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Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics of Pendrin

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The Role of Pendrin in Health and Disease

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Abstract

The SLC26A4 gene’s 21 exons on chromosome 7q31.1 encode the pendrin (SLC26A4) Cl−/anion exchanger. SLC26A4 is highly expressed in the epithelial cells of kidney, thyroid, inner ear and airways, in which the pendrin polypeptide is essential for normal chloride reabsorption, bicarbonate secretion and iodide accumulation. These activities regulate systemic volume and acid-base status, airway surface liquid composition, thyroid hormone synthesis and endolymph ion balance. SLC26A4 biallelic mutations underlie autosomal recessive Pendred syndrome, a major cause of congenital deafness variably accompanied by euthyroid goiter.

Recent studies of transcriptional regulation of pendrin expression have revealed that SLC26A4 promoter binding sites for thyroid transcription factors 1 and 2 (TTF-1/2) and forkhead box transcription factor I1 (FOXI1) are essential for cell-specific promoter activity in thyroid and inner ear, respectively. Systemic pH, Cl− concentration, aldosterone, uroguanylin (UGN) and interleukins 4 (IL-4) and 13 (IL-13) each modulate pendrin transcription through distinct regulatory elements. The SLC26A4 promoter elements regulated by pH, Cl− and aldosterone remain undefined, but defined binding sites for heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 6 (STAT6), respectively, mediate transcriptional effects of UGN and IL-4/IL-13 on the SLC26A4 promoter. Recent findings also suggest epigenetic regulation of pendrin gene expression.

Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of pendrin transcriptional and epigenetic regulation remain incomplete, they will provide insight into pendrin roles in acid-base, electrolyte and water homeostasis, blood pressure regulation and airway function. They will, in addition, influence our understanding and potential treatment of hypertension, heart failure, hepatic failure and other fluid retention syndromes, and airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease.

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Acknowledgments

J. Rozenfeld and O. Kladnitsky were supported by donations from Dora and Sidney Gabrel and Martin Kolinsky, respectively, London, UK, and by the L & A Kessler Family Foundation, Berkeley, CA, USA; SL Alper was supported by NIH grants DK43495 and DK34854 (Harvard Digestive Disease Center) and by the USA-Israel Binational Science Foundation; I. Zelikovic was supported by the USA-Israel Binational Science Foundation, by the Rappaport Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and by the Dr. Y. Rabinovitz Research Fund, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Developmental Nephrology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

    Julia Rozenfeld, Orly Kladnitsky & Israel Zelikovic

  2. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria

    Charity Nofziger

  3. Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth, Israel

    Seth L. Alper

  4. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Seth L. Alper

  5. Laboratory of Developmental Nephrology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 9649, Haifa, 3109601, Israel

    Israel Zelikovic

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  1. Julia Rozenfeld
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Correspondence to Israel Zelikovic .

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  1. Paracelsus Medical University Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salzburg, Austria

    Silvia Dossena

  2. Paracelsus Medical University Institut of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salzburg, Austria

    Markus Paulmichl

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Rozenfeld, J., Nofziger, C., Kladnitsky, O., Alper, S.L., Zelikovic, I. (2017). Transcriptional Regulation and Epigenetics of Pendrin. In: Dossena, S., Paulmichl, M. (eds) The Role of Pendrin in Health and Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43287-8_10

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