Auszug
Das Lungenemphysem ist pathologisch-anatomisch definiert. Man versteht darunter eine irreversible abnorme Erweiterung der lufthaltigen Räume distal der Bronchioli terminales, die mit einer Destruktion der Alveolarsepten einhergeht. Neben der chronischen Bronchitis und der Bronchiolitis ist das Lungenemphysem eine der morphologischen Komponenten der chronisch-obstruktiven Lungenkrankheit (COPD). Bei fortgeschrittenen Formen der COPD besteht mit Regelmäßiigkeit ein erhebliches Lungenemphysem.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Murray RP (2002) Smoking and lung function of lung health study participants after 11 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:675–679
Biernacki W, Gould GA, Whyte K, Flenley DC (1989) Pulmonary hemodynamics, gas exchange, and the severity of emphysema as assessed by quantitative ct scan in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:1509–1515
Bloch KE, Li Y, Zhang J, Bingisser R, Kaplan V, Russi EW (1997) Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respit Crit Care Med 156:553–560
Brantigan OC, Mueller EA, Kress MB (1957) A surgical approach to pulmonary emphysema. Am Surgeon 23:789–804
Carrell RW, Lomas DA (2002) Mechanisms of disease: alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency — a model for conformational diseases. New Engl J Med 346:45–53
Cassivi SD, Meyers BF, Battafarano RJ et al. (2002) Thirteen-year experience in lung transplantation for emphysema. Ann Thorac Surg 74:1663–166
Cooper JD, Trulock EP, Triantafillou AN et al. (1995) Bilateral pneumectomy (volume reduction) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109:106–119
Cooper JD, Patterson GA, Trulock EP, Washington University Lung Transplant Group (1994) Results of single and bilateral lung transplantation in 131 consecutive recipients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107:460–471
Gaensler EA, Carter MG (1950) Ventilation measurements in pulmonary emphysema treated with pneumoperitoneum. J Lab & Clin Med 35:945–959
GOLD (2006) Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD (GOLD guidelines). November 2006; http://www.goldcopd.com/
Goldstein RS, Gort EH, Stubbing D, Avendano MA, Guyatt GH (1994) Randomised controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 344,19:1394–1397
Imfeld St, Bloch KE, Weder W, Russi EW. (2006) The BODE index after lung volume reduction surgery correlates with survival. Chest 129:873–878
Madani A, Zanen J, de Maertelaer V, Gevenois PA (2006) Pulmonary emphysema: objective quantification at multi-detector row CT — comparison with macroscopic and microscopic morphometry. Radiology 238:1036–1093
Massaro GD, Massaro D (1997) Retinoic acid treatment abrogates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Nature Medicine 3:675–677
Maxfield RA (2004) New and emerging minimally invasive techniques for lung volume reduction. Chest 125:777–783
National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group (2001) Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery. N Engl J Med 345:1075–1083
National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group (2003) A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 348:2059–2073
O’Donnell DE, Revill SM, Webb KA (2001) Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:770–777
Russi EW, Stammberger U, Weder W (1997) Lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema. Eur Respir J 19:208–218
Sciurba FC, Rogers RM, Keenan RJ et al. (1996) Improvement in pulmonary function and elastic recoil after lung-reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema. N Engl J Med 334:1095–1099
Teschler H, Stamatis G, El-Raouf Farhat AA, Meyer FJ, Costabel U, Konietzko N (1996) Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on respiratory muscle function in pulmonary emphysema. Eur Respir J 9:1779–1784
Thurnheer R, Bingisser R, Stammberger U, Muntwyler J, Zollinger A, Bloch KE, Weder W, Russi EW (1998) Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on pulmonary hemodynamics in severe pulmonary emphysema. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 13:253–258
Trulock EP, Edwards LB, Taylor DO, Boucek MM, Keck BM, Hertz MI (2006) Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-third official adult lung and heart-lung transplantation report 2006. J Heart Lung Transplant 25:880–892
Tutic M, Lardinois, Imfeld S, Korom S, Boehler A, Speich R, Bloch KE, Russi EW, Weder W (2006) Lung volume reduction surgery as an alternative or bridging procedure to lung transplantation. Ann Thoracic Surg 82:208–213
Weder W, Thurnheer R, Stammberger U, Bürge M, Russi EW, Bloch KE (1997) Radiological emphysema morphology is associated with outcome after surgical lung volume reduction. Ann Thorac Surg 64:313–320
Wewers MD, Casolaro MA, Sellers SE, Swayze SC, McPhaul KM, Wittes JT and Crystal RG (1987) Replacement therapy for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with emphysema. N Engl J Med 316:1055–1062
Literatur
Allen GS, Coates NE (1996) Pulmonary contusion: a collective review. Am Surg 62:895–900
Cohn SM (1997) Pulmonary contusion: review of the clinical entity. J Trauma 42:973–78.
Klein Y, Cohn SM, Proctor KG (2002) Lung contusion: pathophysiology and management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 15:65–68
Literatur
Boyd AD, Glassman LR (1997) Trauma to the lung. Chest Surg Clin N Am 7:263–83
Stahel PF, Schneider P, Buhr HJ, Kruschewski M (2005) Die Notfallversorgung des Thoraxtrauma. Der Orthopäde 34:865–79
Literatur
Kollef MH, Schuster DP (1995) The acute respiratory distress syndrome. NEJM 332:27–37
Repine JE (1992) Scientific perspective on adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 339:466–8
Macnaughton PD, Evans TW (1992) Management of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 339:469–72
Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL et al. (1994) Report of the american-european consensus conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. Int Care Med 20:225–32
Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J et al. (1998) The american-european consensus conference on ARDS, part 2. Ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies and issues related to recovery and remodeling. Int Care Med 24:378–98
Ware LB, Matthay MA (2000) The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1334–1349
Literatur
ATS, Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005) Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care 171:388–416
Bauer TT, Ewig S, Marre R et al.; The CAPNETZ Study Group (2006) CRB-65 predicts death from community-acquired pneumonia. J Intern Med 260: 93–101
Davies SF, Sarosi GA (1994) Infectious diseases of the lung/fungal infections. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA (ed) Textbook of respiratory medicine, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1161–1200
Fanta CH, Pennington JE. (1989) Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. In: Pennington JE (ed) Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, pp 221–240
Feldmann C, Ross S, Mahomed AG, Omar J, Smith C (1995) The aetiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia and its impact of initial, empiric, antimicrobial chemotherapy. Respir Med 89:187–192
Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yeale DM et al. (1997) A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 336:243–250
Finegold SM (1989) Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess and empyema. In: Pennington JE (ed) Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, pp 264–275
Flückiger U, Battegay M, Laifer G (2007) Diagnostik bei ambulant erworbener Pneumonie. Internist 48:468–475
Fraser DW, RF Tsai, Orenstein W (1997) Legionaires disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl J Med 297: 1189–1197
Fraser RG, Paré JA, Paré PD, Fraser RS, Genereux GP (eds) (1989) Infectious diseases of the lungs, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
Gerberding JL, Sande MA (1994) Infectious diseases of the lungs/general principles and diagnostic approach. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA (ed) Textbook of respiratory medicine, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 963–976
Hayden FG, Gwaltney, JM Jr (1994) Infectious diseases of the lungs/viral infections. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA (ed) Textbook of respiratory medicine, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 977–1035
Höffken G, Lorenz J, Kern W et al. (2005) S3-Leitlinie zu ambulant erworbener Pneumonie und tiefen Atemwegsinfektionen. Pneumologie 59:612–664
Hopwell PC, Bloom BR (1994) Infectious diseases of the lungs/tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA (ed) Textbook of respiratory medicine, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1094–1160
Johnson CC, Finegold SM (1994) Infectious diseases of the lungs/pyogenic bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, and empyema. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA (ed) Textbook of respiratory medicine, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1036–1093
Lode H, Schaberg T, Raffenberg M (1997) Therapie der nosokomialen Pneumonie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 122:93–96
Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. (2007) Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 44: 27–72
Marrie TJ, Peeling RW, Fine MJ, Singer DE, Coley CM, Kapoor WN (1996) Ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia: the frequency of atypical agents and clinical course. Am J Med 101:508–515
Moine P, Vercken JB, Chevret S, Chastang C, Gajdos P (1994) Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis factors. (French Study Group for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit). Chest 105: 1487–1495
Pennington JE (1989) Community-acquired pneumonia and acute bronchitis. In: Pennington JE (ed) Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, pp 159–170
Pennington JE (1989) Hospital-acquired pneumonia. In: Pennington JE (ed) Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, pp 171–186
Pennington JE (1989) Opportunistic fungal pneumonias: aspergillus, mucor, candida, torulopsis. In: Pennington JE (ed) Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, pp 443–456
Petersen C, Mills J (1994) Infectious diseases of the lungs/parasitic infections. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA (ed) Textbook of respiratory medicine, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1201–1244
Riquelme R, Torres A, el-Ebiary M et al. (1996) Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:1450–1455
Roig J, Domingo C, Morera J (1994) Legionaires disease. Chest 105:1817–1825
Schaberg T, Dalhoff K, Lorenz J, Mauch H, Wilkens H, Witt C (1997) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie: Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik der ambulant erworbenen Pneumonie. Pneumologie 51:69–77
Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Hospital I et al. (2006) Protective effects of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly population. The EVAN-65 study. Clin Infect Dis 43:860–868
Literatur
American Thoracic Society (1997) Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:S1–25
Casanova JL, Abel L (2002) Genetic dissection of immunity to mycobacteria: the human model. Annu Rev Immunol 20: 581–620
Corbett EL, Marston B et al. (2006) Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, challenges, and change in the era of antiretroviral treatment. Lancet 367(9514):926–37
Cox H, Kebede Y et al. (2006) Tuberculosis recurrence and mortality after successful treatment: impact of drug resistance. PLoS Med 3(10):e384
Daley CL, Griffith DE (2002) Pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobycteria. Clin Chest Med 23:623–32
Diel R, Ernst M et al. (2006) Avoiding the effect of BCG-vaccination in detecting MTB infection with a blood test. Eur Respir J 28:16–23
Dye C (2006) Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet 367(9514):938–40
Ellis SM, Hansell DM (2002) Imaging of Non-tuberculous (Atypical) Mycobycterial Pulmonary Infection. Cin Radiol 57:661–9
Ewer K, Deeks J et al. (2003) Comparison of T-cell-based assay with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a school tuberculosis outbreak. Lancet 361(9364):1168–73
Ferrara GM, Losi et al. (2006) Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study. Lancet 367(9519):1328–34
Field SK, Fisher D, Cowie RL (2004) Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in patients without HIV infection. Chest 126:566–81
Field SK, Cowie RL (2006) Lung disease due to more common nontuberculous mycobycteria. Chest 129:1653–72
Garcia Garcia JM, Palacios Gutierrez JJ et al. (2005) Respiratory infections caused by environmental mycobacteria. Arch Bronconeumol 41(4):206–19
Greinert U, Zabel P (2003) Tuberculosis-current therapeutic principles. Internist 44(11):1394–405
Greinert U, Schlaak M, Rüsch, Gerdes S et al. (2000) Low in vitro production of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha in HIV-seronegative patients with pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. J Cin Immunol 20:445–52
Hallstrand TS, Ochs HD, Zhu Q et al. (2004) Inhaled IFN-γ for persistent nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease due to functional INF-γ deficiency. Eur Respir J 24:367–70
Henry MT, Inamdar L, O’Riordain et al. (2004) Nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-HIV patients: epidemiology, treatment and response. Eur Respir J 23:741–6
Jafari C, Ernst M et al. (2006) Rapid diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis by bronchoalveolar lavage enzyme-linked immunospot. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174(9):1048–54
Kim JS, Tanaka N, Newell JD et al. (2005) Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: CT scan findings, genotype, and treatment responsiveness. Chest 128:3863–9
Konietzko N (2000) Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium infections in no immunosuppressed patients: a new disease? Pneumologie 54:454–7
Lange C, Schaaf B et al. (2004) HIV and lung. Pneumologie 58(6):416–27
Lange C, Schaberg T et al. (2006) Current position regarding the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 131(7):341–7
Lange CG, Schieferstein C et al. (2007) Tuberculosis. HIV medicine 2007. www.hivmedicine.com 15:1-14
Marras TK, Daley CL (2002) Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Chest Med.23:553–67
Marras TK, Wallace jr. RJ, Koth LL et al. (2005) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis reaction to Mycobacterium avium in household water. Chest 127:664–71
Mukherjee JS, Rich ML, Socci AR et al. Programmes and principles in treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet 2004;363:474–81
Olivier KN, Weber DJ, Wallace RJ jr et al. (2003) Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. I: multicenter prevalence study in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:828–34
Pai M, Riley LW et al. (2004) Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 4(12):761–76
Richeldi L (2006) An update on the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174(7):736–42
Robert Koch Institut (2005) Bericht zur Epidemiologie der Tuberkulose in Deutschland für 2003. Robert Koch Institut, Berlin
Schaberg T, Forssbohm M et al. (2001) Guidelines for drug treatment of tuberculosis in adults and childhood. Pneumologie 55(11):494–511
Schaberg T, Hauer B et al. (2004) Latent tuberculosis infection: recommendations for preventive therapy in adults in Germany. Pneumologie 58(4):255–70
Schaberg T, Hauer B et al. (2004) Recommendations for personal respiratory protection in tuberculosis. Pneumologie 58(2):92–102
Sokal JE (1975) Editorial: Measurement of delayed skin-test responses. N Engl J Med 293(10):501–2
Waller EA, Roy A, Brumble L et al. (2006) The expanding spectrum of Mycobacterium avium Complex-associated pulmonary disease. Chest 130:1234–41
WHO (2005) Report: Global Tuberculosis Control — Surveillance, Planning, Financing. World Health Organization, Genf
Literatur
ATS/ ERS (2002) International multidisciplinary consensus classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:277–304
ATS (2000) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:646–64
Katzenstein AL, Myers JL (1998) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Clinical relevance of pathologic classification. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1301–15
King T, Schwarz MI (1999) Interstitial Lung Diseases. Decker, Hamilton, London
Lange S (1986) Radiologische Diagnostik der Lungenerkrankungen. Thieme, Stuttgart
Shonfeld N, Frank W, Wenig S (1993) Clinical and radiologic features, lung function and therapeutic results in pulmonary histiocytosis X. Respiration 60:38–44
Sennekamp J, Müller-Wening D, Amthor M et al. (2006) Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik der exogen-allergischen Alveolitis. Allergologie 29:431–438
Fichter J, Doberauer C, Seegenschmiedt H (2007) Langerhans-Zellhistiozytose des Erwachsenen — eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Adults — an Interdisciplinary Challenge. Dtsch Arztebl 104:34–35
Literatur
Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC et al. (1998) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients. Medicine 77/3:195–207
Brown KK. (2006) Pulmonary Vasculitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3:48–57.
Cannon GW, Zimmermann GA (eds) (1990) The lung in rheumatic diseases. Dekker, New York, Basel
Cheema GS, Quismorio FP (2000) Interstitial lung disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Pulmon Med 6:424–429
Collins CE, Quismorio FP Jr (2005) Pulmonary involvement in microscopic polyangiitis. Cur Opin Pulm Med 11:447–451
Crausman RS, Achenbach GA, Pluss WT, O’Brien RF, Jennings CA (1995) Pulmonary capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J Rheumatol 22/3:554–556
Dawson JK, Fewins HE, Desmond J, Lynch MP, Graham DR (2001) Fibrosing alveolitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as assessed by high resolution computed tomography, chest radiopgraphy, and pulmonary function tests. Thorax 56:622–627
Dheda K, Lallo UG, Cassim B, Mody GM (2004) Experience with azathioprine in systemic sclerosis associated with interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol 23:306–309
Fauci AS, Barton H, Katz P, Wolff S (1983) Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 98:76–85
Fujisawa T, Suda T, Nakamura Y et al. (2005) Differences in clinical features and prognosis of interstitial lung diseases between polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 32:58–64
Frankel SK, Cosgrove GP, Fischer A, Meehan RT, Brown K. (2006) Update in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary vasculits. Chest: 452–465
Hellmich B, Metzler C, Gross WL (2006) Churg-Strauss-Syndrom — Aktueller Stand der Diagnostik und Therapie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 131:2270–2274
Ito I, Nagia S, Kitaichi M et al (2005) Pulmonary manifestations of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 632–638
Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K et al. (2003) A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 349:36–44
Jenette JC, Falk RJ (1997) Small-vessel vasculitis. N Engl. J Med 337:1512–1523
Jenette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K et al. (1994) Chapel Hill: Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 37(2):187–192
Jennings CA, King TE Jr, Tuder R, Cherniack RM, Schwarz MI (1997) Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with underlying isolated, pauciimune pulmonary capillaritis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:1101–1109
Lamprecht P, Gause A, Gross WL (1999) Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 42(12):2507–2516
Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Bloch DA et al. (1990) The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Wegeners granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 33:1101–1107
Lee H-K, Kim DS, Yoo B et al. (2005) Histopathologic pattern and clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease. Chest 127:2019–2027
Levy JB, Turner AN, Rees AJ, Pusey CD (2001) Long-term outcome of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease treated with plasma exchange and immunosuppression. Ann Intern Med 134:1033–1042
Lynch JP, Fishbein MC, White ES (2007) Pulmonary Vasculitis. In: Costabel U, du Bois RM, Egan JJ (eds) Diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Karger, Basel, S. 196–211
Mahadeva R, Walsh G, Flower CDR, Shneerson JM (2000) Clinical and radiological characteristics of lung disease in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur Respir J 15:41–48
Nadrous HF, Yu AC, Specks U, Ryu JH (2004) Pulmonary involvement in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Mayo Clin Proc 79:1151–1157
Nugent AM, Elliott H, McGuigan JA, Varghese G (1996) Pulmonary amyloidosis: treatment with laser therapy and systemic steroids. Repiration Medicine 90:433–435
Olson AL, Schwarz MI (2007) Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage. In: Costabel U, du Bois RM, Egan JJ (eds) Diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Karger, Basel, S. 250–263
Parambil JG, Myers JL, Lindell RM, Matteson EL, Ryu JH (2006) Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren syndrome. Chest 130:1489–1495
Park I-N, Kim SD, Shim TS et al. (2007) Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 132:214–220
Park JH, Kim DS, Park I-N et al. (2007) Prognosis of fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. Idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease-related subtypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:705–711
Patatanian E, Thompson DF (2002) A review of methotrexate-induced accelerated nodulosis. Pharmacotherapy 22:1157–1162
Reinhold-Keller E, Herlyn K, Wagner-Bastmeyer R, Gross WL (2005) Stable incidence of primary stemic vasculitides over five years: results from the German vasculitis register. Arthritis Rheum 53:93–99
Röcken C, Ernst J, Hund E et al. (2006) Interdisziplinäre Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie der extrazerebralen Amyloidosen. Med Klin 101:825–82
Röther E, Kempis J von, Peter HH (1999) Kriterien zur Diagnose oder Klassifikation rheumatischer Erkrankungen, 3. Aufl. Rheumazentrum Südbaden der Medizinischen Universitätsklinik Freiburg
Sanchez O, Sitbon O, Jais X, Simonneau G, Humbert M (2006) Immunosuppressive therapy in connective tissue diseases-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 130:182–189
Steen VD, Medsger TA (2007) Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972–2002. Ann Rheum Dis 66:940–944
Tansey D, Wells AU, Colby TV et al. (2004) Variations in histological patterns of interstitial pneumonia between connective tissue disorders and their relationship to prognosis. Histopathology 44:585–596
Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ et al. (2006) Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease. N Engl J Med 354:2655–2666
Uzun O, Akpolat T, Erkan L (2005) Pulmonary vasculitis in Behcet disease: a cumulative analysis. Chest 127:2243–2253
Vanoli M, Daina E, Salvarani C et al. (2005) Takayasu’s arteritis: a study of 104 Italian patients. Arthritis Rheum 53:100–107
Verleden GM, Demedts MG, Westhovens R, Thomeer M (eds) (2005) Pulmonary manifestations of systemic diseases. Eur Respir Monograph 34, Volume 10, European Respirator Society Journals, Sheffield
Willms H, Gutjahr K, Juergens UR et al. (2007) Die idiopathische pulmonale Hämosiderose. Med Klin 102:445–50
Yousem SA, Colby TV, Carrington CB (1985) Lung biopsy in rheumatoid arthritis. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:770–777
Literatur
Askling J, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Hillerdal G, Ekbom A (1999) Increased risk for cancer following sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160(5 Pt 1):1668–72
Baughman RP, Drent M, Kavuru M et al. (2006) Sarcoidosis Investigators. Infliximab therapy in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:795–802
Becker ML, Rose CD (2005) Blau syndrome and related genetic disorders causing childhood arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 7(6):427–33
Biller H, Zissel G, Ruprecht B, Nauck M, Busse Grawitz A, Müller-Quernheim J (2006) Genotype-corrected reference values for serum angiotensin-converting enzyme. Eur Respir J 28(6):1085–90
Bohle W, Schaefer HE (1994) Predominant myocardial sarcoidosis. Pathol Res Pract 190(2):212–7; discussion 217–9
Carlesimo M, Giustini S, Rossi A, Bonaccorsi P, Calvieri S (1995) Treatment of cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 32(5 Pt 2):866–9
Gibson G, Prescott R, Muers M et al. (1996) British Thoracic Society sarcoidosis study: Effects of long term corticosteroid treatment. Thorax 51:238–47
Hunninghake GW, Gilbert S, Pueringer R et al. (1994) Outcome of the treatment of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:893–8
Mende D, Suchenwirth R (1990) Neurosarkoidose, vergleichende Analyse des klinischen Profils anhand von 537 Beobachtungen aus der Weltliteratur bis 1963 und von 1976–1988. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 58:7–18
Müller-Quernheim J, Kienast K, Held M, Pfeifer S, Costabel U (1998) Treatment of sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur Respir J 157:A31
Müller-Quernheim J (1998) Sarcoidosis: immunopathogenetic concepts and their clinical application. Eur Respir J 12(3):716–38
Müller-Quernheim J, Gaede KI, Prasse A, Zissel G (2007) Chronische Berylliose. Pneumologie 61:109–16
Seersholm N, Vestbo J, Viskum K (1997) Risk of malignant neoplasms in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax 52(10):892–4
Shammas RL, Movahed A (1993) Sarcoidosis of the heart. Clin Cardiol 16:462–72
Suzuki T, Kanda T, Kubota S, Imai S, Murata K (1994) Holter monitoring as a noninvasive indicator of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis. Chest 106:1021–4
Viskum K, Vestbo J (1993) Vital prognosis in intrathoracic sarcoidosis with special reference to pulmonary function and radiological stage. Eur Respir J 6:349–53
Zabel P, Entzian P, Dalhoff K, Schlaak M (1997) Pentoxifylline in treatment of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:1665–9
Ziegenhagen MW, Benner UK, Zissel G, Zabel P, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J (1997) Sarcoidosis: TNF-alpha release from alveolar macrophages and serum level of sIL-2R are prognostic markers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1586–92
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Costabel, U. et al. (2008). Lungenparenchymerkrankungen. In: Matthys, H., Seeger, W. (eds) Klinische Pneumologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37692-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37692-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-37682-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-37692-7
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)