Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Applications of CT for Non-destructive Testing and Materials Characterization

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Industrial X-Ray Computed Tomography

Abstract

Several important technological and economic trends are shaping the research on non-destructive testing techniques. X-ray computed tomography is also a NDT product of these ongoing developments and has become a very important tool for doctors, material scientists, geologists, biologists, civil engineers, bio-engineers, dentists, quality engineers, etc., all dealing with materials of which the fine internal structure or the changes within the material are of outmost importance to understand the behaviour of the material or to have insights in the processes going on. X-ray CT with micron- and submicron resolution is now well accepted in those disciplines. In the next paragraphs a wide variety of application fields will be addressed in order to show how X-ray CT can be applied as an NDT technique for quality control, the study of the material behaviour and its functional properties under specified environmental conditions, and for production and material optimization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdin Y, Lomov SV, Jain A, Van Lenthe H, Verpoest I (2014) Geometrical characterization and micro-structural modelling of short steel fiber composites. Compos A 67:171–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abera MK, Verboven P, Herremans E et al (2014) 3D virtual pome fruit tissue generation based on cell growth modeling. Food Bioprocess Technol 7:542–555. doi:10.1007/s11947-013-1127-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn S, Jung SY, Lee SJ (2013) Gold nanoparticle contrast agents in advanced X-ray imaging technologies. Molecules 18:5858–5890. doi:10.3390/molecules18055858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akbarabadi M, Saraji S, Piri M (2014) High-resolution three-dimensional characterization of pore networks in shale reservoir rocks. In: Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC), p 1870621

    Google Scholar 

  • Alajmi AF, Grader A (2009) Influence of fracture tip on fluid flow displacements. J Porous Media 12(5):435–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altman SJ, Aminzadeh B, Balhoff MT, Bennett PC, Bryant SL, Cardenas MB, Chaudhary K, Cygan RT, Deng W, Dewers T, DiCarlo DA, Eichhubl P, Hesse MA, Huh C, Matteo EN, Mehmani Y, Tenney CM, Yoon H (2014) Chemical and hydrodynamic mechanisms for long-term geological carbon storage. J Phys Chem C 118:15103–15113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aminzadeh B, Chung DH, Bryant SL, Huh C, DiCarlo DA (2013) CO2 leakage prevention by introducing engineered nanoparticles to the in-situ brine. Energy Procedia 37:5290–5297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew M, Bijeljic B, Blunt M (2015) Reservoir condition pore-scale imaging of multiple fluid phases using X-ray microtomography. J Visualized Exp 96:52440. doi:10.3791/52440

    Google Scholar 

  • Andries J, Van Itterbeeck P, Vandewalle L, Van Geysel A (2015) Influence of concrete flow on spatial distribution and orientation of fibres in steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete. Paper presented at the fib symposium, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • Anselmetti FS, Eberli GP (1993) Controls on sonic velocity in carbonates. Pure Appl Geophys 141(2–4):287–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archie GE (1952) Classification of carbonate reservoir rocks and petrophysical considerations. AAPG Bull 36(2):278–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Aregawi W, Defraeye T, Verboven P et al (2013) Modeling of coupled water transport and large deformation during dehydration of apple tissue. Food Bioprocess Technol 6:1963–1978. doi:10.1007/s11947-012-0862-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker A et al (2008) Quantitative screening of engineered implants in a long bone defect model in Rabbits. Tissue Eng Part C 14(3):251–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bale H, Blacklock M, Begley MR, Marshall DB, Cox BN, Ritchie RO (2012) Characterizing three-dimensional textile ceramic composites using synchrotron X-ray micro-computed-tomography. J Am Ceram Soc 95(1):392–402. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04802.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bansal PN et al (2011) Cationic contrast agents improve quantification of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by contrast enhanced CT imaging of cartilage. J Orthop Res 29(5):704–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barburski M, Straumit I, Zhang X, Wevers M, Lomov SV (2015) Micro-CT analysis of internal structure of sheared textile composite reinforcement. Compos A 73:45–54. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.03.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barradas AM et al (2011) Osteoinductive biomaterials: current knowledge of properties, experimental models and biological mechanisms. Eur Cell Mater 21:407–429 (Discussion 429)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baveye P, Rogasik H, Wendroth O, Onasch I, Crawford JW (2002) Effect of sampling volume on the measurement of soil physical properties: simulation with X-ray tomography data. Meas Sci Technol 13(5):775–784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bear J (1972) Dynamics of fluids in porous media. Courier Corporation

    Google Scholar 

  • Bech M, Jensen TH, Feidenhans R et al (2009) Soft-tissue phase-contrast tomography with an X-ray tube source. Phys Med Biol 54:2747–53. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/54/9/010

  • Berg S, Armstrong R, Ott H, Georgiadis A, Klapp SA, Schwing A (2014) Multiphase flow in porous rock imaged under dynamic flow conditions with fast X-ray computed micro-tomography. Petrophysics 55(4):304–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmans L, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Beullens M, Wevers M, Van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P (2002a) Smooth flexible versus active tapered shaft design using NiTi rotary instruments. Int Endod J 35(10):820–828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmans L, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Beullens M, Wevers M, Van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P (2003) Progressive versus constant tapered shaft design using NiTi rotary instruments. Int Endod J 36(4):288–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmans L, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Verbeken E, Wevers M, Van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P (2002b) Cervical external root resorption in vital teeth. J Clin Periodontol 29(6):580–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmans L, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Wevers M, Lambrechts P (2001) A methodology for quantitative evaluation of root canal instrumentation using microcomputed tomography. Int Endod J 34(5):390–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beucher S, Meyer F (1992) The morphological approach to segmentation: the watershed transformation. Optical Engineering-New York-Marcel Dekker Incorporated 34:433–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Blacklock M, Bale H, Begley M, Cox B (2012) Generating virtual textile compo-site specimens using statistical data from micro-computed tomography: 1D tow representations for the Binary Model. J Mech Phys Solids 60(3):451–470. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2011.11.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blunt MJ, Bijeljic B, Dong H, Gharbi O, Iglauer S, Mostaghimi P, Paluszny A, Pentland C (2013) Pore-scale imaging and modelling. Adv Water Resour 51:197–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouvet de Maisonneuve C, Bachmann O, Burgisser A (2009) Characterization of juvenile pyroclasts from the Kos Plateau Tuff (Aegean Arc): Insights into the eruptive dynamics of a large rhyolitic eruption. Bull Volc 71(6):643–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borba M, Cesar PF, Griggs JA, Della Bona Á (2011) Adaptation of all-ceramic fixed partial dentures. Dent Mater 27:1119–1126. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2011.08.004

  • Brabant L, Vlassenbroeck J, De Witte Y, Cnudde V, Boone MN, Dewanckele J, Van Hoorebeke L (2011) Three-dimensional analysis of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography data with Morpho+. Microsc Microanal 17:252–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brechbühler C, Gerig G, Kübler O (1995) Parametrization of closed surfaces for 3-D shape description. Comput Vis Image Underst 61(2):154–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brigaud B, Vincent B, Durlet C, Deconinck JF, Blanc P, Trouiller A (2010) Acoustic properties of ancient shallow-marine carbonates: effects of depositional environments and diagenetic processes (Middle Jurassic, Paris Basin, France). J Sed Res 80(9):791–807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brosse E, Magnier C, Vincent B (2005) Modelling fluid-rock interaction induced by the percolation of CO2-enriched solutions in core samples: the role of reactive surface area. Oil Gas Sci Technol 60(2):287–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E (1938) Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J Am Chem Soc 60(1):309–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bultreys T, Van Hoorebeke L, Cnudde V (2015) Multi-scale, micro-computed tomography-based pore network models to simulate drainage in heterogeneous rocks. Adv Water Resour 78:36–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buytaert J et al (2014) Volume shrinkage of bone, brain and muscle tissue in sample preparation for micro-CT and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). Microsc Microanal 20(4):1208–1217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cancedda R, Giannoni P, Mastrogiacomo M (2007) A tissue engineering approach to bone repair in large animal models and in clinical practice. Biomaterials 28(29):4240–4250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantre D, Herremans E, Verboven P et al (2014) Characterization of the 3-D microstructure of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao) during ripening using X-ray computed microtomography. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 24:28–39. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2013.12.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson W (2006a) Three-dimensional imaging of earth and planetary materials. Earth Planet Sci Lett 249:133–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson W (2006b) Three-dimensional imaging of earth and planetary materials. Earth Planet Sci Lett 249:133–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrera C, Lan C, Escobar-Sanabria D, Li Y, Rudney J, Aparicio C et al (2015) The use of micro-CT with image segmentation to quantify leakage in dental restorations. Dent Mater 2015:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2015.01.002

  • Chai YC et al (2012) Ectopic bone formation by 3D porous calcium phosphate-Ti6Al4V hybrids produced by perfusion electrodeposition. Biomaterials 33(16):4044–4058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary K, Cardenas MB, Wolfe WW, Maisano JA, Ketcham RA, Bennett PC (2013) Pore-scale trapping of supercritical CO2 and the role of grain wettability and shape. Geophys Res Lett 40:3878–3882

    Google Scholar 

  • Choquette P, Pray L (1970) Geologic nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates. AAPG Bull 54(2):207–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang Y-C, Rösch P, Dabanoglu A, Lin C-P, Hickel R, Kunzelmann K-H (2010) Polymerization composite shrinkage evaluation with 3D deformation analysis from microCT images. Dent Mater 26:223–231. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.09.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho E, Sadr A, Inai N, Tagami J (2011) Evaluation of resin composite polymerization by three dimensional micro-CT imaging and nanoindentation. Dent Mater 27:1070–1078. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2011.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung MK, Dalton KM, Davidson RJ (2008) Tensor-based cortical surface morphometry via weighted spherical harmonic representation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 27(8):1143–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claes S, Soete J, Cnudde V, Swennen R (2016) A 3 dimensional classification for mathematical pore shape description in complex carbonates. Mathematical Geosciences, (accepted)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausnitzer V, Hopmans JW (1999) Determination of phase-volume fractions from tomographic measurements in two-phase systems. Adv Water Resour 22(6):577–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cnudde V, Boone M, Dewanckele J, Dierick M, Van Hoorebeke L, Jacobs P (2011) 3D characterization of sandstone by means of X-ray computed tomography. Geosphere 7:54–61. doi:10.1130/GES00563.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cnudde V, Boone MN (2013) High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in geosciences: a review of the current technology and applications. Earth Sci Rev 12:1–17. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole LE, Ross RD, Tilley JM et al (2015) Gold nanoparticles as contrast agents in X-ray imaging and computed tomography. Nanomedicine (Lond) 10:321–341. doi:10.2217/nnm.14.171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coles ME, Spanne P, Muegge EL, Jones KW (1994) Computed microtomography of reservoir core samples. In: Proceedings of international symposium of the society of core analysts

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles ME, Hazlett RD, Spanne P, Soll WE, Muegge EL, Jones KW (1998) Pore level imaging of fluid transport using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. J Pet Sci Eng 19:55–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Contrepois M, Soenen A, Bartala M, Laviole O (2013) Marginal adaptation of ceramic crowns: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 110. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2013.08.003

  • Cormode DP, Jarzyna PA, Mulder WJM, Fayad ZA (2010) Modified natural nanoparticles as contrast agents for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:329–338. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalla E, Hilpert M, Miller CT (2002) Computation of the interfacial area for two-fluid porous medium systems. J Contam Hydrol 56(1–2):25–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis GR, Evershed AN, Mills D (2013) Quantitative high contrast X-ray microtomography for dental research. J Dent 41(5):475–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Santis R, Mollica F, Prisco D, Rengo S, Ambrosio L, Nicolais L (2005) A 3D analysis of mechanically stressed dentin-adhesive-composite interfaces using X-ray micro-CT. Biomaterials 26:257–270. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Degruyter W, Bachmann O, Burgisser A (2010a) Controls on magma permeability in the volcanic conduit during the climactic phase of the Kos Plateau Tuff eruption (Aegean Arc). Bull Volc 72(1):63–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Degruyter W, Burgisser A, Bachmann O, Malaspinas O (2010b) Synchrotron X-ray microtomography and lattice Boltzmann simulations of gas flow through volcanic pumices. Geosphere 6(5):470–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Della Bona Á, Borba M, Benetti P, Duan Y, Griggs JA (2013) Three-dimensional finite element modelling of all-ceramic restorations based on micro-CT. J Dent 41:412–419. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2013.02.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desplentere F, Lomov SV, Woerdeman DL, Verpoest I, Wevers M, Bogdanovich A (2005) Micro-CT characterization of variability in 3D textile architecture. Compos Sci Technol 65:1920–1930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desrues J, Viggiani G, Besuelle P (2010) Advances in X-ray tomography for geomaterials. ISTE, London, pp 143–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewanckele J, De Kock T, Boone MA, Cnudde V, Brabant L, Boone MN, Fronteau G, Van Hoorebeke L, Jacobs P (2012) 4D imaging and quantification of pore structure modifications inside natural building stones by means of high resolution X-ray CT. Sci Total Environ 416:436–448. doi:10.1016/j.Scitoenv.2011.11.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhondt S, Vanhaeren H, Van Loo D et al (2010) Plant structure visualization by high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Trends Plant Sci 15:419–422. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobkins JE Jr, Folk RL (1970) Shape development on Tahiti-nui. J Sediment Res 40(4):1167–1203

    Google Scholar 

  • Donis-González IR, Guyer DE, Pease A (2012) Application of Response Surface Methodology to systematically optimize image quality in computer tomography: A case study using fresh chestnuts (Castanea spp.). Comput Electron Agric 87:94–107. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2012.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donis-González IR, Guyer DE, Fulbright DW, Pease A (2014) Postharvest noninvasive assessment of fresh chestnut (Castanea spp.) internal decay using computer tomography images. Postharvest Biol Technol 94:14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.02.016

  • Drazeta L, Lang A, Hall AJ et al (2004) Causes and effects of changes in xylem functionality in apple fruit. Ann Bot 93:275–282. doi:10.1093/aob/mch040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duan Y, Griggs JA (2015) Effect of elasticity on stress distribution in CAD/CAM dental crowns: glass ceramic vs. polymer-matrix composite. J Dent 43:742–749. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2015.01.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorkin J, Derzhi N, Qian F, Nur A, Nur B, Grader A, Baldwin C, Tono H, Diaz E (2009) From micro to reservoir scale: permeability from digital experiments. Leading Edge 28(12):1446–1453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eden E, Topaloglu-Ak A, Cuijpers V, Frencken J (2008) Micro-CT for measuring marginal leakage of class II resin composite restorations in primary molars prepared in vivo. Am J Dent 21:393–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkhoury JE, Ameli P, Detwiler RL (2013) Dissolution and deformation in fractured carbonates caused by flow of CO2-rich brine under reservoir conditions. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 16:S203–S215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott JC, Bromage TG, Anderson P, Davis G, Dover SD (1989) Application of X-ray microtomography to the study of dental hard tissues. In: Fearnhead RW, Fearnhead DW (eds) Tooth enamel, 5th edn. Florence Publishers, pp 429–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott JC, Boakes R, Dover SD, Bowen DK (1988) Biological applications of microtomography. In: Sayre D, Howells M, Kirz J, Rarback H (eds) X-ray Microscopy, 2nd edn., Springer, Heidelberg, pp 349–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Endruweit A, Zeng X, Long AC (2014) Multiscale modeling of combined deterministic and stochastic fabric non-uniformity for realistic resin injection simulation. Adv Manuf Polym Compos Sci 1:3–15. doi:10.1179/2055035914Y.0000000002

    Google Scholar 

  • Ersoy O, Aydar E, Gourgaud A, Bayhan H (2008) Quantitative analysis on volcanic ash surfaces: application of extended depth-of-field (focus) algorithm for light and scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction. Micron 39(2):128–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans D, Benn D (2014) A practical guide to the study of glacial sediments, Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabry G et al (1988) Treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis with the Ilizarov technique. J Pediatr Orthop 8(1):67–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanta SW, Abera MK, Aregawi W et al (2014) Microscale modeling of coupled water transport and mechanical deformation of fruit tissue during dehydration. J Food Eng 124:86–96. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.10.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fei J et al (2010) Imaging and quantitative assessment of long bone vascularization in the adult rat using microcomputed tomography. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 293(2):215–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferracane JL (2008) Buonocore lecture. Placing dental composites–a stressful experience. Oper Dent 33:247–257. doi:10.2341/07-BL2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fliegener S, Luke M, Gumbsch P (2014) 3D microstructure modeling of long fiber reinforced thermoplastics. Compos Sci Technol 104:136–145. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.09.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fogden A, Latham S, McKay T, Marathe R, Turner ML, Kingston A, Senden T (2015) Micro-CT analysis of pores and organics in unconventionals using novel contrast strategies. In: Unconventional resources technology conference (URTeC), p 1922195

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourar M, Konan G, Fichen C (2005) Tracer tests for various carbonate cores using X-ray CT. SCA paper, pp 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Galli C et al (2005) Comparison of human mandibular osteoblasts grown on two commercially available titanium implant surfaces. J Periodontol 76(3):364–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebart BR (1992) Permeability of unidirectional reinforcements for RTM. J Compos Mater 26(8):1100–1133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadis A, Berg S, Makurat A, Maitland G, Ott H (2013) Pore-scale micro-computed-tomography imaging: Nonwetting-phase cluster-size distribution during drainage and imbibitions. Phys Rev E 88(033002):1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.88.033002

  • Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) Cellular solids: structure and properties. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goudie AS, Anderson M, Burt T, Lewin J, Richards K, Whalley BWorsley P (eds) (2003) Geomorphological techniques. 2nd ed. Routledge, London, 709 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Graupner N, Beckmann F, Wilde F, Muessig J (2014) Using synchroton radiation-based micro-computer tomography (SR μ-CT) for the measurement of fibre orientations in cellulose fibre-reinforced polylactide (PLA) compo-sites. J Mater Sci 49(1):450–460. doi:10.1007/s10853-013-7724-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guldberg RE et al (2008) 3D imaging of tissue integration with porous biomaterials. Biomaterials 29(28):3757–3761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunst V, Mavridou A, Huybrechts B, Van Gorp G, Bergmans L, Lambrechts P (2013) External cervical resorption: an analysis using cone beam and microfocus computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Int Endod J 46(9):877–887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habibovic P, de Groot K (2007) Osteoinductive biomaterials–properties and relevance in bone repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 1(1):25–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habibovic P et al (2006) Osteoinduction by biomaterials–physicochemical and structural influences. J Biomed Mater Res A 77(4):747–762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habraken W et al (2016) Calcium phosphates in biomedical applications: materials for the future? Mater Today 19(2):69–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han S-H, Sadr A, Tagami J, Park S-H, Non-destructive evaluation of an internal adaptation of resin composite restoration with swept-source optical coherence tomography and micro-CT. Dent Mater 2015:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2015.10.009

  • Hanson AJ (1988) Hyperquadrics: Smoothly deformable shapes with convex polyhedral bounds. Comput Vis Graph Image Process 44(2):191–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harjkova G, Barburski M, Lomov SV, Kononova O, Verpoest I (2014) Weft knit-ted loop geometry measured with X-ray micro-computer tomography. Textile Res J 84:500–512. doi:http://trj.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/12/06/0040517513503730

  • Heintze SD, Zimmerli B (2011) Relevance of in vitro tests of adhesive and composite dental materials. A review in 3 parts. Part 3: in vitro tests of adhesive systems. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 121:1024–40. doi:smfz-2011-11-01 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  • Heintze SD (2007) Laboratory tests on marginal quality and bond strength. J Adhes Dent 9:77–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickx R, Buyninckx K, Schueremans L et al (2010) Observation of the failure mechanism of brick masonry doublets with cement and lime mortars by microfocus X-ray computed tomography. In: Paper presented at the 8th International Masonry Conference, Dresden, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Herremans E, Melado-Herreros A, Defraeye T et al (2014) Comparison of X-ray CT and MRI of watercore disorder of different apple cultivars. Postharvest Biol Technol 87:42–50. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herremans E, Verboven P, Bongaers E et al (2013) Characterisation of “Braeburn” browning disorder by means of X-ray micro-CT. Postharvest Biol Technol 75:114–124. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herremans E, Verboven P, Hertog ML et al (2015) Spatial development of transport structures in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit. Front Plant Sci. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00679

  • Herremans E, Verboven P, Verlinden BE et al (2015b) Automatic analysis of the 3-D microstructure of fruit parenchyma tissue using X-ray micro-CT explains differences in aeration. BMC Plant Biol 15:264. doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0650-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickel R, Peschke A, Tyas M, Mjör I, Bayne S, Peters M et al (2010a) FDI World Dental Federation—clinical criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect restorations. Update and clinical examples. J Adhes Dent 12:259–272. doi:10.3290/j.jad.a19262

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickel R, Peschke A, Tyas M, Mjör I, Bayne S, Peters M et al (2010b) FDI World Dental Federation: clinical criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect restorations-update and clinical examples. Clin Oral Investig 14:349–366. doi:10.1007/s00784-010-0432-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickel R, Roulet J, Bayne S, Heintze S, Mjör I, Peters M et al (2007) Recommendations for conducting controlled clinical studies of dental restorative materials. Science Committee Project 2/98–FDI World Dental Federation study design (Part I) and criteria for evaluation (Part II) of direct and indirect restorations includi. J Adhes Dent 9(1):121–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirata R, Clozza E, Giannini M, Farrokhmanesh E, Janal M, Tovar N et al (2014) Shrinkage assessment of low shrinkage composites using micro-computed tomography. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014:1–9. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33258

  • Ho QT, Rogge S, Verboven P et al (2015) Stochastic modelling for virtual engineering of controlled atmosphere storage of fruit. J Food Eng. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.07.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho QT, Verboven P, Verlinden BE et al (2011) A three-dimensional multiscale model for gas exchange in fruit. Plant Physiol 155:1158–1168. doi:10.1104/pp.110.169391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh J (2009) Computed tomography. principle, design, artifacts, and recent advances, 2nd edn. SPIE and Wiley, Washington, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang TT, He LH, Darendeliler MA, Swain MV (2010) Correlation of mineral density and elastic modulus of natural enamel white spot lesions using X-ray microtomography and nanoindentation. Acta Biomater 6(12):4553–4559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang BG, Ahn S, Lee SJ (2014) Use of gold nanoparticles to detect water uptake in vascular plants. PLoS One 9:e114902. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacker-Guhr S, Ibarra G, Oppermann LS, Lührs AK, Rahman A, Geurtsen W (2015) Evaluation of microleakage in class V composite restorations using dye penetration and micro-CT. Clin Oral Investig 2015:1–10. doi:10.1007/s00784-015-1676-0

  • Janke NC (1966) Effect of shape upon the settling velocity of regular convex geometric particles. J Sed Res 36(2):370–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen FW et al (2006) A perfusion bioreactor system capable of producing clinically relevant volumes of tissue-engineered bone: In vivo bone formation showing proof of concept. Biomaterials 27(3):315–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen TH, Böttiger A, Bech M et al (2011) X-ray phase-contrast tomography of porcine fat and rind. Meat Sci 88:379–383. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.01.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AC et al (2004) Analysis of 3D bone ingrowth into polymer scaffolds via micro-computed tomography imaging. Biomaterials 25(20):4947–4954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AC et al (2007) Assessment of bone ingrowth into porous biomaterials using MICRO-CT. Biomaterials 28(15):2491–2504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jungreuthmayer C et al (2009) A comparative study of shear stresses in collagen-glycosaminoglycan and calcium phosphate scaffolds in bone tissue-engineering bioreactors. Tissue Eng Part A 15(5):1141–1149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kampschulte M, Langheinirch AC, Sender J, Litzlbauer HD, Schwab JD, Martels G et al (2016) Nano-computed tomography : technique and applications nanocomputertomografie. Technik und Applikationen 2016:146–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpyn ZT, Alajmi A, Radaelli F, Halleck PM, Grader AS (2009) X-ray CT and hydraulic evidence for a relationship between fracture conductivity and adjacent matrix porosity. Eng Geol 103(3–4):139–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kato A, Ohno N (2008) Construction of three-dimensional tooth model by micro-computed tomography and application for data sharing. Clin Oral Investig 13:43–46. doi:10.1007/s00784-008-0198-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazantsev D, Van Eyndhoven G, Lionheart WRB, Withers PJ, Dobson KJ, McDonald SA, Atwood R, Lee PD (2016) Employing temporal self-similarity across the entire time domain in computed tomography reconstruction. Phil Trans R Soc A 373:20140389. http://dxdoi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0389

  • Kerckhofs G et al (2013) Contrast-enhanced nanofocus computed tomography images the cartilage subtissue architecture in three dimensions. Eur Cell Mater 25:179–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerckhofs G et al (2014) Contrast-enhanced nanofocus x-ray computed tomography allows virtual three-dimensional histopathology and morphometric analysis of osteoarthritis in small animal models. Cartilage 5(1):55–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerckhofs G et al (2016) Combining microCT-based characterization with empirical modelling as a robust screening approach for the design of optimized CaP-containing scaffolds for progenitor cell-mediated bone formation. Acta Biomater

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerckhofs G et al (2012) High‐resolution microfocus X‐ray computed tomography for 3D surface roughness measurements of additive manufactured porous materials. Adv Eng Mater 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerckhofs G et al (2016) Simultaneous 3D visualization and quantification of the bone marrow adiposity and vascularity using novel contrast agents for contrast-enhanced computed tomography, in IBMS2016March. Brugge, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketcham RA (2005) Computational methods for quantitative analysis of three-dimensional features in geological specimens. Geosphere 1:32–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ketcham RA (2006) Accurate three-dimensional measurements of features in geological materials from X-ray computed tomography data. In: Desrues J, Viggiani G, Besuelle, J, (eds) Advances in X-ray Tomography for Geomaterials, ISTE, London, 143–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketcham RA, Carlson WD (2001) Acquisition, optimization and interpretation of X-ray computed tomographic imagery: applications to the geosciences. Comput Geosci 27:381–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Park SH (2014) Measurement of the internal adaptation of resin composites using micro-CT and its correlation with polymerization shrinkage. Oper Dent 39:E57–E70. doi:10.2341/12-378-L

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klette R (1996) A Parametrization of digital planes by least-squares fits and generalizations. Graphical Models Image Process 58(3):295–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruyt M et al (2008) Analysis of the dynamics of bone formation, effect of cell seeding density, and potential of allogeneic cells in cell-based bone tissue engineering in goats. Tissue Eng Part A 14(6):1081–1088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuijs RH, Fennis WMM, Kreulen CM, Barink M, Verdonschot N (2003) Does layering minimize shrinkage stresses in composite restorations ? J Dent Res 82:967–971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai P, Samson C, Bose P (2014) Surface roughness of rock faces through the curvature of triangulated meshes. Comput Geosci 70:229–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lammertyn J, Dresselaers T, Van Hecke P et al (2003) MRI and x-ray CT study of spatial distribution of core breakdown in “Conference” pears. Magn Reson Imaging 21:805–815. doi:10.1016/S0730-725X(03)00105-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer R, Vacanti JP (1993) Tissue engineering. Science 260(5110):920–926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauridsen T, Glavina K, Colmer TD et al (2014) Visualisation by high resolution synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography of gas films on submerged superhydrophobic leaves. J Struct Biol 188:61–70. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2014.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long H, Swennen R, Foubert A, Dierick M, Jacobs P (2009) 3D quantification of mineral components and porosity distribution in Westphalian C sandstone by microfocus X-ray computed tomography. Sed Geol 220:116–125. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.07.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lønøy A (2006) Making sense of carbonate pore systems. AAPG Bull 90(9):1381–1405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucia FJ (1995) Rock-Fabric: petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization. AAPG Bull 9(9):1275–1300

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukeneder A, Lukeneder S, Gusenbauer C (2014) Computed tomography and laser scanning of fossil cephalopods (Triassic and Cretaceous) Denisia 32, zugleich Kataloge des oberosterreichischen Landesmuseums Neue Serie 157:81–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusic H, Grinsta MW (2013) X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusic H, Grinstaff MW (2013) X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents. Chem Rev 113(3):1641–1666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luso S, Luder HU (2012) Resorption pattern and radiographic diagnosis of invasive cervical resorption. A correlative microCT, scanning electron and light microscopic evaluation of a case series. Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin 122:914–930

    Google Scholar 

  • Magne P (2007) Efficient 3D finite element analysis of dental restorative procedures using micro-CT data. Dent Mater 23:539–548. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2006.03.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariethoz G, Straubhaar J, Renard P, Chugunova T, Biver P (2015) Environmental modelling and software constraining distance-based multipoint simulations to proportions and trends. Environ Model Softw 72:184–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mavridou AM, Pyka G, Kerckhofs G, Wevers M, Bergmans L, Gunst V, Huybrechts B, Schepers E, Hauben E, Lambrechts P (2016a) A novel multimodular methodology to investigate external cervical tooth resorption. Int Endod J 49(3):287–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mavridou AM, Pyka G, Wevers M, Lambrechts P (2016b) Applying Nano-CT technology in endodontology: understanding external cervical root resorption. Paper presented in European Society of Endodontics conference, Barcelona 16–19 September 2015. Int Endod J 49(1):41. doi:10.1111/iej.12496

    Google Scholar 

  • Mees F, Swennen R, Van Geet M, Jacobs P (2003) Applications of X-ray computed tomography in geology and related domains: Introductory Paper Geol Soc Lond Spec 215:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehmani Y, Sun T, Balhoff MT, Eichhubl P, Bryant S (2012) Multiblock pore-scale modeling and upscaling of reactive transport: application to carbon sequestration. Transp Porous Med 95:305–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metscher BD (2009) MicroCT for comparative morphology: simple staining methods allow high-contrast 3D imaging of diverse non-mineralized animal tissues. BMC Physiol 9:11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer F (1994) Topographic distance and watershed lines. Sig Process 38(1):113–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miklos R, Nielsen MS, Einarsdóttir H et al (2014) Novel X-ray phase-contrast tomography method for quantitative studies of heat induced structural changes in meat. Meat Sci 100C:217–221. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Mlekusch B (1999) Fibre orientation in short-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics II. Quantitative measurements by image analysis. Compos Sci Technol 59:547–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mostaghimi P, Blunt MJ, Bijeljic B (2013) Computations of absolute permeability on micro-CT images. Math Geosci 45(1):103–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa K et al (2001) Determining optimal surface roughness of TiO2 blasted titanium implant material for attachment, proliferation and differentiation of cells derived from human mandibular alveolar bone. Clin Oral Implant Res 12(5):515–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naouar N, Vidal-Sallà E, Schneider J, Maire E, Boisse P (2014) Meso-scale FE analyses of textile composite reinforcement deformation based on X-ray computed tomography. Compos Struct 116:165–176. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.04.026

  • Neves AA, Jaecques S, Van Ende A, Cardoso MV, Coutinho E, Lührs A-K et al (2014) 3D-microleakage assessment of adhesive interfaces: exploratory findings by μCT. Dent Mater 30:799–807. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neves FS (2013) Radicular dens invaginatus in a mandibular premolar: cone-beam computed tomography findings of a rare anomaly. Oral Radiol. 29(1):70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neves FS, Pontual, AD, Campos PSF, Frazao MAG, de Almeida SM, Ramos-Perez FMD

    Google Scholar 

  • Neves AA, Coutinho E, De Munck J, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B (2011) Does DIAGNOdent provide a reliable caries-removal endpoint? J Dent 39(5):351–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neves AA, Coutinho E, Vivan Cardoso M, Jaecques SV, Van Meerbeek B (2010) Micro-CT based quantitative evaluation of caries excavation. Dent Mater 26(6):579–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nico PS, Ajo-Franklin JB, Benson SM, McDowell A, Silin DB, Tomutsa L, Wu Y (2010) Synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography and geological CO2 sequestration. In advances in computed tomography for geomaterials, GeoX 2010 (eds Alshibli KA, Reed AH), Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaï BM, Defraeye T, De Ketelaere B et al (2014) Nondestructive measurement of fruit and vegetable quality. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 5:285–312. doi:10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oi T, Saka H, Ide Y (2004) Three-dimensional observation of pulp cavities in the maxillary first premolar tooth using micro-CT. Int Endod J 37(1):46–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe H, Blunt MJ (2004) Prediction of permeability for porous media reconstructed using multiple-point statistics. Phys Rev E 70(6):66135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panarese V, Dejmek P, Rocculi P, Gómez Galindo F (2013) Microscopic studies providing insight into the mechanisms of mass transfer in vacuum impregnation. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 18:169–176. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2013.01.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papadimitropoulos A et al (2007) Kinetics of in vivo bone deposition by bone marrow stromal cells within a resorbable porous calcium phosphate scaffold: An X-ray computed microtomography study. Biotechnol Bioeng 98(1):271–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauwels E et al (2013) An exploratory study of contrast agents for soft tissue visualization by means of high resolution X-ray computed tomography imaging. J Microsc 250(1):21–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pazmino J, Carvelli V, Lomov SV (2014) Micro-CT analysis of the internal deformed geometry of a non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave e-glass composite reinforcement. Compos B 65:147–157. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.11.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng S, Hu Q, Dultz S, Zhang M (2012) Using X-ray computed tomography in pore structure characterization for a Berea sandstone: resolution effect. J Hydrol 472–473:254–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters O, Laib A, Ruegsegger P, Barbakow F (2000) Three-dimensional analysis of root canal geometry by high-resolutin computed tomography. J Dent Res 79(6):1405–1409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peyrin F et al (2007) SEM and 3D synchrotron radiation micro-tomography in the study of bioceramic scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 97(3):638–648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peysson Y (2012) Permeability alteration induced by drying of brines in porous media. Eur Phys J Appl Phys 60(2):24206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto J, Solorzano E, Rodriguez-Perez MA, de Saja JA (2013) Characterization of the cellular structure based on user-interactive image analysis procedures. J Cell Plast 49(6):555–575. doi:10.1177/0021955x13503847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Place ES, Evans ND, Stevens MM (2009) Complexity in biomaterials for tissue engineering. Nat Mater 8(6):457–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Razavi MR, Muhunthan B, Al Hattamleh O (2007) Representative elementary volume analysis of sands using X-ray computed tomography. Geotech Test J 30(3):212–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remeysen K, Swennen R (2008) Application of microfocus computed tomography in carbonate reservoir sedimentology: possibilities and limitations. Mar Pet Geol 25:486–499. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley CM (2003) Quantitative shape measurements of distal volcanic ash. J Geophys Res 108(B10):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues FP, Li J, Silikas N, Ballester RY, Watts DC (2009) Sequential software processing of micro-XCT dental-images for 3D-FE analysis. Dent Mater 25:47–55. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues FP, Silikas N, Watts DC, Ballester RY (2012) Finite element analysis of bonded model Class I “restorations” after shrinkage. Dent Mater 28:123–132. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roels S, Carmeliet J (2006) Analysis of moisture flow in poreus materials using microfocus X-ray radiography. Int J Heat Mass Transf 49:4762–4772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roels S, Vandersteen K, Carmeliet J (2003) Measuring and simulating moisture uptake in a fractured porous medium. Adv Water Resour 26(3):237–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogge S, Defraeye T, Herremans E et al (2015) A 3D contour based geometrical model generator for complex-shaped horticultural products. J Food Eng 157:24–32. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.02.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roulet JF (1994) Marginal integrity: clinical significance. J Dent 22:S9–S12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau D, Widiez T, Di Tommaso S et al (2015) Fast virtual histology using X-ray in-line phase tomography: application to the 3D anatomy of maize developing seeds. Plant Methods 11:55. doi:10.1186/s13007-015-0098-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salgado AJ, Coutinho OP, Reis RL (2004) Bone tissue engineering: State of the art and future trends. Macromol Biosci 4(8):743–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt M, Halisch M, Müller C, Fernandes CP (2016) Classification and quantification of pore shapes in sandstone reservoir rocks with 3-D X-ray micro-computed tomography. Solid Earth 7:285–300. doi:10.5194/se-7-285-2016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider LFJ, Cavalcante LM, Silikas N (2010) Shrinkage stresses generated during resin-composite applications: a Review. J Dent Biomech. doi:10.4061/2010/131630

  • Sharp G, Lee S, Wehe D (2002) ICP registration using invariant features. IEEE Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(1):90–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea T, Houghton BF, Gurioli L, Cashman KV, Hammer JE, Hobden BJ (2010) Textural studies of vesicles in volcanic rocks: an integrated methodology. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 190:271–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shemesh H (2016) Endodontic instrumentation and root filling procedures: effect on mechanical integrity of dentin. Endod Topics 33(1):43–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shilo M, Reuveni T, Motiei M, Popovtzer R (2012) Nanoparticles as computed tomography contrast agents: current status and future perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 7:257–269. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shishkina O (2014) Experimental and modelling investigations of structure-property relations in nanoreinforced cellular materials, PhD Thesis. KU Leuven

    Google Scholar 

  • Soete J, Claes S, Claes H, Cnudde V, Huysmans M, Swennen R (Submitted) Lattice Boltzmann simulations of gas flow in continental carbonate reservoir rocks and in upscaled rock models generated with multiple point geostatistics. AAPG Bulletin

    Google Scholar 

  • Soete J, Kleipool LM, Claes H, Claes S, Hamaekers H, Kele S, Özkul M, Foubert A, Reijmer JJG, Swennen R (2015) Acoustic properties in travertines and their relation to porosity and pore types. Marine Pet Geol 59:320–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnaert M et al (2015) Multifactorial optimization of contrast-enhanced nanoCT for quantitative analysis neo-tissue formation in tissue engineering constructs. PLoS One (submitted—under revision)

    Google Scholar 

  • Straumit I, Hahn C, Winterstein E, Plank B, Lomov SV, Wevers M (2016) Computation of permeability of a non-crimp carbon textile reinforcement based on X-ray computed tomography images. Compos A 81:289–295. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straumit I, Lomov SV, Wevers M (2015) Quantification of the internal structure and automatic generation of voxel models of textile composites from X-ray computed tomography data. Compos A 69:150–158. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Eidelman N, Lin-Gibson S (2009) 3D mapping of polymerization shrinkage using X-ray micro-computed tomography to predict microleakage. Dent Mater 25:314–320. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2008.07.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swain MV, Xue J (2009) State of the art of Micro-CT applications in dental research. Int J Oral Sci. 1(4):177–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan Y, Kiekens K, Kruth J, Voet A, Dewulf W (2011) Material dependent thresholding for dimensional X-ray computed tomography. Int Symp Digit Ind Radiol Comput Tomogr 4.3:3–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AM, Satterthwaite JD, Ellwood RP, Pretty IA (2010) An automated assessment algorithm for micro-CT images of occlusal caries. Surgeon 8(6):334–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terzopoulos D, Metaxas D (1990) Dynamic 3D models with local and global deformations: Deformable superquadrics. Proce Third Int Conf Comput Vision 13(7):606–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thi TBN, Morioka M, Yokoyama A, Hamanaka S, Yamashita K, Nonomura C (2015) Measurement of fiber orientation distribution in injection-molded short-glass-fiber composites using X-ray computed tomography. J Mater Process Technol 219:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmins NE et al (2007) Three-dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering in a T-CUP (Tissue Culture Under Perfusion). Tissue Eng 13(8):2021–2028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ende A, De Munck J, Van Landuyt KL, Poitevin A, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B (2013) Bulk-filling of high C-factor posterior cavities: effect on adhesion to cavity-bottom dentin. Dent Mater 29:269–277. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2012.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Eyndhoven G, Batenburg KJ, Kazantsev D, Van Nieuwenhove V, Lee PD, Dobson KJ, Sijbers J (2015) An iterative CT reconstruction algorithm for fast fluid flow imaging. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(11):4446–4458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Lenthe GH et al (2007) Nondestructive micro-computed tomography for biological imaging and quantification of scaffold-bone interaction in vivo. Biomaterials 28(15):2479–2490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Marcke P (2008) Development of a pore network model to perform permeability computations on X-ray computed tomography images. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, KU Leuven

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Stappen J, De Kock T, Boone MA, Olaussen S, Cnudde V (2014) Pore-scale characterisation and modelling of CO2 flow in tight sandstones using X-ray micro-CT: Knorringfjellet Formation of the Longyearbyen CO2 Lab, Svalbard. Norwegian J Geol 94(2–3):201–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanaerschot A, Cox BN, Lomov SV, Vandepitte D (2016) Experimentally validated stochastic geometry description for textile composite reinforce-ments. Compos Sci Technol 122:122–129. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.11.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verboven P, Kerckhofs G, Mebatsion HK et al (2008) Three-dimensional gas exchange pathways in pome fruit characterized by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. Plant Physiol 147:518–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verdonschot N, Fennis W, Kuijs R, Stolk J, Kreulen C, Creugers N (2001) Generation of 3-D finite element models of restored human teeth using micro-CT techniques. Int J Prosthodont 14:310–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Vereecken E, Roels S (2014) A comparison of hygric performance of interior insulation systems: A hot box-cold box experiment. Energy Build 80:37–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verleye B, Croce R, Griebel M, Klitz M, Lomov SV, Morren G, Sol H, Verpoest I, Roose D (2008) Permeability of textile reinforcements: simulation; influence of shear, nesting and boundary conditions; validation. Compos Sci Technol 68(13):2804–2810. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.06.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Versiani MA, Souza E, De-Deus G (2015) Critical appraisal of studies on dentinal radicular microcracks in endodontics: methodological issues, contemporary concepts, and future perspectives. Endod Topics 33(1):87–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verstrynge E, Adriaens R, Elsen J, Van Balen K (2014a) Multi-scale analysis on the influence of moisture on the mechanical behavior of ferruginous sandstone. Constr Build Mater 54:78–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verstrynge E, Pyka G, Van Balen K (2014) The influence of moisture on the mechanical behaviour of sandstone assessed by means of micro-computed tomography. In: Paper presented at the 9th International Masonry Conference, Guimaraes, Portugal

    Google Scholar 

  • Verstrynge E, Van Steen C, Andries J, Van Balen K, Vandewalle L, Wevers M (2016) Experimental study of failure mechanisms in brittle construction materials by means of X-ray microfocus computed tomography. In: Saouma V, Bolander J, Landis E (eds) Proceedings of the ninth international conference on fracture mechanics of concrete and concrete structures—FraMCoS-9. Berkeley, California, USA, 29 May-1 June 2016 (art.nr. 92)

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwer K, Eberli G, Baechle G, Weger R (2008) Effect of carbonate pore structure on dynamic shear moduli. Geophysics 75(1):E1–E8. doi:10.1190/1.3280225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinegar HJ, Wellington SL (1986) Tomographic imaging of three-phase flow experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 58:96–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vonlanthen P, Rausch J, Ketcham RA, Putlitz B, Baumgartner LP, Grobéty B (2015) High-resolution 3D analyses of the shape and internal constituents of small volcanic ash particles: the contribution of SEM micro-computed tomography (SEM micro-CT). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 29:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vranic DV, Saupe D (2001) 3D shape descriptor based on 3D Fourier transform. In Proceedings of the EURASIP conference on digital signal processing for multimedia communications and services (ECMCS 2001), (September), pp 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Weger RJ, Eberli GP, Baechle GT, Massaferro JL, Sun YF (2009) Quantification of pore struucture and its effect on sonic velocity and permeability in carbonates. AAPG Bulletin 93(10):1297–1317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weissenbock J, Amirkhanov A, Li WM, Reh A, Groller E, Kastner J, Heinzl C, Ieee (2014) FiberScout: an interactive tool for exploring and analyzing fiber reinforced polymers. In: IEEE Pacific visualization symposium. pp 153–160. doi:10.1109/PacificVis.2014.52

  • Wirjadi O (2007) Survey of 3D image segmentation methods, ITWM

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong MD et al (2012) A novel 3D mouse embryo atlas based on micro-CT. Development 139(17):3248–3256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie L et al (2010) Nondestructive assessment of sGAG content and distribution in normal and degraded rat articular cartilage via EPIC-mu CT. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18(1):65–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youssef S, Dechamps H, Dautriat J, Rosenberg E, Oughanem R, Maire E, Mokso R (2013) 4D imaging of fluid flow dynamics in natural porous media by ultra-fast X-ray microtomography. In: International symposium of the SCA, Napa Valley, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeiger DN, Sun J, Schumacher GE, Lin-Gibson S (2009) Evaluation of dental composite shrinkage and leakage in extracted teeth using X-ray microcomputed tomography. Dent Mater 25:1213–1220. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.04.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Sailer I, Lawn BR (2013) Fatique of Dental Ceramics. J Dent 41:1135–1147. doi:10.1038/nature13314.A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou W, Hunter N, Swain MV (2011) Application of polychromatic µCT for mineral density determination. J Dent Res 90(1):18–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou W, Gao J, Jones AS, Hunter N, Swain MV (2009) Characterization of a novel calibration method for mineral density determination of dentine by X-ray micro-tomography. Analyst. 134(1):72–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • http://www.volumegraphics.com/en/products/vgstudio-max/fiber-composite-material-analysis/

  • http://biomedical.materialise.com/mimics

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support of the Flanders Agency for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SBO project TomFood 120033), the Hercules foundation, the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programmes (FP7 project PicknPack 311987 and FP7 project QUICOM 314562 and ITN Network INTERAQCT) and the FWO Research Foundation—Flanders.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Martine Wevers & Stepan Lomov

  2. Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Bart Nicolaï & Pieter Verboven

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Rudy Swennen, Jeroen Soete, Steven Claes & Hannes Claes

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Staf Roels & Els Verstrynge

  5. Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Greet Kerckhofs

  6. Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Bart Van Meerbeek, Athina M. Mavridou, Lars Bergmans & Paul Lambrechts

Authors
  1. Martine Wevers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bart Nicolaï
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pieter Verboven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rudy Swennen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Staf Roels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Els Verstrynge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Stepan Lomov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Greet Kerckhofs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Bart Van Meerbeek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Athina M. Mavridou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Lars Bergmans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Paul Lambrechts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Jeroen Soete
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Steven Claes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Hannes Claes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martine Wevers .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Vicenza, Italy

    Simone Carmignato

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Wim Dewulf

  3. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

    Richard Leach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wevers, M. et al. (2018). Applications of CT for Non-destructive Testing and Materials Characterization. In: Carmignato, S., Dewulf, W., Leach, R. (eds) Industrial X-Ray Computed Tomography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59573-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation