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Pharmacological Tools to Study the Role of Astrocytes in Neural Network Functions

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Glial Cells in Health and Disease of the CNS

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 949))

Abstract

Despite that astrocytes and microglia do not communicate by electrical impulses, they can efficiently communicate among them, with each other and with neurons, to participate in complex neural functions requiring broad cell-communication and long-lasting regulation of brain function. Glial cells express many receptors in common with neurons; secrete gliotransmitters as well as neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory factors, which allow them to modulate synaptic transmission and neural excitability. All these properties allow glial cells to influence the activity of neuronal networks. Thus, the incorporation of glial cell function into the understanding of nervous system dynamics will provide a more accurate view of brain function. Our current knowledge of glial cell biology is providing us with experimental tools to explore their participation in neural network modulation. In this chapter, we review some of the classical, as well as some recent, pharmacological tools developed for the study of astrocyte’s influence in neural function. We also provide some examples of the use of these pharmacological agents to understand the role of astrocytes in neural network function and dysfunction.

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Abbreviations

ADP:

Adenosine-diphosphate

ATP:

Adenosine-triphosphate

BAPTA-AM:

1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester)

BBB:

Blood–Brain Barrier

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CGa:

Cystine–glutamate antiporter

CNS:

Central Nervous System

Cox-2:

Cyclooxygenese-2

Cx30:

Connexin 30

Cx43:

Connexin 43

FA:

Fluoroacetate

FC:

Fluorocitrate

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GFAP:

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

GLAST:

Glutamate Aspartate Transporter

GLT-1:

Glial Glutamate Transporter 1

GS:

Glutamine Synthetase

iNOS:

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

L5:

Lumbar segment 5

L-AAA:

L-alpha-aminoadipic acid

LTP:

Long-Term Potentiation

MCT1:

Monocarboxylate Transporter 1

MCT4:

Monocarboxylate Transporter 4

MPTP:

1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

MSO:

L-methionine-S-sulfoximine

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

ONO-2506:

(2R)-2-Propyloctanoic acid

PAR1:

Protease-activated receptor 1

pH:

-log [H+]

S100B:

S100 Ca2+-binding protein B

TCAC:

Tricaboxylic acid cycle

TeNT:

Tetanus Neurotoxin

TgAPP(sw):

Transgenic mice carrying the amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish mutation

TFLLR:

L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininamide

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Dorothy Pless for editorial comments. Ana Rivera-Angulo and Jonathan-Julio Lorea-Hernández are graduate students at UNAM and received fellowships from CONACyT. This study was supported by CONACyT Grants 235789, 24688, 117 and 181323; and by DGAPA-UNAM Grant IN200715.

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  1. Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico

    Fernando Peña-Ortega, Ana Julia Rivera-Angulo & Jonathan Julio Lorea-Hernández

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  1. Fernando Peña-Ortega
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  2. Ana Julia Rivera-Angulo
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Correspondence to Fernando Peña-Ortega .

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  1. Faculty of Medicine Professor of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Rommy von Bernhardi

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Peña-Ortega, F., Rivera-Angulo, A.J., Lorea-Hernández, J.J. (2016). Pharmacological Tools to Study the Role of Astrocytes in Neural Network Functions. In: von Bernhardi, R. (eds) Glial Cells in Health and Disease of the CNS. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 949. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_3

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