Abstract
The availability of safe and clean water is decreasing day by day, which is expected to increase in upcoming decades. To address this problem, various water purification technologies have been adopted. Among the various concepts proposed, CNTs based water treatment technologies have found to be promising because of its large surface area, high aspect ratio, greater chemical reactivity, lower cost, and energy, less chemical mass and impact on the environment. Therefore, research development and commercial interests in CNT are growing worldwide to treat water contaminants, which have huge impacts on the entire living systems including terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial flora and fauna. Here we reviewed most of the effective CNT based water purification technologies such as adsorption, hybrid catalysis, desalination, disinfection, sensing and monitoring of three major classes such as organic, inorganic and biological water pollutants. Since the Nanobiohybrid field yet remains to be matured, special importance has been paid on its mediated water purification technology. We have forayed into the deeper thoughts and compiled promises, facts and challenges of the important water purification technologies. Since water purification is a complex process; hydrologists, membrane technologists, environmentalists and industrialists can design “ONE POT” combination where effective water purification technologies would instate to tackle both the conventional and newly emerging toxic pollutants effectively.
Thousands have lived without love, not one without water.
—Source: W.H. Auden: Collected Poems: Auden by W.H. Auden, 1991.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References and Future Readings
ABC-Science: 10 facts about our amazing oceans. http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/06/04/4018335.htm (2014). Accessed 25 Sept 2014
Agnihotri, S., Mota, J.P., Rostam-Abadi, M., Rood, M.J.: Adsorption site analysis of impurity embedded single-walled carbon nanotube bundles. Carbon 44(12), 2376–2383 (2006)
Ahn, C.H., Baek, Y., Lee, C., Kim, S.O., Kim, S., Lee, S., Kim, S.-H., Bae, S.S., Park, J., Yoon, J.: Carbon nanotube-based membranes: fabrication and application to desalination. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 18(5), 1551–1559 (2012)
Aitken, M.D.: Waste treatment applications of enzymes: opportunities and obstacles. Chem. Eng. J. 52(2), B49–B58 (1993)
Ali, I.: New generation adsorbents for water treatment. Chem. Rev. 112(10), 5073–5091 (2012)
Ali, M., Das, R., Maamor, A., Hamid, S.B.A.: Multifunctional Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): a new dimension in environmental remediation. Adv. Mater. Res. 832, 328–332 (2014)
Arias, L.R., Yang, L.: Inactivation of bacterial pathogens by carbon nanotubes in suspensions. Langmuir 25(5), 3003–3012 (2009)
Asuri, P., Bale, S.S., Karajanagi, S.S., Kane, R.S.: The protein–nanomaterial interface. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 17(6), 562–568 (2006)
Asuri, P., Karajanagi, S.S., Sellitto, E., Kim, D.Y., Kane, R.S., Dordick, J.S.: Water-soluble carbon nanotube-enzyme conjugates as functional biocatalytic formulations. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 95(5), 804–811 (2006)
Babich, H., Sedletcaia, A., Kenigsberg, B.: In vitro cytotoxicity of protocatechuic acid to cultured human cells from oral tissue: involvement in oxidative stress. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 91(5), 245–253 (2002)
Banks, C.E., Moore, R.R., Davies, T.J., Compton, R.G.: Investigation of modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes: definitive evidence for the electrocatalytic properties of the ends of carbon nanotubes. Chem. Commun. 16, 1804–1805 (2004)
Banks, C.E., Crossley, A., Salter, C., Wilkins, S.J., Compton, R.G.: Carbon nanotubes contain metal impurities which are responsible for the “electrocatalysis” seen at some nanotube-modified electrodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45(16), 2533–2537 (2006)
Benitez, F.J., Beltran-Heredia, J., Acero, J.L., Gonzalez, T.: Degradation of protocatechuic acid by two advanced oxidation processes: ozone/UV radiation and H2O2UV radiation. Water Res. 30(7), 1597–1604 (1996)
Borja, R., Banks, C., Maestro-Duran, R., Alba, J.: The effects of the most important phenolic constituents of olive mill wastewater on batch anaerobic methanogenesis. Environ. Technol. 17(2), 167–174 (1996)
Brena, B., González-Pombo, P., Batista-Viera, F.: Immobilization of enzymes: a literature survey. In: Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells, pp. 15–31. Springer (2013)
Britto, P.J., Santhanam, K.S., Rubio, A., Alonso, J.A., Ajayan, P.M.: Improved charge transfer at carbon nanotube electrodes. Adv. Mater. 11(2), 154–157 (1999)
Buchan, A., Collier, L.S., Neidle, E.L., Moran, M.A.: Key aromatic-ring-cleaving enzyme, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, in the ecologically important marineRoseobacter lineage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(11), 4662–4672 (2000)
Camper, A.K., LeChevallier, M.W., Broadaway, S.C., McFETERS, G.A.: Growth and persistence of pathogens on granular activated carbon filters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50(6), 1378–1382 (1985)
Chan, W.-F., H-y, Chen, Surapathi, A., Taylor, M.G., Shao, X., Marand, E., Johnson, J.K.: Zwitterion functionalized carbon nanotube/polyamide nanocomposite membranes for water desalination. ACS Nano 7(6), 5308–5319 (2013)
Corry, B.: Water and ion transport through functionalised carbon nanotubes: implications for desalination technology. Energy Environ. Sci. 4(3), 751–759 (2011)
Das, R., Ali, M.E., Abd Hamid, S.B., Ramakrishna, S., Chowdhury, Z.Z.: Carbon nanotube membranes for water purification: a bright future in water desalination. Desalination 336, 97–109 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.12.026
Datsyuk, V., Kalyva, M., Papagelis, K., Parthenios, J., Tasis, D., Siokou, A., Kallitsis, I., Galiotis, C.: Chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 46(6), 833–840 (2008)
Di Paola, A., García-López, E., Marcì, G., Palmisano, L.: A survey of photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation. J. Hazard. Mater. 211, 3–29 (2012)
Dumée, L.F., Sears, K., Schütz, J., Finn, N., Huynh, C., Hawkins, S., Duke, M., Gray, S.: Characterization and evaluation of carbon nanotube Bucky-Paper membranes for direct contact membrane distillation. J. Membr. Sci. 351(1), 36–43 (2010)
Earth-Forum: Distribution of the world’s water. Houston Museum of Natural Science. http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/hydro/hydrosphere/hot/freshwater/0water_chart.html (2014). Accessed 26 Sept 2014
Eder, D.: Carbon nanotube—inorganic hybrids. Chem. Rev. 110(3), 1348–1385 (2010)
Fang, H.-T., Liu, C.-G., Liu, C., Li, F., Liu, M., Cheng, H.-M.: Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by electrochemical oxidation. Chem. Mater. 16(26), 5744–5750 (2004)
Feng, W., Ji, P.: Enzymes immobilized on carbon nanotubes. Biotechnol. Adv. 29(6), 889–895 (2011)
Gadd, G.M., Griffiths, A.J.: Microorganisms and heavy metal toxicity. Microb. Ecol. 4(4), 303–317 (1977)
Gao, Y., Kyratzis, I.: Covalent immobilization of proteins on carbon nanotubes using the cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide—a critical assessment. Bioconjug. Chem. 19(10), 1945–1950 (2008)
Garcia, J., Gomes, H., Serp, P., Kalck, P., Figueiredo, J., Faria, J.: Carbon nanotube supported ruthenium catalysts for the treatment of high strength wastewater with aniline using wet air oxidation. Carbon 44(12), 2384–2391 (2006)
Geng, Q., Guo, Q., Cao, C., Wang, L.: Investigation into NanoTiO2/ACSPCR for decomposition of aqueous hydroquinone. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47(8), 2561–2568 (2008)
Gernjak, W., Krutzler, T., Glaser, A., Malato, S., Caceres, J., Bauer, R., Fernández-Alba, A.: Photo-Fenton treatment of water containing natural phenolic pollutants. Chemosphere 50(1), 71–78 (2003)
Girelli, A.M., Mattei, E., Messina, A.: Phenols removal by immobilized tyrosinase reactor in on-line high performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 580(2), 271–277 (2006)
Gledhill, W.E.: Microbial toxicity and degradation test methodology: an industrial perspective. Tox. Assess. 2(1), 89–96 (1987)
Goh, P., Ismail, A., Ng, B.: Carbon nanotubes for desalination: performance evaluation and current hurdles. Desalination 308, 2–14 (2013)
Greń, I., Wojcieszyńska, D., Guzik, U., Perkosz, M., Hupert-Kocurek, K.: Enhanced biotransformation of mononitrophenols by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 in the presence of aromatic compounds of plant origin. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26(2), 289–295 (2010)
Gui, X., Wei, J., Wang, K., Cao, A., Zhu, H., Jia, Y., Shu, Q., Wu, D.: Carbon nanotube sponges. Adv. Mater. 22(5), 617–621 (2010)
Guo, L., Morris, D.G., Liu, X., Vaslet, C., Hurt, R.H., Kane, A.B.: Iron bioavailability and redox activity in diverse carbon nanotube samples. Chem. Mater. 19(14), 3472–3478 (2007)
Guzik, U., Hupert-Kocurek, K., Wojcieszyńska, D.: Intradiol dioxygenases—the key enzymes in xenobiotics degradation (2013)
Hemraj-Benny, T., Bandosz, T.J., Wong, S.S.: Effect of ozonolysis on the pore structure, surface chemistry, and bundling of single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 317(2), 375–382 (2008)
Hinds, B.J., Chopra, N., Rantell, T., Andrews, R., Gavalas, V., Bachas, L.G.: Aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube membranes. Science 303(5654), 62–65 (2004)
Hirose, Y., Tanaka, T., Kawamori, T., Olnishi, M., Makita, H., Mori, H., Satoh, K., Hara, A.: Chemoprevention of urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the natural phenolic compound protocatechuic acid in rats. Carcinogenesis 16(10), 2337–2342 (1995)
Hossain, F., Perales-Perez, O.J., Hwang, S., Román, F.: Antimicrobial nanomaterials as water disinfectant: applications, limitations and future perspectives. Sci. Total Environ. 466, 1047–1059 (2014)
Hou, P.-X., Liu, C., Cheng, H.-M.: Purification of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 46(15), 2003–2025 (2008)
Hu, H., Yu, A., Kim, E., Zhao, B., Itkis, M.E., Bekyarova, E., Haddon, R.C.: Influence of the zeta potential on the dispersability and purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(23), 11520–11524 (2005)
Huang, W., Taylor, S., Fu, K., Lin, Y., Zhang, D., Hanks, T.W., Rao, A.M., Sun, Y.-P.: Attaching proteins to carbon nanotubes via diimide-activated amidation. Nano Lett. 2(4), 311–314 (2002)
Hwang, E.T., Gu, M.B.: Enzyme stabilization by nano/microsized hybrid materials. Eng. Life Sci. 13(1), 49–61 (2013)
IWMI: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. In: Molden, D. (ed.) (2007)
Jia, G., Wang, H., Yan, L., Wang, X., Pei, R., Yan, T., Zhao, Y., Guo, X.: Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(5), 1378–1383 (2005)
Jiang, K., Schadler, L.S., Siegel, R.W., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Terrones, M.: Protein immobilization on carbon nanotubes via a two-step process of diimide-activated amidation. J. Mater. Chem. 14(1), 37–39 (2004)
Kang, S., Pinault, M., Pfefferle, L.D., Elimelech, M.: Single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit strong antimicrobial activity. Langmuir 23(17), 8670–8673 (2007)
Kang, S., Herzberg, M., Rodrigues, D.F., Elimelech, M.: Antibacterial effects of carbon nanotubes: size does matter! Langmuir 24(13), 6409–6413 (2008)
Kang, S., Mauter, M.S., Elimelech, M.: Physicochemical determinants of multiwalled carbon nanotube bacterial cytotoxicity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(19), 7528–7534 (2008)
Kang, S., Mauter, M.S., Elimelech, M.: Microbial cytotoxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials: implications for river water and wastewater effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43(7), 2648–2653 (2009)
Kar, S., Bindal, R., Tewari, P.: Carbon nanotube membranes for desalination and water purification: challenges and opportunities. Nano Today 7(5), 385–389 (2012)
Kar, S., Subramanian, M., Pal, A., Ghosh, A., Bindal, R., Prabhakar, S., Nuwad, J., Pillai, C., Chattopadhyay, S., Tewari, P.: Preparation, characterisation and performance evaluation of anti-biofouling property of carbon nanotube-polysulfone nanocomposite membranes. In: CARBON MATERIALS 2012 (CCM12): Carbon Materials for Energy Harvesting, Environment, Nanoscience and Technology, vol. 1, pp. 181–185. AIP Publishing (2013)
Kaufmann, M., Melia-Teevan, K.: Turning the Tides of Crisis. http://blog.michellekaufmann.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/water_crisis.pdf (2009). Accessed July 2013
Kharraz, J.E., El-Sadek, A., Ghaffour, N., Mino, E.: Water scarcity and drought in WANA countries. Procedia Eng. 33, 14–29 (2012)
Khin, M.M., Nair, A.S., Babu, V.J., Murugan, R., Ramakrishna, S.: A review on nanomaterials for environmental remediation. Energy Environ. Sci. 5(8), 8075–8109 (2012)
Kim, K.-H., Ihm, S.-K.: Heterogeneous catalytic wet air oxidation of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 186(1), 16–34 (2011)
Kim, J., Grate, J.W., Wang, P.: Nanostructures for enzyme stabilization. Chem. Eng. Sci. 61(3), 1017–1026 (2006)
Klaine, S.J., Alvarez, P.J., Batley, G.E., Fernandes, T.F., Handy, R.D., Lyon, D.Y., Mahendra, S., McLaughlin, M.J., Lead, J.R.: Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27(9), 1825–1851 (2008)
Kočí, K., Obalová, L., Lacný, Z.: Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over TiO2 based catalysts. Chem. Pap. 62(1), 1–9 (2008)
Kočí, K., Matějů, K., Obalová, L., Krejčíková, S., Lacný, Z., Plachá, D., Čapek, L., Hospodková, A., Šolcová, O.: Effect of silver doping on the TiO2 for photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Appl. Catal. B 96(3), 239–244 (2010)
Kolaczkowski, S., Beltran, F., McLurgh, D., Rivas, F.: Wet air oxidation of phenol: factors that may influence global kinetics. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 75(4), 257–265 (1997)
Lam, C.-W., James, J.T., McCluskey, R., Hunter, R.L.: Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol. Sci. 77(1), 126–134 (2004)
Lambert, J., Ajayan, P., Bernier, P., Planeix, J., Brotons, V., Coq, B., Castaing, J.: Improving conditions towards isolating single-shell carbon nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 226(3), 364–371 (1994)
Lawrence, N.S., Deo, R.P., Wang, J.: Comparison of the electrochemical reactivity of electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes from different sources. Electroanalysis 17(1), 65–72 (2005)
Li, J., Zhang, Y.: Cutting of multi walled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 252(8), 2944–2948 (2006)
Li, P., Wang, X., Wang, H., Wu, Y.-N.: High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic acids in fruits and vegetables. Biomed. Environ. Sci.: BES 6(4), 389–398 (1993)
Li, Q., Mahendra, S., Lyon, D.Y., Brunet, L., Liga, M.V., Li, D., Alvarez, P.J.: Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications. Water Res. 42(18), 4591–4602 (2008)
Li, Y., Huang, X., Qu, Y.: A strategy for efficient immobilization of laccase and horseradish peroxidase on single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 88(12), 2227–2232 (2013)
Ling, X., Wei, Y., Zou, L., Xu, S.: The effect of different order of purification treatments on the purity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 276, 159–166 (2013)
Liu, J., Rinzler, A.G., Dai, H., Hafner, J.H., Bradley, R.K., Boul, P.J., Lu, A., Iverson, T., Shelimov, K., Huffman, C.B., Rodriguez-Macias, F., Shon, Y.S., Lee, T.R., Colbert, D.T., Smalley, R.E.: Fullerene pipes. Science 280(5367), 1253–1256 (1998)
Liu, H., Ru, J., Qu, J., Dai, R., Wang, Z., Hu, C.: Removal of persistent organic pollutants from micro-polluted drinking water by triolein embedded absorbent. Bioresour. Technol. 100(12), 2995–3002 (2009)
Liu, S., Wei, L., Hao, L., Fang, N., Chang, M.W., Xu, R., Yang, Y., Chen, Y.: Sharper and faster “nano darts” kill more bacteria: a study of antibacterial activity of individually dispersed pristine single-walled carbon nanotube. ACS Nano 3(12), 3891–3902 (2009)
Liu, X., Wang, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B.: Application potential of carbon nanotubes in water treatment: a review. J. Environ. Sci. 25(7), 1263–1280 (2013)
López, B.P., Merkoçi, A.: Improvement of the electrochemical detection of catechol by the use of a carbon nanotube based biosensor. Analyst 134(1), 60–64 (2009)
Luo, J., Meyer, A.S., Mateiu, R.V., Pinelo, M.: Cascade catalysis in membranes with enzyme immobilization for multi-enzymatic conversion of CO2 to methanol. New Biotechnol. 32(3), 319–327 (2015)
Ma, P.-C., Kim, J.-K.: Carbon Nanotubes for Polymer Reinforcement. CRC Press (2011)
Majouga, A., Sokolsky-Papkov, M., Kuznetsov, A., Lebedev, D., Efremova, M., Beloglazkina, E., Rudakovskaya, P., Veselov, M., Zyk, N., Golovin, Y.: Enzyme-functionalized gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles as novel hybrid nanomaterials: synthesis, purification and control of enzyme function by low-frequency magnetic field. Colloids Surf., B 125, 104–109 (2015)
Malawska, M., Ekonomiuk, A., Wiłkomirski, B.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in peat cores from southern Poland: distribution in stratigraphic profiles as an indicator of PAH sources. Mires and Peat 1(05), 1–14 (2006)
Masella, R., Cantafora, A., Modesti, D., Cardilli, A., Gennaro, L., Bocca, A., Coni, E.: Antioxidant activity of 3,4-DHPEA-EA and protocatecuic acid: a comparative assessment with other olive oil biophenols. Redox Rep. 4(3), 113–121 (1999)
Matsushima, K., Kaneda, H., Harada, K., Matsuura, H., Hirata, K.: Immobilization of enzymatic extracts of Portulaca oleracea cv. roots for oxidizing aqueous bisphenol A. Biotechnol. Lett. 37(5), 1037–1042 (2015)
Mauter, M.S., Elimelech, M.: Environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(16), 5843–5859 (2008)
McCreery, R.L.: Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry. Chem. Rev. 108(7), 2646–2687 (2008). doi:10.1021/Cr068076m
Mestl, G., Maksimova, N.I., Keller, N., Roddatis, V.V., Schlögl, R.: Carbon nanofilaments in heterogeneous catalysis: an industrial application for new carbon materials? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40(11), 2066–2068 (2001)
Mubarak, N., Sahu, J., Abdullah, E., Jayakumar, N.: Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using carbon nanotubes. Sep. Purif. Rev. 43(4), 311–338 (2014)
Mugdha, A., Usha, M.: Enzymatic treatment of wastewater containing dyestuffs using different delivery systems. Sci. Rev. Chem. Commun. 2(1), 31–40 (2012). ISSN 2277 2669
Mukhopadhyay, A., Dasgupta, A.K., Chakrabarti, K.: Enhanced functionality and stabilization of a cold active laccase using nanotechnology based activation-immobilization. Bioresour. Technol. 179, 573–584 (2015)
Nakamura, H., Nishikawa, A., Furukawa, F., Kasahara, K., Miyauchi, M., Son, H.Y., Hirose, M.: Inhibitory effects of protocatechuic acid on the post-initiation phase of hamster pancreatic carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl)amine. Anticancer Res. 20(5B), 3423–3427 (2000)
Nakamura, Y., Torikai, K., Ohigashi, H.: Toxic dose of a simple phenolic antioxidant, protocatechuic acid, attenuates the glutathione level in ICR mouse liver and kidney. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49(11), 5674–5678 (2001)
Narayan, R.J., Berry, C., Brigmon, R.: Structural and biological properties of carbon nanotube composite films. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 123(2), 123–129 (2005)
Nepal, D., Geckeler, K.E.: pH-sensitive dispersion and debundling of single-walled carbon nanotubes: lysozyme as a tool. Small 2(3), 406–412 (2006)
Ohnishi, M., Yoshimi, N., Kawamori, T., Ino, N., Hirose, Y., Tanaka, T., Yamahara, J., Miyata, H., Mori, H.: Inhibitory effects of dietary protocatechuic acid and costunolide on 7,12-dimethylbenz a anthracene-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 88(2), 111–119 (1997)
Ören, A.H., Kaya, A.: Factors affecting adsorption characteristics of Zn2+ on two natural zeolites. J. Hazard. Mater. 131(1), 59–65 (2006)
Osswald, S., Havel, M., Gogotsi, Y.: Monitoring oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 38(6), 728–736 (2007)
Paipetis, A., Kostopoulos, V.: Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Aerospace Composite Materials. Springer (2013)
Pang, R., Li, M., Zhang, C.: Degradation of phenolic compounds by laccase immobilized on carbon nanomaterials: diffusional limitation investigation. Talanta (2014)
Patel, Y., Gupte, A.: Biological treatment of textile dyes by agar-agar immobilized consortium in a packed bed reactor. Water Environ. Res. 87(3), 242–251 (2015)
Peng, X., Sfeir, M.Y., Zhang, F., Misewich, J.A., Wong, S.S.: Covalent synthesis and optical characterization of double-walled carbon nanotube–nanocrystal heterostructures. J. Phys. Chem. C 114(19), 8766–8773 (2010)
Pereira, M.G., Facchini, F.D.A., Filó, L.E.C., Polizeli, A.M., Vici, A.C., Jorge, J.A., Fernandez-Lorente, G., Pessela, B.C., Guisan, J.M., Polizeli, M.L.T.M.: Immobilized lipase from Hypocrea pseudokoningii on hydrophobic and ionic supports: determination of thermal and organic solvent stabilities for applications in the oleochemical industry. Process Biochem (2015)
Pulskamp, K., Diabaté, S., Krug, H.F.: Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen species in dependence on contaminants. Toxicol. Lett. 168(1), 58–74 (2007)
Pumera, M.: Carbon nanotubes contain residual metal catalyst nanoparticles even after washing with nitric acid at elevated temperature because these metal nanoparticles are sheathed by several graphene sheets. Langmuir 23(11), 6453–6458 (2007)
Qu, X.L., Alvarez, P.J.J., Li, Q.L.: Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Water Res. 47(12), 3931–3946 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.058
Rao, G.P., Lu, C., Su, F.: Sorption of divalent metal ions from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes: a review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 58(1), 224–231 (2007)
Ren, X., Chen, C., Nagatsu, M., Wang, X.: Carbon nanotubes as adsorbents in environmental pollution management: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 170(2), 395–410 (2011)
Riggs, J.E., Guo, Z., Carroll, D.L., Sun, Y.-P.: Strong luminescence of solubilized carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122(24), 5879–5880 (2000)
Ritter, L., Solomon, K., Forget, J., Stemeroff, M., O’leary, C.: A review of selected persistent organic pollutants. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) PCS/9539 Geneva: World Health Organization 65, 66 (1995)
Rivas, F., Kolaczkowski, S., Beltran, F., McLurgh, D.: Development of a model for the wet air oxidation of phenol based on a free radical mechanism. Chem. Eng. Sci. 53(14), 2575–2586 (1998)
Rivas, F.J., Frades, J., Alonso, M.A., Montoya, C., Monteagudo, J.M.: Fenton’s oxidation of food processing wastewater components. Kinetic modeling of protocatechuic acid degradation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(26), 10097–10104 (2005). doi:10.1021/jf0512712
Saleh, T.A.: The Role of Carbon Nanotubes in Enhancement of Photocatalysis (2013)
Saleh, T.A., Gupta, V.K.: Functionalization of tungsten oxide into MWCNT and its application for sunlight-induced degradation of rhodamine B. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 362(2), 337–344 (2011)
Sarma, J., Mahiuddin, S.: Specific ion effect on the point of zero charge of α-alumina and on the adsorption of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid onto α-alumina surface. Colloids Surf., A 457, 419–424 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.06.014
Savage, N., Diallo, M.S.: Nanomaterials and water purification: opportunities and challenges. J. Nanopart. Res. 7(4–5), 331–342 (2005)
Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O., Rinzler, A.G., Huffman, C.B., Smalley, R.E.: Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by ultrasonically assisted filtration. Chem. Phys. Lett. 282(5), 429–434 (1998)
Shieh, Y.-T., Liu, G.-L., Wu, H.-H., Lee, C.-C.: Effects of polarity and pH on the solubility of acid-treated carbon nanotubes in different media. Carbon 45(9), 1880–1890 (2007)
Shimp, R.J., Pfaender, F.K.: Effects of surface area and flow rate on marine bacterial growth in activated carbon columns. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44(2), 471–477 (1982)
Smart, S., Cassady, A., Lu, G., Martin, D.: The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 44(6), 1034–1047 (2006)
Smith, B., Wepasnick, K., Schrote, K.E., Cho, H.-H., Ball, W.P., Fairbrother, D.H.: Influence of surface oxides on the colloidal stability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: a structure–property relationship. Langmuir 25(17), 9767–9776 (2009)
Subramanian, V., Wolf, E.E., Kamat, P.V.: Catalysis with TiO2/gold nanocomposites. Effect of metal particle size on the Fermi level equilibration. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(15), 4943–4950 (2004)
Subrizi, F., Crucianelli, M., Grossi, V., Passacantando, M., Pesci, L., Saladino, R.: Carbon nanotubes as activating tyrosinase supports for the selective synthesis of catechols. ACS Catal. 4(3), 810–822 (2014). doi:10.1021/cs400856e
Suma, Y., Kim, D., Lee, J.W., Park, K.Y., Kim, H.S.: Degradation of catechol by immobilized hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase (1,2-HQD) onto single-walled carbon nanotubes. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemical, Environmental Science and Engineering (ICEEBS’12) (2012)
Tanaka, T., Kojima, T., Kawamori, T., Yoshimi, N., Mori, H.: Chemoprevention of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by a simple phenolic acid protocatechuic acid in rats. Can. Res. 53(12), 2775–2779 (1993)
Tanaka, T., Kojima, T., Suzui, M., Mori, H.: Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by the natural product of a simple phenolic compound protocatechuic acid: suppressing effects on tumor development and biomarkers expression of colon tumorigenesis. Can. Res. 53(17), 3908–3913 (1993)
Tanaka, T., Kojima, T., Kawamori, T., Mori, H.: Chemoprevention of digestive organs carcinogenesis by natural product protocatechuic acid. Cancer 75(S6), 1433–1439 (1995)
Tseng, T.H., Wang, C.J., Kao, E.S., Chu, H.Y.: Hibiscus protocatechuic acid protects against oxidative damage induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide in rat primary hepatocytes. Chem. Biol. Interact. 101(2), 137–148 (1996). doi:10.1016/0009-2797(96)03721-0
UN: Water scarcity. UN. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml (2014). Accessed 4 Sept 2014
UNDP: One Planet to Share: Sustaining Human Progress in a Changing Climate. Asia-Pacific Human Development Report, New Delhi (2012)
Upadhyayula, V.K.K., Deng, S.G., Mitchell, M.C., Smith, G.B.: Application of carbon nanotube technology for removal of contaminants in drinking water: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 408(1), 1–13 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.027
U.S.-Census-Burea: International Data Base. http://web.archive.org/web/20060519101114/ http://www.geohive.com/global/geo.php?xml=hist3&xsl=hist3 (2014). Accessed 27 Sept 2014
Wang, H., Zhou, A., Peng, F., Yu, H., Yang, J.: Mechanism study on adsorption of acidified multiwalled carbon nanotubes to Pb (II). J. Colloid Interface Sci. 316(2), 277–283 (2007)
Wepasnick, K.A., Smith, B.A., Schrote, K.E., Wilson, H.K., Diegelmann, S.R., Fairbrother, D.H.: Surface and structural characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes following different oxidative treatments. Carbon 49(1), 24–36 (2011)
WWAP: The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. UNESCO/Earthscan, Paris/London (2009)
WWAP: The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water Under Uncertainty and Risk. UNESCO, Paris (2012)
Xu, R., Chi, C., Li, F., Zhang, B.: Laccase-polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane: highly immobilized, stable, reusable, and efficacious for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol removal. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(23), 12554–12560 (2013)
Yan, H., Yang, X., Chen, J., Yin, C., Xiao, C., Chen, H.: Synergistic removal of aniline by carbon nanotubes and the enzymes of Delftia sp. XYJ6. J. Environ. Sci. 23(7), 1165–1170 (2011)
Yang, S., Zhu, W., Li, X., Wang, J., Zhou, Y.: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as an efficient catalyst for catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol. Catal. Commun. 8(12), 2059–2063 (2007)
Yang, J., Jiang, L.-C., Zhang, W.-D., Gunasekaran, S.: A highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on a simple two-step electrodeposition of cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles onto multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays. Talanta 82(1), 25–33 (2010)
Yang, H.Y., Han, Z.J., Yu, S.F., Pey, K.L., Ostrikov, K., Karnik, R.: Carbon nanotube membranes with ultrahigh specific adsorption capacity for water desalination and purification. Nat. Commun. 4 (2013)
Yen, G.-C., Hsieh, C.-L.: Reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) and its active compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48(8), 3431–3436 (2000)
Yu, J.-G., Zhao, X.-H., Yang, H., Chen, X.-H., Yang, Q., Yu, L.-Y., Jiang, J.-H., Chen, X.-Q.: Aqueous adsorption and removal of organic contaminants by carbon nanotubes. Sci. Total Environ. 482, 241–251 (2014)
Yu, J.-G., Zhao, X.-H., Yu, L.-Y., Jiao, F.-P., Jiang, J.-H., Chen, X.-Q.: Removal, recovery and enrichment of metals from aqueous solutions using carbon nanotubes. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 299(3), 1155–1163 (2014)
Zhang, L., Fang, M.: Nanomaterials in pollution trace detection and environmental improvement. Nano Today 5(2), 128–142 (2010)
Zhang, M., Su, L., Mao, L.: Surfactant functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for layer-by-layer assembling of CNT multi-layer films and fabrication of gold nanoparticle/CNT nanohybrid. Carbon 44(2), 276–283 (2006)
Zhao, Z., Yang, Z., Hu, Y., Li, J., Fan, X.: Multiple functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl and amino groups. Appl. Surf. Sci. 276, 476–481 (2013)
Zhou, Q.-X., Wang, C.-Y., Fu, Z.-B., Tang, Y.-J., Zhang, H.: Effects of various defects on the electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes: a first principle study. Front. Phys. 9(2), 200–209 (2014)
Zhu, C., Luan, Z., Wang, Y., Shan, X.: Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by adsorption on granular red mud (GRM). Sep. Purif. Technol. 57(1), 161–169 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Das, R. (2017). Carbon Nanotube in Water Treatment. In: Nanohybrid Catalyst based on Carbon Nanotube. Carbon Nanostructures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58151-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58151-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58150-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58151-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)