Abstract
The study of human attractiveness with pattern analysis techniques is an emerging research field. One still largely unresolved problem is which are the facial features relevant to attractiveness, how they combine together, and the number of independent parameters required for describing and identifying harmonious faces. In this paper, we present a first study about this problem, applied to face profiles. First, according to several empirical results, we hypothesize the existence of two well separated manifolds of attractive and unattractive face profiles. Then, we analyze with manifold learning techniques their intrinsic dimensionality. Finally, we show that the profile data can be reduced, with various techniques, to the intrinsic dimensions, largely without loosing their ability to discriminate between attractive and unattractive faces.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
References
Bashour, M.: History and Current Concepts in the Analysis of Facial Attractiveness. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 118(3), 741–756 (2006)
Cunningham, M.R., Roberts, A.R., Barbee, A.P., Druen, P.B.: Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours: Consistency and variability in the crosscultural perceptions of female attractiveness. Journ. Pers. and Social Psyc. 68, 261–279 (1995)
Etcoff, N.: Beauty and the beholder. Nature 368, 186–187 (1994)
Jones, D.: Physical Attractiveness and the Theory of Sexual Selection: Results from Five Populations. University of Michigan Press, Ann Harbour (1996)
Bottino, A., Laurentini, A.: The Analysis of Facial Beauty: An Emerging Area of Research in Pattern Analysis. In: Campilho, A., Kamel, M. (eds.) ICIAR 2010. LNCS, vol. 6111, pp. 425–435. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Sirovich, L., Kirby, M.: Low-dimensional procedure for the characterization of human faces. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 4, 519–524 (1987)
van der Maaten, L.J.P.: An Introduction to Dimensionality Reduction Using Matlab. Int. Report MICC 07-07, Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands (2007)
Guo, G., Fu, Y., Dyer, C.R., Huang, T.: Image-based human age estimation by manifold learning and locally adjusted robust regression. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing 17(7), 1178–1188 (2008)
Buchala, S., Davey, N., Frank, R.J., Gale, T.M.: Dimensionality reduction of face images for gender classification. In: Proc. IEEE Conf. on Intell. Syst., pp. 88–93 (2004)
Eisenthal, Y., Dror, G., Ruppin, E.: Facial Attractiveness: beauty and the machine. Neural Computation 18, 119–142 (2006)
Ozkul, T., Ozkul, M.H.: Computer simulation tool for rhinoplasty planning. Comput. in Biol. and Med. 34, 697–718 (2004)
Tariq, U., Hu, Y., Huang, T.S.: Gender and Ethnicity identification from silhouetted face profiles. In: IEEE Proc. ICIP, pp. 2441–2444 (November 2009)
Kakadiaris, I.A., Abdelmunim, H., Yang, W., Theoharis, T.: Profile-based face recognition. In: IEEE Proc. FG 2008, pp. 1–8 (2008)
Wu, C.J., Huang, J.S.: Human face profile recognitionby computer. Pattern Recognition 23, 255–259 (1990)
Zhou, X., Bhanu, B.: Human recognition based onface profiles in video. In: Proc. IEEE CVPR, Washington, DC (June 2005)
Pantic, M., Patras, I., Rothkrantz, L.: Facial action recognition in face profiles image sequences. In: Proc. IEEE ICME 2002, pp. 37–40 (2002)
Davidenko, N.: Silhouetted face profiles: A new methodology for face perception research. Journal of Vision 7(4), 6, 1–17 (2007)
Bottino, A., Cumani, S.: A fast and robust method for the identification of face landmarks in profile images. W. Trans. on Comp. 7(8), 1250–1259 (2008)
Grassberger, P., Procaccia, I.: Measuring the Strangeness of Strange Attractors. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 9(1-2), 189–208 (1983)
Keating, C.F.: Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. Social Psychology Quarterly 48, 61–70 (1985)
Zuk, M.: The role of parasites in sexual selection: current evidence and future directions. Advances in the Study of Behavior 21, 39–67 (1992)
Aarabi, P., Hughes, D., Mohajer, K., Emami, M.: The automatic measurement of facial beauty. In: IEEE SMC 2004, pp. 2168–2174 (2004)
Mao, H., Jin, L., Du, M.: Automatic classification of Chinese female facial beauty using Support Vector Machine. In: IEEE SMC 2009, pp. 4842–4846 (2009)
Sutic, D., Breskovic, I., Huic, R., Jukic, I.: Automatic evaluation of facial attractiveness. In: MIPRO 2010, Opatija, May 24-28, pp. 1339–1342 (2010)
Eisenthal, Y., Dror, G., Ruppin, E.: Facial Attractiveness: beauty and the machine. Neural Computation 18, 119–142 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bottino, A., Laurentini, A. (2012). The Intrinsic Dimensionality of Attractiveness: A Study in Face Profiles. In: Alvarez, L., Mejail, M., Gomez, L., Jacobo, J. (eds) Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications. CIARP 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7441. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33275-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33275-3_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-33274-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-33275-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)