Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomatida) from the Pacific Coast of North America: A Preliminary Account

Alcyonidium from the Pacific Coast

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bryozoan Studies 2010

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences ((LNESS,volume 143))

Abstract

We have collected at least eight species of Alcyonidium along the Pacific coast between southern California and British Columbia. One resembles, but cannot be confirmed as, A. parasiticum; the remainder are undescribed. Earlier records from the literature are examined and supposed identifications with European species discredited. Characters of taxonomic utility in a genus with no calcified skeletal parts are reviewed. The characteristic features of the collected species are summarised and problems discussed, to facilitate further study of this genus along the Pacific coast.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Banta WC, McKinney FK, Zimmer RL (1974) Bryozoan monticules: excurrent water outlets? Science NY 185:783–784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergey A, Denning D (1996) Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta). In: Kozloff EN, Price LH (eds) Marine invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg F (1930) Moostierchen oder Bryozoen (Ectoprocten). Tierwelt Deutschl 17:25–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadman PS, Ryland JS (1996a) The characters, reproduction and growth of Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell, 1848 (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida). In: Gordon DP, Smith A, Grant-Mackie J (eds) Bryozoans in space and time. NIWA, Wellington, pp 69–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadman PS, Ryland JS (1996b) Redescription of Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell, 1848 (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida). Zool J Linn Soc 116:437–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castric-Fey A (1971) Sur quelques bryozoaires de l’Archipel de Glenan (Sud-Finistère). Vie Milieu A 22:69–86

    Google Scholar 

  • d’Hondt JL (1983) Tabular keys for the identification of the Recent ctenostomatous Bryozoa. Mém Inst océanogr (Monaco) 14:1–134

    Google Scholar 

  • d’Hondt JL (2001) Flustrina versus Neocheilostomina (Bryozoa). Biosystematical remarks on supraspecific levels. Bull Soc Zool Fr 126:391–406

    Google Scholar 

  • d’Hondt JL, Goyffon M (1989) New data on the intraspecific variability of Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall, 1841), Bryozoa: Ctenostomida studied with gradient polyacrylamide gels. In: Ryland JS, Tyler PA (eds) Reproduction, genetics and distributions of marine organisms. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 273–282

    Google Scholar 

  • de Putron S, Ryland JS (1998) Effects of the ‘Sea Empress’ oil spillage on reproduction and recruitment of Alcyonidium (Bryozoa) populations on Fucus serratus. In: Edwards R, Sime H (eds) The Sea Empress oil spill. T. Dalton & CIWEM, Lavenham, pp 457–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick MH, Herrera-Cubilla A, Jackson JB (2003) Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of free-living Bryozoa (Cupuladriidae) from both sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Mol Phylogenet Evol 27:355–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer SF (1915) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 1. Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. Siboga Exped 28A:1–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward P (1985) Ctenostome bryozoans. In: Synopses of the British fauna, NS, vol 33. Linnean Society, London, pp 1–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Hincks T (1880) A history of the British marine Polyzoa. van Voorst, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz AS (1989) Listing of Recent ctenostome bryozoan species. Version of 23 July 1989. Circulated manuscript, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Jang KH, Hwang UW (2009) Complete mitochondrial genome of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata, Cheilostomata): phylogenetic position of Bryozoa and phylogeny of lophophorates within the Lophotrochozoa. BMC Genomics 10:167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluge GA (1962) Mshanki Severnykh Morei SSSR, vol 76, Opredeliteli po faune SSSR. Akademiia nauk SSSR, Moskva, pp 1–584 (In Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluge GA (1975) Bryozoa of the northern seas of the USSR. Amerind, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Brozec R (1955) Les Alcyonidium de Roscoff et leurs charactères distinctifs (Bryozoaires Ectoproctes). Trav Sta biol Roscoff 33 (4). Archs zool exp gén 93:35–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinsen GMR (1894) Mosdyr. Zool Dan 4:1–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Light SF (1941) Laboratory and field text in invertebrate zoology. Associated Students Store, University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie JA, Keough MJ, Christidis L (2006) Invasion patterns inferred from cytochrome oxidase I sequences in three bryozoans, Bugula neritina, Watersipora subtorquata, and Watersipora arcuata. Mar Biol 149:285–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus E (1940) Mosdyr (Bryozoer eller Polyzoer). Danm Fauna 46:1–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikulina EA, Hanel R, Schäfer P (2007) Cryptic speciation and paraphyly in the cosmopolitan bryozoan Electra pilosa – impact of the Tethys closing on species evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 45:765–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue C, O’Donoghue E (1923) A preliminary list of Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Vancouver Island region. Contrib Can Biol Fish NS 1:143–201

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue CH, O’Donoghue E (1925) Notes on certain Bryozoa in the collection of the University of Washington. Washington University Puget Sound Biological Station Publications 5:15–23

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue CH, O’Donoghue E (1926) A second list of the Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Vancouver Island region. Contrib Can Biol Fish NS 3:49–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Osburn RC, Soule JD (1953) Suborder Ctenostomata. In: Osburn RC (ed) Osburn: Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, part 3, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, Entoporocta and addenda. Allan Hancock Pacific expeditions. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, pp 726–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter JS, Bloor P, Stokell BL, Ryland JS (2000) Intra- and inter-specific variation in tentacle number in the genus Alcyonidium (Bryozoa, Ctenostomatida). In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC (eds) Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association conference. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa

    Google Scholar 

  • Rattenbury JC, Smith RI (1954) Key to the more easily recognized Entoprocta and marine Bryozoa (Ectoprocta). In: Smith RI, Pitelka FA, Abbott DP, Weesner FM (eds) Intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed CG (1991) Bryozoa. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates. Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts EF, Calvin J (1968) Between Pacific tides. Stanford University Press, Stanford

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson A (1900) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition, VI. The Bryozoa. Proc Wash Acad Sci 2:315–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson A (1902) Some observations on Asorhiza occidentalis Fewkes, and related Alcyonidia. In: Proceedings of the Califorina Academy of Sciences, 3rd ser, vol 3, pp 99–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryland JS (1963) Systematic and biological studies on Polyzoa (Bryozoa) from western Norway. Sarsia 14:1–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryland JS (1969) A nomenclatural index to “A History of the British Marine Polyzoa” by T. Hincks (1880). Bull Brit Mus (Nat Hist) Zool 17:207–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryland JS (2001) Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells. J Nat Hist 35:1085–1101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryland JS (2002) Life history characters and ecology of some incrusting ctenostomate Bryozoa. In: Wyse Jackson P, Jones MS, Buttler C (eds) Bryozoan studies 2001. A.A. Balkema, Lisse

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryland JS, Gordon DP (1977) Some New Zealand and British species of Hippothoa (Bryozoa Cheilostomata). Proc R Soc New Zealand 7:17–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryland JS, Porter JS (2005) Variation in zooid size in two west European species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomatida). In: HIM Moyano G, Cancino JM, Jackson PW (eds) Bryozoan studies 2004. A.A. Balkema, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryland JS, Porter JS (2006) The identification, distribution and biology of encrusting species of Alcyonidium (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida) around the coasts of Ireland. Biol Environ Proc Roy Irish Acad 106B:19–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwaninger HR (2008) Global mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and biogeographic history of the antitropically and longitudinally disjunct marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea L. (Cheilostomata): another cryptic marine sibling species complex? Mol Phylogenet Evol 49:893–908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silén L (1942) Carnosa and Stolonifera (Bryozoa) collected by Prof. Dr. Sixtén Bock’s expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands, 1914. Ark Zoo, Stockh 34A:1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Silén L (1943) Notes on Swedish Marine Bryozoa. Ark Zool Stockh 35A:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Soule JD (1951) Two new species of incrusting ctenostomatous Bryozoa from the Pacific. J Wash Acad Sci 41:367–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Soule JD, Soule DF, Pinter PA (1975) Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). In: Smith RI, Carlton JT (eds) Light’s Manual: intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe JP, Ryland JS (1979) Cryptic speciation detected by biochemical genetics in three ecologically important intertidal bryozoans. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 8:395–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe JP, Ryland JS (1987) Some theoretical limitations on the arrangement of zooids in encrusting Bryozoa. In: Ross JRP (ed) Bryozoa: present and past. Western Washington University, Bellingham, pp 277–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe JP, Winston JE (1984) On the identity of Alcyonidium gelatinosum (Linnaeus, 1761) (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata). J Nat Hist 18:853–860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waeschenbach A, Telford MJ, Porter JS, Littlewood DTJ (2006) The complete mitochondrial genome of Flustrellidra hispida and the phylogenetic position of Bryozoa among the Metazoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:195–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waeschenbach A, Cox CJ, Littlewood DTJ, Porter JS, Taylor PD (2009) First molecular estimate of cyclostome bryozoan phylogeny confirms extensive homoplasy among skeletal characters used in traditional taxonomy. Mol Phylogenet Evol 52:241–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We gratefully thank those who facilitated our collecting and study in the USA and Canada: Hank Chaney, Richard Emlett, Jeff Goddard, George Mackie, John and Vicky Pearse, Craig Young, Russel Zimmer and the late Christopher Reed.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

    John S. Ryland

  2. School of Life Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, James Muir Building, Gait 1, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK

    Joanne S. Porter

Authors
  1. John S. Ryland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joanne S. Porter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John S. Ryland .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Christian-Abstrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Luedwig-Meyn-Straße 10, Kiel, 24118, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

    Andrej Ernst

  2. Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany

    Priska Schäfer

  3. Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senck, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany

    Joachim Scholz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ryland, J.S., Porter, J.S. (2013). Species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomatida) from the Pacific Coast of North America: A Preliminary Account. In: Ernst, A., Schäfer, P., Scholz, J. (eds) Bryozoan Studies 2010. Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, vol 143. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16411-8_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation