Skip to main content

Understanding Resolution Proofs through Herbrand’s Theorem

  • Conference paper
Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods (TABLEAUX 2013)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 8123))

Abstract

Computer-generated proofs are usually difficult to grasp for a human reader. In this paper we present an approach to understanding resolution proofs through Herbrand’s theorem and the implementation of a tool based on that approach.

The information we take as primitive is which instances have been chosen for which quantifiers, in other words: an expansion tree. After computing an expansion tree from a resolution refutation, the user is presented this information in a graphical user interface that allows flexible folding and unfolding of parts of the proof.

This interface provides a convenient way to focus on the relevant parts of a computer-generated proof. In this paper, we describe the proof-theoretic transformations, the implementation and demonstrate its usefulness on several examples.

Supported by the joint ANR/FWF-project STRUCTURAL, the joint ANR/FWF-project ASAP, the FWF-project ASCOP, the WWTF-project VRG12-04 and the Vienna PhD school in Informatics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Herbrand, J.: Recherches sur la théorie de la démonstration. PhD thesis, Université de Paris (1930)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Buss, S.R.: On Herbrand’s Theorem. In: Leivant, D. (ed.) LCC 1994. LNCS, vol. 960, pp. 195–209. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Miller, D.: A Compact Representation of Proofs. Studia Logica 46(4), 347–370 (1987)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Baaz, M., Leitsch, A.: Cut-elimination and Redundancy-elimination by Resolution. Journal of Symbolic Computation 29(2), 149–176 (2000)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Luckhardt, H.: Herbrand-Analysen zweier Beweise des Satzes von Roth: Polynomiale Anzahlschranken. Journal of Symbolic Logic 54(1), 234–263 (1989)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Bombieri, E., van der Poorten, A.: Some quantitative results related to Roth’s theorem. Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 45(2), 233–248 (1988)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Hetzl, S., Leitsch, A., Weller, D., Woltzenlogel Paleo, B.: Herbrand Sequent Extraction. In: Autexier, S., Campbell, J., Rubio, J., Sorge, V., Suzuki, M., Wiedijk, F. (eds.) AISC/Calculemus/MKM 2008. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5144, pp. 462–477. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Baaz, M., Hetzl, S., Leitsch, A., Richter, C., Spohr, H.: CERES: An Analysis of Fürstenberg’s Proof of the Infinity of Primes. Theoretical Computer Science 403(2-3), 160–175 (2008)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Baaz, M., Hetzl, S., Leitsch, A., Richter, C., Spohr, H.: Cut-Elimination: Experiments with CERES. In: Baader, F., Voronkov, A. (eds.) LPAR 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3452, pp. 481–495. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Urban, C.: Classical Logic and Computation. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge (October 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hetzl, S., Leitsch, A., Weller, D.: Towards Algorithmic Cut-Introduction. In: Bjørner, N., Voronkov, A. (eds.) LPAR-18. LNCS, vol. 7180, pp. 228–242. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Hetzl, S.: Project Presentation: Algorithmic Structuring and Compression of Proofs (ASCOP). In: Jeuring, J., Campbell, J.A., Carette, J., Dos Reis, G., Sojka, P., Wenzel, M., Sorge, V. (eds.) CICM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7362, pp. 438–442. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Horacek, H.: Presenting Proofs in a Human-Oriented Way. In: Ganzinger, H. (ed.) CADE 1999. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1632, pp. 142–156. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Meier, A.: System Description: TRAMP: Transformation of Machine-Found Proofs into ND-Proofs at the Assertion Level. In: McAllester, D. (ed.) CADE 2000. LNCS, vol. 1831, pp. 460–464. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Trac, S., Puzis, Y., Sutcliffe, G.: An interactive derivation viewer. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 174(2), 109–123 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Denzinger, J., Schulz, S.: Recording, Analyzing and Presenting Distributed Deduction Processes. In: Hong, H. (ed.) 1st International Symposium on Parallel Symbolic Computation (PASCO). Lecture Notes Series in Computing, vol. 5, pp. 114–123. World Scientific Publishing (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pfenning, F.: Analytic and non-analytic proofs. In: Shostak, R.E. (ed.) CADE 1984. LNCS, vol. 170, pp. 394–413. Springer, Heidelberg (1984)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Pfenning, F.: Proof Transformations in Higher-Order Logic. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Miller, D.: Proofs in Higher-Order Logic. PhD thesis, Carnegie-Mellon University (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gentzen, G.: Untersuchungen über das logische Schließen I. Mathematische Zeitschrift 39(2), 176–210 (1934)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Dunchev, C., Leitsch, A., Libal, T., Riener, M., Rukhaia, M., Weller, D., Woltzenlogel-Paleo, B.: System Feature Description: Importing Refutations into the GAPT Framework. In: Proof Exchange for Theorem Proving Second International Workshop, PxTP (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mccune, W., Shumsky, O.: Ivy: A Preprocessor And Proof Checker For First-Order Logic. In: Computer-Aided Reasoning: ACL2 Case Studies. Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  23. McCune, W.: Prover9 and mace4 manual - output files (2005-2010), https://www.cs.unm.edu/~mccune/mace4/manual/2009-11A/output.html

  24. Sutcliffe, G.: The TPTP Problem Library and Associated Infrastructure: The FOF and CNF Parts, v3.5.0. Journal of Automated Reasoning 43(4), 337–362 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Dunchev, C., Leitsch, A., Libal, T., Riener, M., Rukhaia, M., Weller, D., Woltzenlogel-Paleo, B.: ProofTool: GUI for the GAPT Framework (to appear)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hetzl, S.: Applying tree languages in proof theory. In: Dediu, A.-H., Martín-Vide, C. (eds.) LATA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7183, pp. 301–312. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Hetzl, S., Libal, T., Riener, M., Rukhaia, M. (2013). Understanding Resolution Proofs through Herbrand’s Theorem. In: Galmiche, D., Larchey-Wendling, D. (eds) Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods. TABLEAUX 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8123. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40537-2_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40537-2_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40536-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40537-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics