Skip to main content

Kognitive und sozial-kognitive Determinanten: Stereotype und Vorurteile

  • Chapter
Diskriminierung und Toleranz

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Kapitel werden wir die Lern-, Gedächtnis- und Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse beleuchten, die bei der Entstehung, Anwendung oder auch Veränderung von Stereotypen und Vorurteilen eine Rolle spielen. Hierzu zählen etwa die folgenden Fragestellungen: Wie sind soziale Gruppen im Gedächtnis repräsentiert? Wie entstehen solche Repräsentationen? Wie und unter welchen Bedingungen werden sie im Alltag aktiviert? Wie beeinflussen sie unser Denken, Fühlen und Handeln? Zuletzt nähern wir uns der Frage, ob beziehungsweise wie sie veränderbar sind. Ziel dieses Kapitels ist es, ein grundlegendes Verständnis über das Entstehen und die Funktionsweise von Vorurteilen und Stereotypen als Basis von sozialer Diskriminierung zu schaffen und für die Toleranzförderung verfügbar zu machen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Weiterführende Literatur

  • Blair, I. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 242–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Förster, Jens (2007). Kleine Einführung ins Schubladendenken. Vom Nutzen und Nachteil des Vorurteils. München: Random house/dva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macrae, C. N. & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Social Cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Literatur

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 3–51). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargh, J. (1999). The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dualprocess theories in social psychology (pp. 361–382). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, I., Ma, J. & Lenton, A. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 828–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (vol.1, pp. 1–36). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1314–1329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, N. & Greenwald, A. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H. & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, K. (1991). The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctivenessbased illusory correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 24–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T. & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from categorybased to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, D. & Hixon, J. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, D. & Malone, P. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gollwitzer, P. & Schaal, B. (1998). Metacognition in action: the importance of implementation intentions. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 2, 124 - 136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. L. & Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. L. & Rose, T. L. (1980). Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832–845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. & Sherman, J. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1–68). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastie, R. & Kumar, A. (1979). Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 25–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hugenberg, K. & Bodenhausen, G. (2003). Facing prejudice: Implicit prejudice and the perception of facial threat. Psychological Science, 14, 640–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M. R. & Hewstone, M. (1993). Intergroup attributions and affective consequences in majority and minority groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 936–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. & Hewstone, M. (1992). Cognitive models of stereotype change. III: Subtyping and the perceived typicality of disconfirming group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 360–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., Moll, J., Hermsen, S. & Russin, A. (2000). Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 871–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klauer, K. & Wegener, I. (1998). Unraveling social categorization in the ’Who said what?’ paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1155–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunda, Z. & Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for subtyping deviants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y., Jussim, I. & McCauley, C. R. (Eds.). (1995). Stereotype accuracy. Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepore, L. & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowery, B., Hardin, C. & Sinclair, S. (2001). Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 842–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V. & Milne, A. B. (1995). The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 397–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae, C., Bodenhausen, G., Milne, A. & Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 808–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae, C., Bodenhausen, G., Milne, A., Thorn, T. & Castelli, L. (1997). On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 471–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Schloerscheidt, A. M. & Milne, A. B. (1999). Tales of the unexpected: Executive function and person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 200–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae, C. N., Hewstone, M. & Griffiths, R. J. (1993). Processing load and memory for stereotypebased information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 77–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, K. L., Park, B. & Rothbart, M. (1995). Subtyping versus subgrouping processes in stereotype representation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 812–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, C., Ostrom, T., Tyner, L. & Mitchell, M. (1985). Person perception in heterogeneous groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1449–1459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meiser, T. & Hewstone, M. (2004). Cognitive processes in stereotype formation: The role of correct contingency learning for biased judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 599–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meiser, T. & Hewstone, M. (2006). Illusory and spurious correlations: Distinct phenomena or joint outcomes of exemplarbased category learning? European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 315–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moors, A. & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport’s cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rojahn, K. & Pettigrew, T. F. (1992). Memory for schemarelevant information: A metaanalytic resolution. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 81–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, E. B., Hummert, M. L. & Boich, L. H. (1995). Communication predicaments of aging: Patronizing behavior toward older adults. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14, 144–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagar, H. & Schofield, J. (1980). Racial and behavioral cues in Black and White children’s perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 590–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, M. & O’Brien, M. (1992). “Intuitive analysis of covariance” and group stereotype formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 776–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D. (2004). The psychology of stereotyping. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, J. W., Conrey, F. R. & Groom, C. J. (2004). Encoding flexibility revisited: Evidence for enhanced encoding of stereotypeinconsistent information under cognitive load. Social Cognition, 22, 214–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, J. W., Lee, A. Y., Bessenoff, G. R. & Frost, L. A. (1998). Stereotype efficiency reconsidered: Encoding flexibility under cognitive load. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 589–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, L. & Kunda, Z. (1999). Reactions to a Black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 885–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stangor, C. & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancycongruent and expectancyincongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., Fiske, S., Etcoff, N. & Ruderman, A. (1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778–793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, M. & Fiske, S. (2005). Controlling racial prejudice: Socialcognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation. Psychological Science, 16, 56–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. & Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 815–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Word, C., Zanna, M. & Cooper, J. (1974). The nonverbal mediation of selffulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 109–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Degner, J., Meiser, T., Rothermund, K. (2009). Kognitive und sozial-kognitive Determinanten: Stereotype und Vorurteile. In: Beelmann, A., Jonas, K.J. (eds) Diskriminierung und Toleranz. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91621-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91621-7_4

  • Publisher Name: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-531-15732-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-531-91621-7

  • eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Science (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics