Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tick

  • Chapter
Genome Mapping and Genomics in Arthropods

Part of the book series: Genome Mapping Genomics Animals ((MAPPANIMAL,volume 1))

  • 745 Accesses

Abstract

Ticks (subphylum Chelicerata: order Ixodida) are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of worldwide medical and veterinary importance. Ticks transmit a wider variety of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa than any other blood-feeding arthropod and they cause direct injury to their host through feeding and attachment. The ongoing Ixodes scapularis (Lyme disease tick) genome project is the first effort to sequence the genome of a tick. Extensive sequencing of genomic and cDNA libraries is also ongoing or anticipated for a variety of other tick species. These projects will enable scientists to determine the genetic basis for important tick phenotypes such as vector competence, host preference, and acaricide resistance. Genetic and physical mapping techniques are required to support genome assembly efforts and to exploit tick genome data. To date, a preliminary I. scapularis linkage map has been produced and physical mapping has been developed for the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. High-density genetic maps and physical mapping methods are needed for a range of tick species in order to advance tick and tick-borne disease research. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of tick genomics and mapping efforts and highlights areas for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, Evans CA, Gocayne JD, et al (2000) The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287:2185–2195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aljamali MN, Sauer JR, Essenberg RC (2002) RNA interference: applicability in tick research. Exp Appl Acarol 28:89–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antolin MF, Bosio CF, Cotton J, Sweeney W, Strand MR, et al (1996) Intensive linkage mapping in a wasp (Bracon hebetor) and a mosquito (Aedes aegypti) with single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Genetics 143:1727–1738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker SC (1998) Distinguishing species and populations of rhipicephaline ticks with its 2 ribosomal RNA. J Parasitol 84:887–892

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker SC, Murrell A (2002) Phylogeny, evolution and historical zoogeography of ticks: a review of recent progress. Exp Appl Acarol 28:55–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker SC, Murrell A (2004) Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names. Parasitology 129(suppl):S15–S36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter GD, Barker SC (1998) Acetylcholinesterase cDNA of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus: characterization and role in organophosphate resistance. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 29:461–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black WC, Piesman J (1994) Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:10034–10038

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boldbaatar D, Sikalizyo SC, Battsetseg B, Xuan X, Fujisaki K (2006) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of an aspartic protease from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 36:25–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosio CF, Rulton RE, Salasek ML, Beaty BJ, Black IV WC (2000) Quantitative trait loci that control vector competence for dengue-2 virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Genetics 156:687–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brusca RC, Brusca GJ (1990) Invertebrates. Sinauer Assoc, Sunderland, MA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2002) Summary of notifiable diseases: United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49:i–xxii, 1–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Childs JE, Paddock CD (2003) The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Annu Rev Entomol 48:307–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • deCastro JJ (1977) Sustainable tick and tickborne disease control in livestock improvement in developing countries. Vet Parasitol 71:77–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de la Fuente J, Almazán C, Blouin EF, Naranjo V, Kocan KM (2005) RNA interference screening in ticks for identification of protective antigens. Parasitol Res 96:137–141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delaye C, Beati L, Aeschlimann A, Renaud F, de Meeus T (1997) Population genetic structure of Ixodes ricinus in Switzerland from allozymic data: no evidence of divergence between sites. Intl J Parasitol 27:769–773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis DT, Piesman JF (2005) Overview of tick-borne infections of humans. In: Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (eds) Tick-borne Diseases of Humans. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington, DC, pp 3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson SJ, Barker SC (1999) Phylogeny of the hard ticks (Ixodidae) inferred from 18S rDNA indicates that the genus Aponomma is paraphyletic. Mol Phylogenet Evol 11:288–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagerberg AJ, Fulton RE, Black IV WC (2001) Microsatellite loci are not abundant in all arthropod genomes: analyses in the hard tick, Ixodes scapularis and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Insect Mol Biol 10:225–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foil LD, Coleman P, Eisler M, Fragoso-Sanchez H, Garcia-Vasquez Z, et al (2004) Factors that influence the prevalence of acaricide resistance and tick-borne diseases. Vet Parasitol 125:163–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francischetti IM, Mather TN, Ribeiro JM (2005) Tick saliva is a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Thromb Haemost 94:167–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukumoto S, Sakaguchi T, You M, Xuan X, Fujisaki T (2006) Tick troponin I-like molecule is a potent inhibitor for angiogenesis. Microvasc Res 71:218–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton RE, Salasek ML, DuTeau NM, Black IV WC (2001) SSCP analysis of cDNA markers provides a dense linkage map of the Aedes aegypti genome. Genetics 158:715–726

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George JE, Pound JM, Davey RB (2004) Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricides. Parasitology 129:S353–S366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie RD, Mbow ML, Titus RG (2000) The immunomodulatory factors of bloodfeeding arthropod saliva. Parasite Immunol 22:319–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg HS, Stafford K III (2005) Management of ticks and tick-borne diseases. In: Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (eds) Tick-borne Diseases of Humans. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington, DC, pp 65–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregson JD (1967) Observations on the movement of fluids in the vicinity of the mouthparts of naturally feeding Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. Parasitology 57:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero FD, Davey RB, Miller RJ (2001) Use of an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay to genotype pyrethroid resistant strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 38:44–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero FD, Miller RJ, Rousseau ME, Sunkara S, Quackenbush J, et al (2005) BmiGI: a database of cDNAs expressed in Boophilus microplus, the tropical/southern cattle tick. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 35:585–595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez R, He H, Chen AC, Ivie GW, George JE, et al (1999) Cloning and sequencing of a putative acetylcholinesterase cDNA from Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 36:764–770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilburn SR, Gunn SJ, Davey RB (1989) The genetics of new world Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) and Boophilus annulatus (Say) in their possible control. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 14:222–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill CA, Gutierrez JA (2000) Analysis of the expressed genome of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum using an EST approach. Microb Comp Genomics 5:89–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill CA, Wikel SK (2005) The Ixodes scapularis genome project: an opportunity for advancing tick research. Trends Parasitol 21:151–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, et al (2002) The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science 298:129–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong YS, Hogan JR, Wang X, Sarkar A, Sim C, et al (2003) Construction of a BAC library and generation of BAC end sequence-tagged connectors for genome sequencing of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Mol Genet Genom 268:720–728

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamroz RC, Guerrero FD, Pruett JH, Oehler DD, Miller RJ (2000) Molecular and biochemical survey of acaricide resistance mechanisms in larvae from Mexican strains of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. J Insect Physiol 46:685–695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jongejan F, Uilenberg G (2004) The global importance of ticks. Parasitology 129: S3–S14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klompen JSK (1992) Comparative morphology of argasid larvae (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae), with notes on phylogenetic relationships. Ann Entomol Soc Am 85:541–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Klompen JSH, Oliver JH Jr (1993) Systematic relationships of the soft ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae). Syst Entomol 18:313–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Klompen JS, Black IV WC, Keirans JE, Oliver JH Jr (1996) Evolution of ticks. Annu Rev Entomol 41:141–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klompen JSH, Black IV WC, Keirans JE, Norris DE (2000) Systematics and biogeography of hard ticks, a total evidence approach. Cladistics 16:79–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klompen H, Dobson SJ, Barker SC (2002) A new subfamily, Bothriocrotoninae n. subfam., for the genus Bothriocroton Keirans, King & Sharrad, 1994 status amend. (Ixodida: Ixodidae), and the synonymy of Aponomma Neumann, 1899 with Amblyomma Koch, 1844. Syst Parasitol 53:101–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labuda M, Trimnell AR, Lièková M, Kasimírová M, Davies GM, et al (2006) An antivector vaccine protects against a lethal vector-borne pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2:e27

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson D, Atkinson P, Hammond M, Bruggner R, MacCallum R, Redmond S, Megy K, Besansky N, Dialynas E, Hill C, Campbell K, Emmert D, Russo S, Christophides G, Birney E, Gelbart W, Louis C, Kafatos F, Severson D, Collins F (2007) VectorBase: a home for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. Nucleic Acids Res 35:D503–D505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li AY, Davey RB, Miller RJ, George JE (2005) Mode of inheritance of amitraz resistance in a Brazilian strain of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 37:183–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCosker PJ (1979) Global aspects of the management and control of ticks of veterinary importance. In: Rodriquez JG (ed) Recent Advances in Acarology, vol II. Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 45–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell M (1996) Acaricide resistance: back to basics. Trop Anim Health Prod 28:53S–58S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulenga A, Azad AF (2005) The molecular and biological analysis of ixodid ticks histamine release factors. Exp Appl Acarol 37:215–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murrell A, Campbell NJ, Barker SC (2001) A total-evidence phylogeny of ticks provides insights into the evolution of life cycles and biogeography. Mol Phylogenet Evol 21:244–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narasimhan S, Montgomery RR, DePonte K, Tschudi C, Marcantonio N, et al (2004) Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 3:1141–1146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navajas N, Fenton B (2000) The application of molecular markers in the study of diversity in acarology: a review. Exp Appl Acarol 24:751–774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nene V, Lee D, Quackenbush J, Skilton R, Mwaura S, et al (2002) AvGi, an index of genes transcribed in the salivary glands of the ixodid tick Amblyomma variegatum. Intl J Parasitol 32:1447–1456

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver JH (1977) Cytogenetics of mites and ticks. Annu Rev Entomol 22:407–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer MJ, Bantle JA, Guo X, Fargo WS (1994) Genome size and organization in the ixodid tick Amblyomma americanum. Insect Mol Biol 3:57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Playford M, Services SB (2005) In: Review of Research Needs for Cattle Tick Control, Phases I and II. Meat and Livestock Australia. Locked Bag 991, North Sydney, NSW 2059

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruett JH (2002) Comparative inhibition kinetics for acetylcholinesterases extracted from organophosphate resistant and susceptible strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Econ Entomol 95:1239–1244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reich CI, Grillo-Torrado JM, Arrieta AP, Zorzopulos J (1978) Boophilus microplus: Strain differences of the cholinesterase system. Exp Parasitol 44:50–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro JM (1989) Role of saliva in tick/host interactions. Exp Appl Acarol 7:15–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro JM (1995) Blood-feeding arthropods: live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists? Infect Agents Dis 4:143–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro JM, Alarcon-Chaidez F, Francischetti IM, Mans BJ, Mather TN, et al (2006) An annotated catalog of salivary gland transcripts from Ixodes scapularis ticks. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 36:111–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos IKF, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JM, de Castro M, Costa JN, et al (2004) Gene discovery in Boophilus microplus, the cattle tick: the transcriptomes of ovaries, salivary glands, and hemocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1026:242–246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares CA, Lima CM, Dolan MC, Piesman J, Beard CB, et al (2005) Capillary feeding of specific dsRNA induces silencing of the isac gene in nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Insect Mol Biol 14:443–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonenshine DE (1991) Biology of Ticks. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Steen NA, Barker SC, Alewood PF (2006) Proteins in the saliva of the Ixodida (ticks): pharmacological features and biological significance. Toxicon 47:1–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sukumaran B, Narasimhan S, Anderson JF, DePonte K, Marcantonio N, et al (2006) An Ixodes scapularis protein required for survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands. J Exp Med 12:1507–1517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Telford SR III, Goethert HK (2004) Emerging tick-borne infections: rediscovered and better characterized, or truly ‘new’? Parasitology 129:S301–S327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Temeyer KB, Davey RB, Chen AC (2004) Identification of a third Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) cDNA presumptively encoding acetylcholinesterase. J Med Entomol 41:259–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann AJ, Piesman J, Dolan MC, Black IV WC (2003) A preliminary linkage map of the hard tick, Ixodes scapularis. Insect Mol Biol 12:201–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann AJ, Lima CM, Guerrero FD, Piesman J, Black WC 4th (2005) Genome size and organization in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis and the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Insect Mol Biol 14:217–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela JG, Francischetti IM, Pham VM, Garfield MK, Mather TN, et al (2002) Exploring the sialome of the tick Ixodes scapularis. J Exp Biol 205:2843–2864

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DH (1998) Tick-transmitted infectious diseases in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 19:237–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DH (2005) Ehrlichia under our noses and no one notices. Arch Virol Suppl 19:147–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wikel SK (1999) Tick modulation of host immunity: an important factor in pathogen transmission. Intl J Parasitol 29:851–859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wikel SK, Alarcon-Chaidez FJ (2001) Progress toward molecular characterization of ectoparasite modulation of host immunity. Vet Parasitol 101:275–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright FC, Ahrens EH (1988) Cholinesterase insensitivity: a mechanism of resistance in Mexican strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) against coumaphos. J Med Entomol 25:234–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu G, Fang QQ, Keirans JE, Durden LA (2003) Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Ixodes ricinus complex is a paraphyletic group. J Parasitol 89:452–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Meltzer MI, Pena CA, Hopkins AB, Wroth L, et al (2006) Economic impact of Lyme disease. Emerg Infect Dis 12:653–660

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Vector, Borne-Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 80521, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Amy J. Ullmann

  2. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901West State Street, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Jeffrey J. Stuart & Catherine A. Hill

Authors
  1. Amy J. Ullmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeffrey J. Stuart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Catherine A. Hill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ullmann, A., Stuart, J., Hill, C. (2008). Tick. In: Genome Mapping and Genomics in Arthropods. Genome Mapping Genomics Animals, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73833-6_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation