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Phytosynthesis of Metal and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles – Technological Concepts and Their Biomedical Applications

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Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Parasites

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 8))

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Abstract

Nowadays, nanotechnology has grown to be an important research field in all areas including medicinal chemistry. The size, orientation and physical properties of nanoparticles have reportedly shown to change the performance of any material. For several years, scientists have constantly explored different synthetic methods to synthesize nanoparticles. The green method of synthesis of nanoparticles is easy, efficient, and eco-friendly in comparison to chemical-mediated or microbial mediated synthesis. The chemical synthesis involves toxic solvents, high pressure, energy and high temperature conversion and microbe involved synthesis is not feasible industrially due to its lab maintenance. Since, green synthesis is the best option to opt for the synthesis of nanoparticles; therefore the nanoparticles were synthesized by using plants for metal and metal nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are attractive for many biomedical applications such as imaging, therapeutics and diagnostics. A nanoparticle is defined as a small object between 1 and 100 nm in size and has a large surface to volume ratio. This chapter discusses the potential of natural products or plant extracts in nanoparticle synthesis. A brief discussion about natural products is provided and the chemical structure, diversity and bioassay-guided isolation of natural products (including alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides and terpenoids) was described. Significant variations have been detected in the chemical compounds of plants collected from different parts of the world. Plant extract prepared from one species in various laboratories may lead to different results. The synthesis of MNPs and MONPs in aqueous colloidal and their biological application are considered. A number of physical and chemical methods to date are available for the synthesis of nanoparticles. However, because of the drawbacks of these methods, researchers are focusing toward the development of protocols that offer use of biological agents for the synthesis of nanoparticles. MNPs and MONPs are well known to possess significant applications in different fields like electronics, agriculture, medicine, etc. synthesis of MNPs and MONPs are safe, nontoxic, eco-friendly and toward a greener approach. In addition, syntheses of MNPs and MONPs offer applications in different fields of science and technology. But certain issues such as developing the exact mechanism for the synthesis of nanoparticles and the effect of size and shape on synthesis need to be considered. Thus, the present chapter offers an insight toward synthesis of MNPs and MONPs, and also their biomedical applications. This chapter can be helpful in the utilization of an environment friendly solvent and reducing agent in the synthesis of functionally stable and crystalline noble nanomaterial, for modern industrial, bio-medical and other process green applications. In this chapter, the current advancements in the green synthesis of nanoparticles as cost-effective and simple approaches were described.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

Ag NPs:

Silver nanoparticles

Au NPs:

Gold nanoparticles

Cu NPs:

Copper nanoparticles

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

MNPs:

Metal nanoparticles

MONPs:

Metal oxide nanoparticles

MTT:

(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide)

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PCR:

The polymerase chain reaction

Pd NPs:

Palladium nanoparticles

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

TiO2 NPs:

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles

UV:

Ultraviolet-visible

ZnO NPs:

Zinc oxide nanoparticles

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  1. Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, 632 509, India

    Govindasamy Rajakumar & Abdul Abdul Rahuman

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  1. Govindasamy Rajakumar
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  2. Abdul Abdul Rahuman
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Correspondence to Abdul Abdul Rahuman .

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  1. Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University Department of Parasitology, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

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Rajakumar, G., Rahuman, A.A. (2016). Phytosynthesis of Metal and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles – Technological Concepts and Their Biomedical Applications. In: Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Parasites. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25292-6_5

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