growth factor causes shedding of the fleece of merino sheep. Search 12: 128–129
Moore GPM, Panaretto BA, Robertson D (1982) Inhibition of wool growth in merino sheep following administration of mouse epidermal growth factor and a derivative. Aust J Biol Sci 35: 163–172
Moore GPM, Panaretto BA, Robertson D (1983) Epidermal growth factor delays the development of the epidermis and hair follicles of mice during growth of the first coat. Anat Rec 205: 47–55
Moore GPM, Panaretto BA, Wallace ALC (1984) Treatment of ewes at different stages of pregnancy with epidermal growth factor: effects on wool growth and plasma concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin, placental lactogen and thyroxine and on foetal development. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 105: 558–566
Moore GPM, Panaretto BA, Carter NB (1985) Epidermal hyperplasia and wool follicle regression in sheep infused with epidermal growth factor. J Invest Dermatol 84: 172–175
Moran JR, Courtney ME, Orth DN, Vaughan R, Coy S, Mount CD, Sherrell BJ, Greene HL (1983) Epidermal growth factor in human milk: daily production and diurnal variation during early lactation in mothers delivering at term and at premature gestation. J Pediatr 103: 402–405
Morita T, Issacs BS, Esmon CT, Johnson AE (1984) Derivatives of blood coagulation factor IX contain a high affinity Ca’ -binding site that lacks T-carboxyglutamic acid. J Biol Chem 259: 5698–5704
Morris PL, Vale WW, Cappel S, Bardin CW (1988) Inhibin production by primary Sertoli cell-enriched cultures: regulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, androgens, and epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology 122: 717–725
Morrish DW, Bhardwaj D, Dabbagh LK, Marusyk H, Siy 0 (1987) Epidermal growth factor induces differentiation and secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen in normal human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 1282–1290
Morrison DK, Kaplan DR, Rapp U, Roberts TM (1988) Signal transduction from membrane to cytoplasm: Growth factors and membrane-bound oncogene products increase Raf-1 phosphorylation and associated protein kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8855–8859
Morrison RS, Kornblum HI, Leslie FM, Bradshaw RA (1987) Trophic stimulation of cultured neurons from neonatal rat brain by epidermal growth factor. Science 238: 72–75
Morton CC, Byers MG, Nakai H, Bell GI, Shows TB (1986) Human genes for insulin-like growth factors I and II and epidermal growth factor are located on 12q22q24.1, 11g15, and 4q25-q27, respectively. Cytogenet Cell Genet 41: 245–249
Moscat J, Molley DJ, Fleming TP, Aaronson SA (1988) Epidermal growth factor activates phosphoinositide turnover and protein kinase C in BALB/MK keratinocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2: 799–805
Mount CD, Lukas TJ, Orth DN (1985) Purification and characterization of epidermal growth factor (11-urogastrone) and epidermal growth factor fragments from large volumes of human urine. Arch Biochem Biophys 240: 33–42
Mroczkowski B, Reich M, Whittaker J, Bell GI, Cohen S (1988) Expression of human epidermal growth factor precursor cDNA in transfected mouse NIH 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 126–130
Mroczkowski B, Reich M, Chen K, Bell GI, Cohen S (1989) Recombinant human EGF precursor is a glycosylated membrane protein with biological activity. Mol Cell Biol 9: 2771–2778
Müller R, Bravo R, Burckhardt J, Curran T (1984) Induction of c-fos gene and protein by growth factors precedes activation of c-myc. Nature 312: 716–720
Müller R, Curran T, Burckhardt J, Rüther U, Wagner EF, Bravo R (1985) Evidence for a role of the c-fos proto-oncogene in both differentiation and growth control. Cancer Cells 3: 289–300
Muramatsu I, Hollenberg MD, Lederis K (1985) Vascular actions of epidermal growth factor-urogastrone: possible relationship to prostaglandin production. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 63: 994–999
Muramatsu I, Hollenberg MD, Lederis K (1986) Modulation by epidermal growth factor–urogastrone of contraction in isolated canine helical mesenteric arterial strips. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 64: 1561–1565
Murdoch GH, Potter E, Nicolaisen AK, Evans RM, Rosenfeld MG (1982) Epidermal growth factor rapidly stimulates prolactin gene transcription. Nature 300: 192–194
Murdoch GH, Waterman M, Evans RM, Resenfeld MG (1985) Molecular mechanisms of phorbol ester, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and growth factor stimulation of prolactin gene transcription. J Biol Chem 260: 11852–11858
Murthy U, Basu M, Sen-Majumadr A, Das M (1986) Perinuclear location and recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase• immunofluorescent visualization using antibodies directed to kinase and extracellular domains. J Cell Biol 103: 333–343
Mutoh T, Rudkin RR, Koizumi S, Guroff G (1988) Nerve growth factor, a differentiating agent, and epidermal growth factor, a mitogen, increase the activities of different S6 kinases in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 263: 15853–15856
Nagamine Y, Pearson D, Alters MS, Reich E (1984) cDNA and gene nucleotide sequence of porcine plasminogen activator. Nucleic Acids Res 12: 9525–9541
Nakhla AM, Tam JP (1985) Transforming growth factor is a potent stimulator of testicular ornithine decarboxylase in immature mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 132: 1180–1186
Neal DE, Bennett MK, Hall RR, Marsh C, Abel PD, Sainsbury JRC, Harris AL (1985) Epidermal growth factor receptors in human bladder cancer: comparison of invasive and superficial tumours. Lancet 1 (8425): 366–368
Nestor JJ, Newman SR, De Lustro B, Todaro GJ, Schreiber AB (1985) A synthetic fragment of rat transforming growth factor a with receptor binding and antigenic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 129: 226–232
Niall M, Ryan GB, O’Brien B McC (1982) The effect of epidermal growth factor on wound healing in mice. J Surg Res 33: 164–169
Nicholas KR, Sankaran L, Kulski JK, Chomczynski P, Qasba P (1988) Comparison of some biological effects of epidermal growth factor and commercial serum albumin on the induction of a-lactalbumin in rat and rabbit mammary explants. J Endocrinol 119: 133–139
Nicholson S, Sainsbury JRC, Needham GK, Chambers P, Farndon JR, Harris AL (1988) Quantitative assays of epidermal growth factor receptor in human breast cancer: cut-off points of clinical relevance. Int J Cancer 42: 36–41
Nieburgs AC, Korn JH, Picciano PT, Cohen S (1987) Thymic epithelium in vitro. Regulation of growth and mediator production by epidermal growth factor. Cell Immunol 108: 396–404
Nishibe S, Wahl MI, Rhee SG, Carpenter C (1989) Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-II in vitro by the epidermal growth factor receptors. J Biol Chem 264: 10335–10338
Norman J, Badie-Dezfooly B, Nord EP, Kurtz I, Schlosser J, Chaudhari A, Fine LG (1987) EGF-induced mitogenesis in proximal tubular cells: potentiation by angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 253: F299–309
Northwood IC, Davis RJ (1988) Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine protein kinase in the absence of receptor oligomerization. J Biol Chem 263: 7450–7453
Novak-Hofer I, Thomas G (1984) An activated S6 kinase in extracts from serum-and epidermal growth factor-stimulated Swiss 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 259: 5995–6000
Novak-Hofer I, Thomas G (1985) Epidermal growth factor-mediated activation of an S6 kinase in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 260: 10314–10319
Ny T, Elgh F, Lund B (1984) The structure of the human tissue type plasminogen activator gene: correlation of intron and exon structures to functional and structural domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 5355–5359
Oberg KC, Carpener G (1989) Dexamethasone acts as a negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor synthesis in fegal rat lung cells. Mol Endocrinol 3: 915–922
Oberg KC, Soderquist AM, Carpenter G (1988) Accumulation of epidermal growth factor receptors in retinoic acid-treated fetal rat lung cells is due to enhanced receptor synthesis. Mol Endocrinol 2: 959–965
Öhlin A-K, Stenflo J (1987) Calcium-dependent interaction between the epidermal growth factor precursor-like region of human protein C and a monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 262: 13798–13804
Öhlin A-K, Linse S, Stenflo J (1988) Calcium binding to the epidermal growth factor homology region of bovine protein C. J Biol Chem 263: 7411–7417
Ohmura E, Emoto N, Tsushima T, Watanabe S, Takeuchi T, Kawamura M, Shigemoto M, Shizume K (1987) Salivary immunoreactive human epidermal growth factor ( IR-hEGF) in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Hepatogastroenterology 34: 160–163
Ohta Y, Ohba T, Fukunaga K, Miyamoto E (1988) Serum and growth factors rapidly elicit phosphorylation of the Ca’ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in intact quiescent rat 3Y1 cells. J Biol Chem 263: 11540–11547
Oka Y, Orth DN (1983) Human plasma epidermal growth factor/ß-urogastrone is associated with blood platelets. J Clin Invest 72: 249–259
Oka Y, Ghishan FK, Greene HL, Orth DN (1983) Effect of mouse epidermal growth factor/urogastrone on the functional maturation of rat intestine. Endocrinology 112: 940–944
O’Loughlin EV, Chung M, Hollenberg M, Hayden J, Zahavi I, Gall DG (1985) Effect of epidermal growth factor on ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol 249: G674–678
Olsen PS, Poulsen SS, Kirkegaard P, Nexo (1984) Role of submandibular saliva and epidermal growth factor in gastric cytoprotection. Gastroenterology 87: 103108
Olsen PS, Boesby S, Kirkegaard P, Therkelsen K, Almdal T, Poulsen SS, Nexo E (1988) Influence of epidermal growth factor on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Hepatology 8: 992–996
Olsen R, Santone K, Melder D, Oakes SG, Abraham R, Powis G (1988) An increase in intracellular free Ca’ associated with serum-free growth stimulation of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts by epidermal growth factor in the presence of bradykinin. J Biol Chem 263: 18030–18035
Opleta K, O’Loughlin EV, Shaffer EA, Hayden J, Hollenberg M, Gall DB (1987) Effect of epidermal growth factor on growth and postnatal development of the rabbit liver. Am J Physiol 253: G622 — G626
Ozanne B, Richards S, Hendler F, Burns D, Gusterson B (1986) Overexpression of the EGF receptor is a hallmark of squamous cell carcinomas. J Pathol 149: 9–14
Ozawa S, Ueda M, Ando N, Abe O, Shimizu N (1987 a) High incidence of EGF receptor hyperproduction in esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 39: 333–337
Ozawa S, Ueda M, Ando N, Abe O, Hirai M, Shimizu N (1987 b) Stimulation by EGF of the growth of EGF receptor-hyperproducing tumor cells in athymic mice. Int J Cancer 40: 706–710
Panaretto BA, Moore GPM, Robertson DM (1982) Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of mouse epidermal growth factor associated with the inhibition of food consumption and of wool growth in Merino wethers. J Endocrinol 94: 191–202
Panaretto BA, Leish Z, Moore GPM, Robertson DM (1984) Inhibition of DNA synthesis in dermal tissue of merino sheep treated with depilatory doses of mouse epidermal growth factor. J Endocrinol 100: 25–31
Pandiella A, Malgaroli A, Meldolesi J, Vicentini LM (1987) EGF raises cytosolic Ca’ in A431 and Swiss 3T3 cells by a dual mechanism. Redistribution from intracellular stores and stimulated influx. Exp Cell Res 170: 175–185
Pandiella A, Beguinot L, Velu TJ, Meldolesi J (1988) Transmembrane signalling at epidermal growth factor receptors overexpressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Biochem J 254: 223–228
Partanen AM, Ekblom P, Thesless I (1985) Epidermal growth factor inhibits morphogenesis and cell differentiation in cultured mouse embryonic teeth. Dev Biol 111: 84–94
Pasco D, Quan A, Smith S, Nandi S (1982) Effect of hormones and EGF on proliferation of rat mammary epithelium enriched for alveoli. An in vitro study. Exp Cell Res 141: 313–324
Pennica D, Holmes WE, Kohr WJ, Harkins RN, Vehar GA, Ward CA, Bennett WF, Yelverton E, Seeburg PH, Heyneker HL, Goeddel DV (1983) Cloning and expression of human tissue-type plasminogen activator cDNA in E. coli. Nature 301: 214–219
Pennica D, Kohr WJ, Kuang W-J, Glaister D, Aggarwal BB, Chen EY, Goeddel DV (1987) Identification of human uromodulin as the Tamm-Horsfall urinary glycoprotein. Science 236: 83–88
Pepinsky RB, Sinclair LK, Browning JL, Mattaliano RJ, Smart JE, Chow EP, Falbel T, Ribolini A, Garwin JL, Wallner BP (1986) Purification and partial sequence analysis of a 37-k Da protein that inhibits phospholipase A2 activity from rat peritoneal exudates. J Biol Chem 261: 4239–4246
Pesonen K, Viinikka L, Koskimies A, Banks AR, Nicolson M, Perheentupe J (1987) Size heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor in human body fluids. Life Sci 40: 2489–2494
Petrides PE, Böhlen P, Shively JE (1984) Chemical characterization of the two forms of epidermal growth factor in murine saliva. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 125: 218–228
Pfeffer S, Ullrich A (1985) Epidermal growth factor. Is the precursor receptor a? Nature 313: 184
Pierce JH, Ruggiero M, Fleming TP, DiFiore PP, Greenberger JS, Varticovski L, Schlessinger J, Rovera G, Aaronson SA (1988) Signal transduction through the EGF receptor transfected in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells. Science 239: 628–631
Pike U, Eakes AT (1987) Epidermal growth factor stimulates the production of phosphatidylinositol monophosphate and the breakdown of polyphosphoinositides in A431 cells. J Biol Chem 262: 1644–1651
Pikkarainen T, Eddy R, Fukushima Y, Byers M, Shows T, Pihlahaniae T, Saraste M, Tryggvasoro K (1987) Human laminin B1 chain. A multidomain protein with gene (Lamb1) locus in the q22 region of chromosome 7. J Biol Chem 262: 10454–10462
Pikkarainen T, Kallunki T, Tryggvason K (1988) Human laminin B2 parison of the complete amino acid sequence with the B1 chain reveals variability in sequence homology between different structural domains. J Biol Chem 263: 6751–6758
Pisano MM, Greene RM (1987) Epidermal growth factor potentiates the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by prostaglandins in embryonic palate mesenchymal cells: effects on cell proliferation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Dev Biol 122: 419–431
Pittelkow MR, Lindquist PB, Derynck R, Abraham RT, Graves-Deal R, Coffey RJ (1989) Induction of transforming growth factor-a expression in human keratinocytes by phorbol esters. J Biol Chem 264: 5164–5171
Plutzky J, Hoskins JA, Long GL, Crabtree GR (1986) Evolution and organization of the human protein C gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 546–550
Polk DH, Ervin MG, Padbury JF, Lam RW, Reviczky AL, Fisher DA (1987) Epidermal growth factor acts as a corticotropin-releasing factor in chronically catheterized fetal lambs. J Clin Invest 79: 984–988
Pollack PF, Goda T, Colony PC, Edmond J, Thornburg W, Korc M, Koldovsky O (1987) Effects of enterally fed epidermal growth factor on the small and large intestine of the suckling rat. Regul Pept 17: 121–132
Popliker M, Shatz A, Avaine A, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J, Webb CG (1987) Onset of endogenous synthesis of epidermal growth factor in neonatal mice. Dev Biol 119: 38–44
Porter CD, Archard LC (1987) Characterization and physical mapping of Molluscum contagiosum virus DNA and location of a sequence capable of encoding a conserved domain of epidermal growth factor. J Gen Virol 68: 673–682
Prywes R, Roeder RG (1986) Inducible binding of a factor to the c-fos enhancer. Cell 47: 777–784
Prywes R, Livneh E, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1986) Mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of EGF receptor affect EGF binding and receptor internalization. EMBO J 5: 2179–2190
Prywes R, Dutta A, Cromlish JA, Roeder RG (1988) Phosphorylation of serum response factor, a factor that binds to the serum response element of the c-fos enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 7206–7210
Przylipiak A, Kiesel L, Rabe T, Helm K, Przylipiak M, Runnebaum B (1988) Epidermal growth factor stimulates luteinizing hormone and arachidonic acid release in rat pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 57: 157–162
Przysiecki CT, Staggers JE, Ramjit HG, Musson DG, Stern DG, Bennett CD, Friedman PA (1987) Occurence of ß-hydroxylated asparagine residues in non-vitamin K-dependent proteins containing epidermal growth factor-like domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7856–7860
Puccio F, Lehy T (1988) Oral administration of epidermal growth factor in suckling rats stimulates cell DNA synthesis in fundic and antral gastric mucosae as well as in intestinal mucosa and pancreas. Regul Pept 20: 53–64
Pulley DD, Marrone BL (1986) Inhibitory action of epidermal growth factor on progesterone biosynthesis in hen granulosa cells during short term culture: two sites of action. Endocrinology 118: 2284–2291
Purchio AF, Twardzik DR, Bruce AG, Wizental L, Ranchalis JE, Hu S-L, Todaro G (1987) Synthesis of an active hybrid growth factor (GF) in bacteria: transforming GF-a/vaccinia GF fusion protein. Gene 60: 175–182
Quantin B, Breathnach R (1988) Epidermal growth factor stimulates transcription of the c-jun proto-oncogene in rat fibroblasts. Nature 334: 538–539
Rabkin SW, Sunga P, Myrdal S (1987) The effect of epidermal growth factor on chronotropic response in cardiac cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 146: 889–897
Radford HM, Avenell JA, Panaretto BA (1987a) Some effects of epidermal growth factor on reproductive function in Merino sheep. J Reprod Fertil 80: 113–118
Radford HM, Panaretto BA, Avenell JA, Turnbull KE ( 1987 b) Effect of mouse epidermal growth factor on plasma concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone and on oestrus, ovulation and ovulation rate in Merino ewes. J Reprod Fertil 80: 383–393
Raisz LG, Simmons HA, Sandberg AL, Canalis E (1980) Direct stimulation of bone resorption by epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology 107: 270–273
Rakowicz-Szulczynski EM, Rodeck U, Herlyn M, Koprowski H (1986) Chromatin binding of epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor in cells bearing the appropriate surface receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 3728–3732
Rall LB, Scott J, Bell GI, Crawford RJ, Penschow JD, Niall HD, Coghlan JP (1985) Mouse prepro-epidermal growth factor synthesis by the kidney and other tissues. Nature 313: 228–231
Ran W, Dean M, Levine RA, Henkle C, Campisi J (1986) Induction of c-fos and c-myc mRNA by epidermal growth factor or calcium ionophore is cAMP dependent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 8216–8220
Rao KVS, Fox CF (1987) Epidermal growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of human glucocorticoid receptor in cultured cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 144: 512–519
Raper SE, Burwen SJ, Barker ME, Jones AL (1987) Translocation of epidermal growth factor to the hepatocyte nucleus during rat liver regeneration. Gastroenterology 92: 1243–1250
Rappolee DA, Brenner CA, Schultz R, Mark D, Werb Z ( 1988 a) Developmental expression of PDGF, TGFa, and TGF-ß genes in preimplantation mouse embryos. Science 241: 1823–1825
Rappolee DA, Mark D, Banda MJ, Werb Z (1988 b) Wound macrophages express TGF-a and other growth factors in vivo: analysis by mRNA phenotyping. Science 241: 708–712
Ray P, Moy FJ, Montelione GT, Liu J-F, Narang SA, Scheraga HA, Wu R (1988) Structure-function studies of murine epidermal growth factor: expression and site-directed mutagenesis of epidermal growth factor gene. Biochemistry 27: 7289–7295
Raymond GM, Jumblatt MM, Bartels SP, Neufeld AH (1986) Rabbit corneal endothelial cells in vitro: effects of EGF. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27: 474–479
Real FX, Rettig WJ, Chesa PG, Melamed MR, Old LJ, Mendelsohn J (1986) Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in human cultured cells and tissues: relationship to cell lineage and stage of differentiation. Cancer Res 46: 4726–4731
Reddan JR, Wilson-Dziedzic D (1983) Insulin growth factor and epidermal growth factor trigger mitosis in lenses cultured in a serum-free medium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24: 409–416
Redman RS, Quissel DO, Barzen KA (1988) Effects of dexamethasone, epidermal growth factor, and retinoic acid on rat submandibular acinar—intercalated duct complexes in primary culture. In Vitro Cell Div Biol 24: 734–742
Rees DJG, Jones IM, Handford PA, Walter SJ, Esnouf MP, Smith KJ, Brownlee GG (1988) The role of ß-hydroxyaspartate and adjacent carboxylate and adjacent carboxylate residues in the first EGF domain of human factor IX. EMBO J 7: 2053–2061
Reilly CF, Fritze LMS, Rosenberg RD (1987) Antiproliferative effects of heparin on vascular smooth muscle cells are reversed by epidermal growth factor. J Cell Physiol 131: 149–157
Reim M, Busse S, Leber M, Schulz C (1988) Effect of epidermal growth factor in severe experimental alkali burns. Ophthalmic Res 20: 327–331
Reisner AH (1985) Similarity between the vaccinia virus 19K early protein and epidermal growth factor. Nature 313: 801–803
Reynolds VH, Boehm FH, Cohen S (1965) Enhancement of chemical carcinogenesis by an epidermal growth factor. Surg Forum 16: 108–109
Rheinwald JG, Green H (1977) Epidermal growth factor and the multiplication of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Nature 265: 421–424
Rhodes JA, Tam JP, Finke V, Saunders M, Bernanke J, Silen W, Murphy RA (1986) Transforming growth factor a inhibits secretion of gastric acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 3844–3846
Richards RC, Lewis-Jones DI, Walker JM, Desmond AD (1988) Epidermal growth factor (urogastrone) in human seminal plasma from fertile and infertile males. Fertil Steril 50: 640–643
Richman RA, Claus TH, Pilkis SJ, Friedman DL (1976) Hormonal stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73: 3589–3593
Riedel H, Dull TJ, Schlessinger J, Ullrich A (1986) A chimeric receptor allows insulin to stimulate tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 324: 68–70
Riedel H, Schlessinger J, Ullrich A (1987) A chimeric, ligand-binding v-erbB/EGF receptor retains transforming potential. Science 236: 197–200
Riedel H, Massoglia S, Schlessinger J, Ullrich A (1988) Ligand activation of over-expressed epidermal growth factor receptors transforms NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1477–1481
Riemen MW, Wegrzyn RJ, Baker AE, Hurni WM, Bennett CD, Oliff A, Stein RB (1987) Isolation of multiple biologically and chemically diverse species of epidermal growth factor. Peptides 8: 877–885
Rihtniemi L, Thesleff I (1987) An autoradiographic study on the effect of epidermal growth factor on cell proliferation in erupting mouse incisors. Arch Oral Biol 32: 859–863
Ristimäki A, Ylikorkala O, Perheentupa J, Viinikka L (1988) Epidermal growth factor stimulates prostacyclin production by cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 59: 248–250
Ritvos 0 (1988) Modulation of steroidogenesis in choriocarcinoma cells by cholera toxin, phorbol ester, epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I. Mol Cell Endocrinol 59: 125–133
Robertson NW, Blecher ST (1986) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) affects sulphydryl and disulphide levels in cultured mouse skin: possible relationship between effects of EGF and the tabby gene on thiols. Biochem Cell Biol 65: 658–667
Rodland KD, Jue SF, Magun BE (1986) Regulation of VL30 gene expression by activators of protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 261: 5029–5031
Rodland KD, Muldoon LL, Dinh T-H, Magun BE (1988) Independent transcriptional regulation of a single VL30 element by epidermal growth factor and activators of protein kinase C. Mol Cell Biol 8: 2247–2250
Roger PP, Dumont JE (1982) Epidermal growth factor controls the proliferation and the expression of differentiation in canine thyroid cells in primary culture. FEBS Lett 144: 209–212
Rose SP, Stahn R, Passovoy DS, Herschman H (1976) Epidermal growth factor enhancement of skin tumor induction in mice. Experientia 32: 913–915
Rosenthal A, Lindquist PB, Bringman TS, Goeddel DV, Derynck R (1986) Expression in rat fibroblasts of a human transforming growth factor-a cDNA results in transformation. Cell 46: 301–309
Russell DW, Schneider WJ, Yamamoto T, Luskey KL, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1984) Domain map of the LDL receptor: sequence homology with the epidermal growth factor precursor. Cell 37: 577–585
Russo MW, Lukas TJ, Cohen S, Staros JV (1985) Identification of residues in the nucleotide binding site of the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase. J Biol Chem 260: 5205–5208
Sainsbury JRC, Farndon JR, Sherbet GV, Harris AL (1985a) Epidermal growth factor receptors and oestrogen receptors in human breast cancer. Lancet I (8425): 364–366
Sainsbury JRC, Farndon JR, Harris AL, Sherbet GV (1985b) Epidermal growth factor receptors on human breast cancers. Br J Surg 72: 186–188
Sainsbury JRC, Malcolm AJ, Appleton DR, Farndon JR, Harris AL (1985c) Presence of epidermal growth factor receptor as an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 38: 1225–1228
Sakamoto T, Swierczek JS, Ogden WD, Thompson JC (1985) Cytoprotective effect of pentagastrin and epidermal growth factor on stress ulcer formation. Possible role of somatostatin. Ann Surg 201: 290–295
Salomon DS, Liotta LA, Kidwell WR (1981) Differential response to growth factor by rat mammary epithelium plated on different collagen substrata in serum-free medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 382–386
Sand T-E, Bronstad G, Digernes V, Killi A, Amara W, Refsnes M, Christoffersen T (1985) Quantitative aspects of the effects of insulin, epidermal growth factor and dexamethasone on DNA synthesis in cultured adult rat hepatocytes. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 109: 369–377
Sankaran L, Topper YJ (1983) Selective enhancement of the induction of a-lactalbumin activity in rat mammary explants by epidermal growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 117: 524–529
Sankaran L, Topper YJ (1984) Prolactin-induced a-lactalbumin activity in mammary explants from pregnant rabbits. A role for epidermal growth factor and glucocorticoids. Biochem J 217: 833–837
Sasaki M, Yamada Y (1987) The laminin B2 chain has a multidomain structure homologous to the B1 chain. J Biol Chem 262: 17111–17117
Sasaki M, Kato S, Kohno K, Martin GR, Yamada Y (1987) Sequence of the eDNA encoding the laminin B1 chain reveals a multidomain protein containing cysteine-rich repeats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 935–939
Sasaki M, Klienman HK, Huber H, Deutzmann R, Yamada Y (1988) Laminin, a multidomain protein. The A chain has a unique globular domain and homology with the basement membrane proteoglycan and the laminin B chains. J Biol Chem 263: 16536–16544
Sato C, Nishizawa K, Nakayama T, Ohtsuka K, Nakamura H, Kobayashi T, Inagaki M (1988) Rapid phosphorylation of MAP-2-related cytoplasmic and nuclear M 300000 protein by serine kinases after growth stimulation in quiescent cells. Exp Cell Res 175: 136–147
Savage AP, Chatterjee VK, Gregory H, Bloom SR (1986) Epidermal growth factor in blood. Regu Pept 16: 199–206
Savage CR Jr, Cohen S (1972) Epidermal growth factor and a new derivative. Rapid isolation procedures and biological and chemical characterization. J Biol Chem 247: 7609–7611
Savage CR Jr, Cohen S (1973) Proliferation of corneal epithelium induced by epidermal growth factor. Exp Eye Res 15: 361–366
Savage CR Jr, Harper R (1981) Human epidermal growth factor urogastrone: rapid purification procedure and partial characterization. Anal Biochem 111: 195–202
Savage CR Jr, Inagami T, Cohen S (1972) The primary structure of epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 247: 7612–7672
Savage CR Jr, Hash JH, Cohen S (1973) Epidermal growth factor: location of disfulfide bonds. J Biol Chem 248: 7669–7672
Sawyer ST, Cohen S (1981) Enhancement of calcium uptake and phosphatidylinositol turnover by epidermal growth factor in A-431 cells. Biochemistry 20: 6280–6286
Sawyer ST, Cohen S (1985) Epidermal growth factor stimulates the phosphorylation of the calcium-dependent 35 000 dalton substrate in intact A-431 cells. J Biol Chem 260: 8233–8236
Schaudies RP, Savage CR Jr (1986) Isolation of rat epidermal growth factor (r-EGF): chemical, biological and immunological comparisons with mouse and human EGF. Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 846: 497–505
Schatz H, Pschierer-Berg K, Nickel J-A, Bär R, Müller F, Bretzel RG, Müller H, Stracke H (1986) Assay for thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins: stimulation of [SH]thymidine incorporation into isolated thyroid follicles by TSH, EGF, and immunoglobulins from goitrous patients in an iodine-deficient region. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 112: 523–530
Schechter Y, Hernaez L, Schlessinger J, Cuatrecasas P (1979) Local aggregation of hormone-receptor complexes is required for activation by epidermal growth factor. Nature 278: 835–838
Scheving LA, Yeh YC, Tsai TH, Scheving LE (1979) Circadian phase-dependent stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the tongue, esophagus, and stomach of the adult male mouse. Endocrinology 105: 1475–1480
Scheving LA, Yeh YC, Tsai TH, Scheving LE (1980) Circadian phase-dependent stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the duodenum, jejunum, illeum, caecum, colon, and rectum of the adult male mouse. Endocrinology 106: 1498–1503
Schlaepfer DD, Haigler HT (1987) Characterization of Ca’-dependent phospholipids binding and phosphorylation of lipocortin I. J Biol Chem 262: 6931–6937
Schlessinger J (1988a) The epidermal growth factor receptor as a multifunctional al-losteric protein. Biochemistry 27: 3119–3123
Schlessinger J (1988b) Signal transduction by allosteric receptor oligomerization. Trends Biol Sci 13: 443–447
Schlessinger J, Shechter Y, Willingham MC, Pastan I (1978) Direct visualization of binding, aggregation, and internalization of insulin and epidermal growth factor on living fibroblastic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 2659–2663
Schneider C, Owen MJ, Banville D, Williams JG (1984) Primary structure of human transferrin receptor deduced from the mRNA sequence. Nature 311: 675–678
Schomberg DW, May JV, Mondschein JS (1983) Interations between hormones and growth factors in the regulation of granulosa cell differentiation in vitro. J Steroid Biochem 19: 291–295
Schonbrunn A, Krasnoff M, Westendorf JM, Tashjian AH Jr (1980) Epidermal growth factor and thytrotropin-releasing hormone act similarly on a clonal pituitary cell strain. Modulation of hormone production and inhibition of cell proliferation. J Cell Biol 85: 786–797
Schreiber AB, Yarden Y, Schlessinger J (1981) A non-mitogenic analogue of epidermal growth factor enhances the phosphorylation of endogenous membrane proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 101: 517–523
Schreiber AB, Winkler ME, Derynck R (1986) Transforming growth factor-a: a more potent angiogenic mediator than epidermal growth factor. Science 232: 1250–1253
Schultz GS, White M, Mitchell R, Brown G, Lynch J, Twardzik DR, Todaro GJ (1987) Epithelial wound healing enhanced by transforming growth factor-a and vaccinia growth factor. Science 235: 350–352
Scott J, Urdea M, Quiroga M, Sanchez-Pescador R, Fong N, Selby M, Rutter WJ, Bell GI (1983) Structure of a mouse submaxillary messenger RNA encoding epidermal growth factor and seven related proteins. Science 221: 236–240
Segawa K, Ito Y (1983) Enhancement of polyoma virus middle T antigen tyrosine phosphorylation by epidermal growth factor. Nature 304: 742–744
Seger R, Yarden Y, Kashles O, Goldblatt D, Schlessinger J, Shaltiel S (1988) The epidermal growth factor receptor as a substrate for a kinase-splitting membranal proteinase. J Biol Chem 263: 3496–3500
Serrero G (1987) EGF inhibits the differentiation of adipocyte precursors in primary cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 146: 194–202
Shaw G, Jorgensen GI, Tweedale R, Tennison M, Waters MJ (1985) Effect of epidermal growth factor on reproductive function of ewes. J Endocrinol 107: 429–436
Shaw GP, Hatt JF, Anderson NG, Hanson PJ (1987) Action of epidermal growth factor on acid secretion by rat isolated parietal cells. Biochem J 244: 699–704
Sheng M, Dougan ST, McFadden G, Greenberg ME (1988) Calcium and growth factor pathways of c fos transcriptional activation require distinct upstream regulatory sequences. Mol Cell Biol 8: 2787–2796
Shinoda I, Tokida N, Kurobe M, Furukawa S, Hayashi K (1988) Demonstration of a considerable amount of mouse epidermal growth factor in aqueous humor. Biochem Int17: 243–248
Shoyab M, McDonald VL, Bradley JG, Todaro GJ (1988) Amphiregulin: a bifunctional growth-modulating glycoprotein produced by the phorbol 12-myristate 13acetate-treated human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6528–6532
Shoyab M, Plowman GD, McDonald VL, Bradley JG, Todaro GJ (1989) Structure and function of human amphiregulin: a member of the epidermal growth factor family. Science 243: 1074–1076
Shuman S, Broyles SS, Moss G (1987) Purification and characterization of a transcription termination factor from vaccinia virus. J Biol Chem 262: 12372–12380
Siegelman MH, van de Rijn M, Weissman IL (1989) Mouse lymph node honing receptor CDNA clone encodes aglycoprotein revealing tandem interaction domains. Science 243: 1165–1172
Silver J, Whitney JB, Kozak C, Hollis G, Kirsch I (1985) Erb-B is linked to the alphaglobin locus on mouse chromosome 11. Mol Cell Biol 5: 1784–1786
Silver MH, Murray JC, Pratt RM (1984) Epidermal growth factor stimulates type- V collagen synthesis in cultured murine palatal shelves. Differentiation 27: 205–208
Simpson RJ, Smith JA, Moritz RL, O’Hara MR, Rudland PS, Morrison JR, Lloyd CJ, Grego B, Burgess AW, Nice EC (1985) Rat epidermal growth factor: complete amino acid sequence. Homology with the corresponding murine and human proteins; isolation of a form truncated at both ends with full in vivo biological activity. Eur J Biochem 153: 629–637
Singh G, Foster CS (1987) Epidermal growth factor in alkali-burned corneal epithelial wound healing. J Ophthalmol 103: 802–807
Singh-asa P, Waters MJ (1983) Stimulation of adrenal cortisol biosynthesis by EGF. Mol Cell Endocrinol 30: 189–199
Singh-asa P, Waters MJ, Wilce PA (1985) A mechanism for the in vitro stimulation of adrenal cortisol biosynthesis by epidermal growth factor. Int J Biochem 17: 857–862
Slieker LJ, Lane MD (1985) Post-translational processing of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Glycosylation-dependent acquisition of ligand-binding capacity. J Biol Chem 260: 687–690
Slieker LJ, Martensen TM, Lane MD (1986) Synthesis of epidermal growth factor receptor in human A431 cells. J Biol Chem 261: 15233–15241
Smith CJ, Wejksnora PJ, Warner JR, Rubin CS, Rosen OM (1979) Insulin-stimulated protein phosphorylation in 3T3–L1 preadipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 2725–2729
Smith CJ, Rubin CS, Rosen OM (1980) Insulin-treated 3T3–L1 adipocytes and cell-free extracts derived from them incorporate 32P into ribosomal protein S6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 2641–2645
Smith JJ, Derynck R, Korc M (1987) Production of transforming growth factor a in human pancreatic cancer cells: evidence for a superagonist autocrine cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7567–7570
Smith JM, Sporn MB, Roberts AB, Derynck R, Winkler M, Gregory H (1985) Human transforming growth factor-a causes precocious eyelid opening in newborn mice. Nature 315: 515–516
Smith KB, Losonczy I, Sahai A, Pannerselvam M, Fehmel P, Salomon DS (1983) Effect of 12–0-tretradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the growth inhibitory and increased phosphatidylinositol (PI) responses induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in A431 cells. J Cell Physiol 117: 91–100
Soderquist AM, Carpenter G (1984) Glycosylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in A-431 cells. The contribution of carbohydrate to receptor function. J Biol Chem 259: 12586–12594
Soderquist AM, Stoscheck C, Carpenter G (1988) Similarities in glycosylation and transport between the secreted and plasma membrane forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor in A-431 cells. J Cell Physiol 136: 447–454
Soley M, Hollenberg MD (1987) Epidermal growth factor (urogastrone)-stimulated glyconeogenesis in isolated mouse hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 255: 136–146
Sommercorn J, Mulligan JA, Lozeman FJ, Krebs EG (1987) Activation of casein kinase II in response to insulin and to epidermal growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 8834–8838
Sorkin AD, Teslanko LV, Nikolsky NN (1988) The endocytosis of epidermal growth factor in A431 cells: a pH of microenvironment and the dynamics of receptor complex dissociation. Exp Cell Res 175: 192–205
Sovovâ V, Vydra J, Cerna H, Sloncova E, Damkova M, Jakoubkova J, Hlozanek I (1988) Analysis of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human renal carcinoma cell cultures. Folia Biol (Praha) 34: 233–239
Spitzer E, Koepke K, Kunde D, Grosse R (1988) EGF binding is quantitatively related to growth in node-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 12: 45–49
Stahlman MT, Gray ME, Chytil F, Sundell H (1988) Effect of retinol on fetal lamb tracheal epithelium, with and without epidermal growth factor. A model for the effect of retinol on the healing lung of human premature infants. Lab Invest 59: 25–35
Starkey RH, Orth DN (1977) Radioimmunoassay of human epidermal growth factor ( Urogastrone ). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 1144–1153
Staros JV, Fanger BO, Faulkner LA, Palaszewski PP, Russo MW (1989) Mechanism of transmembrane signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor/kinase. In: Moudgil VK (ed) Receptor phosphorylation. CRC, Boca Raton FL, pp 227–242
Stastny M, Cohen S (1972) The stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in testes of the neonatal mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta 261: 177–180
Steidler NE, Reade PC (1980) Histomorphological effects of epidermal growth factor on skin and oral mucosa in neonatal mice. Arch Oral Biol 25: 37–43
Steidler NE, Reade PC (1981) Epidermal growth factor and proliferation of odontogenic cells in culture. J Dent Res 60: 1977–1982
Stenflo J, Lundwall A, Dahlbäck B (1987) ß-hydroxy-asparagine in domains homologous to the epidermal growth factor precursor in vitamin K-dependent protein S, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 368–372
Stenflo J, Ohlin A-K, Owen WB, Schneider JR (1988) ß-hydroxy-aspartic acid or fihydroxy-asparagine in bovine low density lipoprotein receptor and in bovine thrombomodulin. J Biol Chem 263: 21–24
Stern DF, Hare DL, Cecchini MA, Weinberg RA (1987) Construction of a novel oncogene based on synthetic sequences encoding epidermal growth factor. Science 235: 321–324
Stern DF, Kamps MP (1988) EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation ofp185pe°: a potential model for receptor interactions. EMBO J 7: 995–1001
Stern PH, Krieger NS, Niessenson RA, Williams RD, Winkler ME, Derynck R, Strewler GJ (1975) Human transforming growth factor-alpha stimulates bone resorption in vitro. J Clin Invest 76: 2016–2019
Stoppelli MP, Verde P, Grimaldi G, Locatelli EK, Blasi F (1986) Increase in urokinase plasminogen activator mRNA synthesis in human carcinoma cells is a primary effect of the potent tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate. J Cell Biol 102: 1235–1241
Stoscheck CM, Carpenter G (1984) “Down regulation” of epidermal growth factors receptors: direct demonstration of receptor degradation in human fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 98:1048–1053
Stroobant P, Rice AP, Bullick WJ, Cheng DJ, Kerr IM, Waterfield MD (1980) Purification and characterization of vaccinia virus growth factor. Cell 42: 383–393
Südhof TC, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Russell DW (1985a) The LDL receptor gene: a mosaic of exons shared with different proteins. Science 228: 815–822
Südhof TC, Russell DW, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Sanchez-Pescador R, Bell GI (1985b) Cassette of eight exons shared by genes for LDL receptor and EGF precursor. Science 228: 893–895
Sugo T, Bjärk I, Holmgren A, Stenflo J (1984) Calcium-binding properties of bovine factor X lacking the y-carboxyglutamic acid-containing region. J Biol Chem 259: 5705–5710
Sumi S, Akira H, Shintaro Y, Kenichi M, Atsushi K, Shizutoshi N, Masanori S (1985) Overproduction of human epidermal growth factor/urogastrone in Escherichia coli and demonstration of its full biological activities. J Biotechnol 2: 59–74
Sundell HW, Gray ME, Serenius FS, Escobedo MB, Stahlman MT (1980) Effects of epidermal growth factor on lung maturation in fetal lambs. Am J Pathol 110: 706–726
Supowit SC, Potter E, Evans RM, Rosenfeld MG (1984) Polypeptide hormone regulation of gene transcription: specific 5’ genomic sequences are required for epidermal growth factor and phorbol ester regulation of prolactin gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2975–2979
Suzuki K, Kusumoto H, Deyashiki Y, Nishioka J, Maruyama I, Zushi M, Kawahara S, Honda G, Yammoto S, Horiguchi S (1987) Structure and expression of human thrombomodulin, a thrombin receptor on endothelium acting as a cofactor for protein C activation. EMBO J 6: 1891–1897
Takasu N, Shimizu Y, Yamada T (1987) Tumour promoter 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and epidermal growth factor stimulate proliferation and inhibit differentiation of porcine thyroid cells in primary culture. J Endocrinol 113: 485–487
Takasu N, Takasu M, Yamada T, Shimizu Y (1988) Epidermal growth factor ( EGF) produces inositol phosphates and increases cytoplasmic free calcium in cultured porcine thyroid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 151: 530–534
Taketani Y, Oka T (1983a) Epidermal growth factor stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits functional differentiation of mouse mammary epithelial cells in culture. Endocrinology 113: 871–877
Taketani Y, Oka T (1983b) Possible physiological role of epidermal growth factor in the development of the mouse mammary gland during prenancy. FEBS Lett 152: 256–260
Takeya H, Kawabata S, Nakagawa K, Yamamichi Y, Miyake T, Iwanaga S, Takao T, Shimonishi Y (1988) Bovine factor VII. Its purification and complete amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem 263: 14868–14877
Tam JP (1985) Physiological effects of transforming growth factor in the newborn mouse. Science 229: 673–675
Tam JP, Marquardt H, Rosberger DF, Wong TW, Todaro GJ (1984) Synthesis of biologically active rat transforming growth factor I. Nature 309: 376–378
Tam JP, Sheikh MA, Salomon DS, Ossowski L (1986) Efficient synthesis of human type a transforming growth factor: its physical and biological characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 8082–8086
Tapanainen J, Leinonen PJ, Tapanainen P (1987) Regulation of human granulosaluteal cell progesterone production and proliferation by gonadotropins and growth factors. Ferti Steril 48: 578–580
Tashjian AH Jr, Levine L (1978) Epidermal growth factor stimulates prostaglandin production and bone resorption in cultured mouse calvaria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 85: 966–975
Tashjian AH Jr, Voelkel EF, Lazzaro M, Singer FR, Roberts AB, Derynck R, Winkler ME, Levine L (1985) a and ß human transforming growth factors stimulate prostaglandin production and bone resorption in cultured mouse calavaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 4535–4538
Taylor JM, Mitchell WM, Cohen S (1972) Epidermal growth factor. Physical and chemical properties. J Biol Chem 247: 5928–5934
Teixido J, Massagué J (1988) Structural properties of a soluble bioactive precursor for transforming growth factor-a. J Biol Chem 263: 3924–3929
Teixido J, Gilmore R, Lee DC, Massagué J (1987) Integral membrane glycoprotein properties of the prohormone pro-transforming growth factor-a. Nature 326: 883–885
Teslenko LV, Kornilova ES, Sorkin AD, Nikolsky NN (1987) Recycling of epidermal growth factor in A431 cells. FEBS Lett 221: 105–109
Todaro GJ, De Larco JE (1976) Transformation by murine and feline sarcoma viruses specifically blocks binding of epidermal growth factor to cells. Nature 264: 26–31
Todderud G, Carpenter G (1988) Presence of mannose phosphate on the epidermal growth factor receptor in A-431 cells. J Biol Chem 263: 17893–17896
Toh H, Hayashida H, Kikuno R, Yasunaga T, Miyata T (1985) Sequence similarity between the EGF receptor and al-acid glycoprotein. Nature 314: 199
Tomita M, Hirata Y, Uchihashi M, Fuhita T (1986) Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptors in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells of rat aorta. Endocrinol Jpn 33: 177–184
Tomomura A, Sawada N, Sattler GL, Kleinman HK, Pitot H (1987) The control of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of hepatocytes from adult and young rats: interactions of extracellular matrix components, epidermal growth factor, and the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 130: 221–227
Tomooka Y, DiAugustine RP, McLachlan JA (1986) Proliferation of mouse uterine epithelial cells in vitro. Endocrinology 118: 1011–1018
Tonelli QJ, Sorof S (1980) Epidermal growth factor requirement for development of cultured mammary gland. Nature 285: 250–252
Tonelli QJ, Sorof S (1981) Expression of a phenotype of normal differentiation in cultured mammary glands is promoted by epidermal growth factor and blocked by cyclic adenine nucleotide and prostaglandins. Differentiation 20: 253–259
Topham RT, Chiego DJ, Gattone VH II, Hinton DA, Klein RM (1987) The effect of epidermal growth factor on neonatal incisor differentiation in the mouse. Dev Biol 124: 532–543
Tricoli JV, Nakai H, Byers MG, Bell GI, Shows TB (1986) The gene for human transforming growth factor a is on the short arm of chromosome 2. Cytogenet Cell Genet 42: 94–98
Trzeciak WH, Duda T, Waterman MR, Simpson ER (1987) Effects of epidermal growth factor on the synthesis of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme complex in rat ovarian granulosa cells in primary culture. Mol Cell Endocrinol 52: 43–50
Tsutsumi O, Kurachi H, Oka T (1986) A physiological role of epidermal growth factor in male reproductive function. Science 233: 975–977
Turkington RW (1969) The role of epithelial growth factor in mammary gland development in vitro. Exp Cell Res 57: 79–85
Turley EA, Hollenberg MD, Pratt RM (1985) Effect of epidermal growth factorurogastrone on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and accumulation in vitro in the developing mouse palate. Differentiation 28: 279–285
Twardzik DR, Brown JP, Ranchalis JE, Todaro GJ, Moss B (1985) Vaccinia virus-infected cells release a novel polypeptide functionally related to transforming and epidermal growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 5300–5304
Tyler MS, Pratt RM (1980) Effect of epidermal growth factor on secondary palatal epithelium in vitro: tissue isolation and recombination studies. J Embryo Exp Morpho 58: 93–106
Uchihashi M, Hirata Y, Fujita T, Matsukura S (1982) Age-related decrease of urinary excretion of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF). Life Sci 31: 679–683
Ueno S, Manganaro TF, Donahoe PK (1988) Human recombinant Mullerian inhibiting substance inhibition of rat oocyte meiosis is reversed by epidermal growth factor in vitro. Endocrinology 123: 1652–1658
Ullrich A, Coussens L, Hayflick JS, Dull TJ, Gray A, Tam AW, Lee J, Yarden Y, Libermann TA, Schlessinger J, Downward J, Mayes ELV, Whittle N, Waterfield MD, Seegurg PH (1984) Human epidermal growth factor receptor cDNA sequence and aberrant expression of the amplified gene in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. Nature 309: 418–424
Ulshen MH, Lyn-Coo LE, Raasch RH (1986) Effects of intraluminal epidermal growth factor on mucosal proliferation in the small intestine of adult rats. Gastroenterology 91: 1134–1140
Upton C, Macen JL, McFadden G (1987) Mapping and sequencing of a gene from myxoma virus that is related to those encoding epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha. J Virol 61: 1271–1275
Ushiro H, Cohen S (1980) Identification of phosphotyrosine as a product of epidermal growth factor-activated protein kinase in A-431 cell membranes. J Biol Chem 255: 8363–8365
Vaartjes WJ, de Haas CGM, van den Bergh SG (1985) Differential short-term effects of growth factors on fatty acid synthesis in isolated rat-liver cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 131: 449–455
Vässin H, Bremer KA, Knust E, Campos-Ortega JA (1987) The neurogenic gene delta of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed in neurogenic territories and encodes a putative transmembrane protein with EGF-like repeats. EMBO J 6: 3431–3440
Veal D, Ashcroft T, Marsh C, Gibson GJ, Harris AL (1987) Epidermal growth factor receptors in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 55: 513–516
Velu TJ, Beguinot L, Vass WC, Willingham MC, Merline GT, Pastan I, Lowy DR (1987) Epidermal growth factor-dependent transformation by a human EGF receptor proto-oncogene. Science 238: 1408–1410
Venkatesan S, Gershowitz A, Moss B (1982) Complete nucleotide sequences of two adjacent early vaccinia virus genes located within the inverted terminal repetition. J Virol 44: 637–646
Verhoeven G, Cailleau J (1986) Stimulatory effects of epidermal growth factor on steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 47: 99–106
Verma IM, Sassone-Corsi P (1987) Proto-oncogene fos: complex but versatile regulation. Cell 51: 513–514
Vonderhaar BK (1987) Local effects of EGF, a-TGF, and EGF-like growth factors on lobuloalveolar development of the mouse mammary gland in vivo. J Cell Physiol 132: 581–584
Vonderhaar BK, Nakhasi HL (1986) Bifunctional activity of epidermal growth factor on a-and K-casein gene expression in rodent mammary glands in vitro. Endocrinology 119: 1178–1184
von Rüden T, Wagner EF (1988) Expression of functional human EGF receptor on murine bone marrow cells. EMBO J 7: 2749–2756
Wadsworth SC, Vincent WS, Bilodeau-Wentworth D (1985) A Drosophila genomic sequence with homology to human epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 314: 178–180
Wahl M, Carpenter G (1988) Regulation of epidermal growth factor-stimulated formation of inositol phosphates in A-431 cells by calcium and protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 263: 7581–7590
Wahl MI, Sweatt D, Carpenter G (1987) Epidermal growth factor ( EGF) stimulates inositol trisphosphate formation in cells which overexpress the EGF receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 142: 688–695
Wahl MI, Daniel TO, Carpenter G (1988) Antiphosphotyrosine recovery of phospholipase C activity after EGF treatment of A-431 cells. Science 241: 968–970
Wahl MI, Nishibe S, Pann-Ghill S, Rhee SG, Carpenter G (1989) Epidermal growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-II indenpendently of receptor internalization and extracellular calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1568–1572
Wallner BP, Mattaliano RJ, Hession C, Cate RL, Tizard R, Sinclair LK, Foeller C, Chow EP, Browning JL, Ramachandran KL, Pepinsky RB (1986) Cloning and expression of human lipocortin, a phosphlipase A2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Nature 320: 77–81
Watanabe K, Nakagawa S, Nishida T (1987) Stimulatory effects of fibronectin and EGF on migration of corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28: 205–211
Watanabe S, Lazar E, Sporn MB (1987) Transformation of normal rat kidney ( NRK) cells by an infections retrovirus carrying a synthetic rat type a transforming growth factor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 1258–1262
Weaver LT, Freiberg E, Israel EJ, Walker WA (1988) Epidermal growth factor in human amniotic fluid. Gastroenterology 95: 1436
Welsh TH Jr, Hsueh AJW (1982) Mechanism of the inhibitory action of epidermal growth factor on testicular androgen biosynthesis in vitro. Endocrinology 110: 1498–1506
Wen D, Dittman WA, Ye RD, Deaven LL, Majerus PW, Sadler JE (1987) Human thrombomodulin: complete cDNA sequence and chromosome localization of the gene. Biochemistry 26: 4350–4357
Westermark K, Karlsson FA, Westermark B (1983) Epidermal growth factor modulates thyroid growth and function in culture. Endocrinology 112: 1680–1686
Wharton KA, Johansen KM, Xu T, Artavanis-Tsakonas S (1986) Nucleotide sequence from the neurogenic locus notch implies a gene product that shares homology with proteins containing EGF-like repeats. Cell 43: 567–581
White BA (1985) Evidence for a role of calmodulin in the regulation of prolactin gene expression. J Biol Chem 260: 1213–1217
White BA, Bancroft FC (1983) Epidermal growth factor and thyrotropin-releasing hormone interact synergistically with calcium to regulate prolactin mRNA levels. J Biol Chem 258: 4618–4622
Wilcox JN, Derynck R (1988a) Localization of cells synthesizing transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in the mouse brain. J Neurosci 8: 1901–1904
Wilcox JN, Derynck R (1988b) Developmental expression of transforming growth factor alpha and beta in mouse fetus. Mol Cell Biol 8: 3415–3422
Winkler ME, Bringman T, Marks BJ (1986) The purification of fully active recombinant transforming growth factor a produced in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 261: 13838–13843
Wolffe AP, Bersimbaev RI, Tata JR (1985) Inhibition by estradiol of binding and mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor in primary cultures of Xenopus hepatocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 40: 167–173
Wong AJ, Bigner SH, Bigner DD, Kinzler KW, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B (1987) Increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in malignant gliomas is invariably associated with gene amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6899–6903
Woost PG, Brightwell J, Eiferman RA, Schultz GS (1985) Effect of growth factors with dexamethasone on healing of rabbit corneal stromal incisions. Exp Eye Res 40: 47–60
Xu Y-H, Richert N, Ito S, Merlino GT, Pastan I (1984) Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in malignant and normal human cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 7308–7312
Yamamoto T, Nishida T, Miyajima N, Kawai S, Ooi T, Toyoshima K (1983) The erb B gene of avian erythroblastosis virus is a member of the src gene family. Cell 35: 71–78
Yamamoto T, Kamata N, Kawano H, Shimizu S, Kuroki T, Toyoshima K, Rikimaru K, Nomura N, Ishizaki R, Pastan I, Gamou S, Shimizu N (1986) High incidence of amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human squamous carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 46: 414–416
Yarden Y, Schlessinger J (1987a) Self-phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor: evidence for a model of intermolecular allosteric activaion. Biochemistry 26: 1434–1442
Yarden Y, Schlessinger J (1987b) Epidermal growth factor induces rapid, reversible aggregation of the purified epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochemistry 26: 1443–1451
Yarden Y, Ullrich A (1988) Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Annu Rev Biochem 57: 443–478
Yarden Y, Schreiber AB, Schlessinger J (1982) A non-mitogenic analogue of epidermal growth factor induces early responses mediated by epidermal growth factor. J Cell Biol 92: 687–693
Yochem J, Weston K, Greenwald I (1988) The Caenorhabditis elegans lin-12 gene encodes a trans-membrane protein with overall similarity to Drosophila notch. Nature 335: 547–550
Yokota K, Kusaka M, Ohshima T, Yamamoto S, Kurihara N, Yoshino T, Kumegawa M (1986) Stimulation of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cloned osteoblastic cells of mouse (MC373–E1) by epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 261: 15410–15415
Yoneda T, Pratt RM (1981) Mesenchymal cells from the human embryonic palate are highly responsive to epidermal growth factor. Science 213: 563–565
Yoshimoto K, Nakamura T, Ishihara A (1983) Reciprocal effects of epidermal growth factor on key lipogenic enzymes in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and suppression of malic enzyme and lipogenesis. J Biol Chem 258: 12355–12360
Yoshitake S, Schach BG, Foster DC, Davie EW, Kurachi K (1985) Nucleotide sequence of the gene for human factor IX (antihemophilic factor B). Biochemistry 24: 3736–3750
Yuen L, Moss B (1986) Multiple 3’ ends of mRNA encoding vaccinia virus growth factor occur within a series of repeated sequences downstream of T clusters. J Virol 60: 320–323
Zabel BU, Fournier REK, Lalley PA, Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY (1984) Cellular homologs of the avian erythroblastosis virus erb-A and erb-B genes are asyntenic and mouse but asyntenic in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 4874–4878
Zabel BU, Eddy RL, Lalley PA, Scott J, Bell GI, Shows TB (1985) Chromosomal locations of the human and mouse genes for precursors of epidermal growth factor and the ß subunit of nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 469–473
Zakar T, Olson DM (1988) The action of epidermal growth factor on human amnion prostaglandin E2 output. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 66: 769–775
Zerek-Melen G, Lewinski A, Pawlikowski M, Sewerynek E, Kunert-Radek J (1987) Influence of somatostatin and epidermal growth factor ( EGF) on the proliferation of follicular cells in the organ-cultured rat thyroid. Res Exp Med (Berl) 187: 415–421
Zhiwen A, Herington AC, Carson RS, Findley JK, Burger HG (1987) Direct inhibition of rat granulosa cell inhibin production by epidermal growth factor in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 54: 213–220
Zinn K, Keller A, Whittemore L-A, Maniatis T (1988) 2-Aminopurine selectively inhibits the induction of ß-interferon, c fos, and c-myc gene expression. Science 240: 210–213
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carpenter, G., Wahl, M.I. (1990). The Epidermal Growth Factor Family. In: Sporn, M.B., Roberts, A.B. (eds) Peptide Growth Factors and Their Receptors I. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 95 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49295-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49295-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-49297-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-49295-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive