Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carob Moth, Lesser Date Moth, and Raisin Moth

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges

Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

Lepidopteran pest species attacking date palms and fruits are problematic in stored dates or in the date garden. Three such species, the carob moth, lesser date moth, and raisin moth, have biologies that are timed with the seasonal occurrence of date fruit. Thus they have become primary pests for the date producer and have been the focus of scientific research toward the development of sustainable management. This chapter provides an in-depth coverage of these three insects, with particular emphasis on their distribution, natural history, and management in date gardens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    These are immobile chrysalis with all appendages tightly fastened to the body wall.

  2. 2.

    Scotophase is the dark phase of the light-dark daily cycle.

References

  • Abdul-Jabar, A., Ali, A., & El-Haidari, H. S. (1982). Control of the date moth (Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick) by pesticides in Bahrain. Date Palm Journal, 1, 34–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abo-El-Saad, M., & El-Shafie, H. (2013). Insect pests of stored dates and their management. In M. Siddiq, M. A. Salah, & A. A. Kader (Eds.), Dates: Postharvest science, processing technology and health benefits (319 pp). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adham, Z. (1965). Appearance of Ectomyelois ceratoniae in Saudi Arabia. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 13, 113–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agenjo, R. (1959). La polilla de las garrofas, plaga actual de las naranjas (Lep. Phycit.). Graellsia Madrid, 17, 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, T. R., & Ali, M. A. (1995). Forecasting emergence and flight of some Ephestia spp. (Lep. Pyralidae) based on pheromone trapping and degree-day accumulations. Journal of Applied Entomology, 119, 611–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken, A. D. (1963). A key to the larvae of some species of Phycitinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) associated with stored products, and of some related species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 54, 175–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldini, M. Z., Goldansaz, S. H., Ashoori, A., & Ghasempour, A. R. (2010). A comparison of the calling behavior and some biological characters of three different geographic populations of Ectomyelois ceratoniae under laboratory conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 41, 81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfken, J. D. (1928). On the occurrence of the Pyralid, M. ceratoniae, in Bremen. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fur Vorratsschutz, 4, 55–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Izzi, M. A. J., & Al-Maliky, S. K. (1996). Action of tannic acid on consumption and utilisation of food by Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 32, 195–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Izzi, M. A. J., Al-Maliky, S. K., Younis, M. A., & Jabbo, N. F. (1985). Bionomics of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on pomegranates in Iraq. Environmental Entomology, 14, 149–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Izzi, M. A. J., Al-Maliky, S. K., & Jabbo, N. F. (1987). Culturing the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), on artificial diet. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Izzi, M. A. J., Al-Maliky, S. K., Younis, M. A., & Jabbo, N. F. (1988). Effect of supplemental dietary L-lysine and soybean flour on growth and fertility of Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 81, 970–972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Izzi, M. A. J., Al-Maliky, S. K., & Jabbo, N. F. (1990). Effect of gamma rays on males of Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) irradiated as pupae or adults. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 26, 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Izzi, M. A. M., Al-Maliky, S. K., & Khalaf, M. Z. (1992). Low-temperature for predicting induction and termination of diapause in Apanteles angaleti (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 28, 385–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Izzi, M. A. M., Al-Maliky, S. K., & Khalaf, M. Z. (1993). Effects of gamma-irradiation on inherited sterility of pomegranate fruit moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller. Insect Science and its Application, 14, 657–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Jamali, N. A. (2006). Factors affecting the efficiency of pheromone traps in attracting the male adults of pomegranate fruit worm Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 24, 32–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khatri, S. A. Al-Abri, N. M., Al-Busaidi, A. Y., & Al-Rabani, M. A. (2009). Evaluation of some pesticides against lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick. Agriculture and livestock research annual report 2009. Ministry of Agriculture, Sultanate of Oman (pp. 179–181).

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Maliky, S. K., & Al-Izzi, M. A. J. (1986). Parasites of Ectomyelois ceratoniae with biological studies on Apanteles sp. group ultor in Iraq. Entomophaga, 31, 313–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Maliky, S. K., & Al-Izzi, M. A. J. (1990). Apanteles angaleti (Muesebeck), Hymenoptera: Braconidae. A new record species in Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, 8, 193–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Maliky, S. K., Al-Izzi, M. A. J., & Jabbo, N. F. J. (1988). Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the development and oviposition of Apanteles sp. group ultor (Hym.: Braconidae), a larval parasite of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep.: Pyralidae). Entomophaga, 33, 193–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alrubeai, H. F. (1987). Growth and development of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) under laboratory mass-rearing conditions. Journal of Stored Products Research, 23, 133–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alrubeai, H. F. (1988). Susceptibility of Ectomyelois ceratoniae to Bacillus thuringiensis isolates under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Agriculture and Water Resources Research, Plant Production, 7, 125–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Samarraie, A., Al-Hafdh, I., Abdul-Majed, K., & Basumy, M. A. (1989). The chemical control of the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula Meyr, and residue levels of organophosphate insecticides in dates. Pesticide Science, 25, 227–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1926). Departmental activities: Entomology. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa, 12(3), 195–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1938) Pests and diseases of the carob tree.Cyprus Agricultural Journal, 33, 27–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1999). The IPM partner – Guidelines for stored product insect monitoring (5 pp). STORGARD®, TRÉCÉ® Incorporated, 1143 Madison Lane, Salinas, California, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2001). EUREPGAP protocol for fresh fruit and vegetables (15 pp). Version September 2001, Revision 02. EUREPGAP c/o FoodPLUS GmbH, Cologne, Spichernstr, Köln, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argaman, Q. (1991–1992). Parasierola swirskiana n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), from the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae). Israel Journal of Entomology, 25–26, 195–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnal, E., Clavijo, J., Soto, E., & Ramos, F. (1998). Batrachedra nuciferae Hodges 1966 (Lepidoptera: Momphidae). Nueva plaga del Cocotero en Venezuela. Boletín. de Entomología Venezolana, 13, 69–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arutyunyan, R. G. (1988). Morphological differences in Pyralids (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii, 41, 681–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashman, F. (1968). The control of infestation in carobs (Ceratonia siliqua L.) with special reference to Cyprus. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Publication Series A, 64E, 117–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf, Z., & Hamidi-Esfahani, Z. (2011). Date and date processing: A review. Food Reviews International, 27, 101–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assari, M. J., & Khajepour, S. (2013). Population fluctuation of Ephestia figulilella in Kerman province of Iran. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46, 862–867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, J. F. (1964). Ichneumonides de France et du Bassin méditerranéen appurtenant à un genre nouveau et neur espèces nouvelles. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Mulhouse, 1964, 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, J. F. (1966). In Service d’Identification des Entomophages. Liste d’identification No. 7. Entomophaga, 11(1), 135–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, J. F., Halperin, J., & Gerling, D. (1984). The Ichneumonidae of Israel. Entomophaga, 29, 211–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avidov, Z., & Gothilf, S. (1960). Observations on the honeydew moth (Cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliere) in Israel. I. Biology, phenology and economic importance. Ktavim, 10, 109–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aytas, M., Yumruktepe, R., & Aktura, T. (1996). Studies on the chemical control of carop moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller [Apomyelois ceratoniae] on citrus in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Zirai Mucadele Arastirma Yilligi, 28–29, 81–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrouch, O., Mediouni-Ben, J. J., Wissem, A. W., Talou, T., Marzouk, B., & Abderrabe, M. (2010). Composition and insecticidal activity of essential oil from Pistacia lentiscus L. against Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 46, 242–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baez, M. (1998). Mariposas de Canarias (216 pp). Alcorcón: Editorial Rueda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T. C., Francke, W., Lofstedt, C., Hansson, B. S., Du, J. W., Phelan, P. L., Vetter, R. S., & Youngman, R. (1989). Isolation, identification, and synthesis of sex pheromone components of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Tetrahedron Letters, 30, 2901–2902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T. C., Francke, W., Millar, J. G., Lofstedt, C., Hansson, B., Du, J.-W., Phelan, P. L., Vetter, R. S., Youngman, R., & Todd, J. L. (1991). Identification and bioassay of sex pheromone components of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17, 1973–1988.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrevald, W. H. (1993). Date palm products (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 101). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e00.htm. Accessed on 6 Mar 2015.

  • Basirat, M., & Mehrnejad, M. R. (2005). The study of lower threshold temperature and thermal constant for two insect pests of stored nuts Plodia interpunctella (Lep.: Pyralidae) and Apomyelois ceratoniae (Lep.: Pyralidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 24, 19–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beccaloni, G. W., Scoble, M. J., Robinson, G. S., & Pitkin, B. (2011). LepIndex: The global lepidoptera names index. In: F. A. Bisby, Y. R. Roskov, T. M. Orrell, D. Nicolson, L. E. Paglinawan, N. Bailly, P. M. Kirk, T. Bourgoin, G. Baillargeon, & D. Ouvrard (Eds.), Species 2000 and ITIS catalogue of life: 2011 annual checklist in species 2000. Reading Available at: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/details/database/id/18. Accessed on 6 Mar 2015.

  • Ben Jemaa, J. M., Haouel, S., Bouaziz, M., & Khouja, M. L. (2012). Seasonal variations in chemical composition and fumigant activity of five Eucalyptus essential oils against three moth pests of stored dates in Tunisia. Journal of Stored Products Research, 48, 61–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Jemaa, J. M., Haouel, S., & Khouja, M. L. (2013). Efficacy of Eucalyptus essential oils fumigant control against Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under various space occupation conditions. Journal of Stored Products Research, 53, 67–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, W. J., Coviello, R. L., Vasquez, S. J., & Haviland, D. R. (2013). Raisin moth. In L. J. Bettiga (Ed.), Grape pest management (University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services Publ. N. 3343 3rd ed., pp. 380–380). Richmond: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessi, H., Ferchichi, C., Bellagha, S., Grissa, K., Bikoba, V., & Mitcham, E. (2013). Effects of fumigation with ethyl formate on the quality of date fruit. In H. Abdullah & M. N. Latifah (Eds.), Proceedings of the VII international postharvest symposium, 25–29 Jun 2012, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1012, 693–698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biliotti, E., & Daumal, J. (1970). Bionomics of P. flavitestacea. Details of a method of permanent rearing for work on the biological control of E. ceratoniae. Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale, 1, 379–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitaw, A. A., & Saad, A. A. (1990). Survey of natural enemies of date palm pests in Libya. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 8, 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitaw, A. A., Bin Saad, A. A., & El-Mokhtar, O. (1988). Natural enemies of date palm pests in Jamahiriya. Arab and Near East Plant Protection Newsletter, 7, 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjostad, L. B., Hibbard, B. E., & Cranshaw, W. S. (1993). Application of semiochemicals in integrated pest management programs. In S. O. Duke, J. J. Menn, & J. R. Plimmer (Eds.), Pest control with enhanced environmental safety, 203rd National meeting of the American Chemical Society Symposium Series No. 524, Apr 5–10 1992, San Francisco, California, USA, 199–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D. (1975). Preliminary notes on the phenology and biology of Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), a new pest of date palms in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 3, 55–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D. (2004). Date palm pests and their control measurement. In Z. Bernstein (Ed.), Date growing in Israel (398–433 pp). Tel-Aviv: The Plant Production and Marketing Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D. (2008). Date palm arthropod pests and their management in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 36, 411–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Swirski, E., & Greenberg, S. (1977). Field tests for the control of the lesser date moth. International Pest Control, 19, 18–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Kehat, M., Greenberg, S., Gantz, S., Biton, S., & Adato, I. (1987). Effectiveness of azinphosmethyl for controlling sap beetles (Carpophilus spp.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in date palms: Further tests. Alon Hanotea, 41, 1152–1157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, D., Navon, A., Kehat, M., Eliahu, M., Levski, S., & Nakash, J. (2001). Date palm pests in Israel at the beginning of the third millennium. Alon Hanotea, 55, 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodenheimer, F. S. (1930). The insect pest fauna of Palestine with particular regard to the chief pests of the Mediterranean region. Monographien zur angewandten Entomologie, Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey, Berlin, Germany, 16, 438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouka, H., Chemseddine, M., Abbassi, M., & Brun, J. (2001). The date moth in the area of Tafilalet in the southeast of Morocco. Fruits, 56, 189–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, U. E., & Daley, R. C. (1972). Identification of a sex pheromone from the female raisin moth, Cadra figulilella. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65, 1356–1358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridwell, J. C. (1919a). Some notes on Hawaiian and other Bethylidae with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4, 21–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridwell, J. C. (1919b). Miscellaneous notes on Hymenoptera with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 4, 109–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burks, C. S., & Johnson, J. A. (2012). Biology, behavior and ecology of stored fruit and nut insects. In D. W. Hagstrum, T. W. Phillips, & G. Cuperus (Eds.), Stored product protection (Kansas State Research and Extension Service Publication No. S156, pp. 21–32). Manhattan: Kansas State Research and Extension Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calcat, A. (1959). Disease and pests of date palms in the Sahara and North Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 11, 287–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calderon, M., Navarro, S., & Donahaye, E. (1969). Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zell.) (Lep., Phycitidae), a major pest of stored almonds in Israel. Journal of Stored Products Research, 5, 427–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J. B., & Elmer, H. S. (1978). Pests and diseases of the date palm (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Handbook No. 527, 42 pp). Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catling, H. D. (1970). Notes on new minor pests of citrus in Southern Africa. South African Citrus Journal, 444, 13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture). (1983). Carob moth in California. In R. Gill & S. Kaiser (Eds.), California plant pest and disease report no 2 (pp. 11–14). Sacramento: California Department of Food and Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cock, M. J. W. (1987). Pyralidae: Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), a possible predator of limacodid pupae. In M. J. W. Cock, H. C. J. Godfray, & J. D. Holloway (Eds.), Slug and nettle caterpillars: The biology, taxonomy, and control of limacodidae of economic importance on palms in South-east Asia (199 pp). Wallingford: CABI Publishing, CAB International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, A. S., & Tams, W. H. T. (1943). Keys for the identification of the Lepidoptera infesting stored food products. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 113, 55–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosse, A. A., Endris, J. J., Millar, J. G., & Baker, T. C. (1994). Identification of volatile compounds from fungus-infected date fruit that stimulate upwind flight of female Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 72, 233–238.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coviello, R. L. (2000). Lepidopterous insects. In L. P. Christensen (Ed.), Raisin production manual (University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services Publication No. 3393, pp. 182–186). Oakland: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, P. D. (1974). The influence of temperature and humidity on the life-cycles of Ephestia figulilella Gregson and Ephestia calidella (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 10, 43–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, P. D. (1975a). The influence of photoperiod on the life-cycles of Ephestia calidella (Guenée) and Ephestia figulilella Gregson (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 11, 75–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, P. D. (1975b). The suitability of dried fruits, almonds, and carobs for the development of Ephestia figulilella Gregson, E. calidella (Guenée) and E. cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 11, 229–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, P. D. (1976). The influence of temperature and humidity on the life-cycle of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 12, 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, P. D. (1979). Influence of photoperiod on the life cycle of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 15, 111–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, P. D., Crawford, L. A., Gjestrud, G., Bell, C. H., & Bowley, C. R. (1981). The influence of temperature and humidity on the life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71, 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daumal, J., Jourdheuil, P., & Marro, J. P. (1973). Acclimatization of Phanerotoma flavitestacea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasite of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the French Mediterranean Coast. Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale, 5, 593–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, Y. S. D. M. (2013). Fauna europaea version 2.6. Available at: www.faunaeur.org. Accessed on 6 Mar 2015.

  • De Stefani, T. (1919). Some insects infesting carob pods. Bollettino Stazione Sperimentale di Frutticoltura e di Agrumicoltura, Acireale, Italy, 37, 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Villiers, E. A., & Wolmarans, M. M. (1980). Chemical control of false codling moth and other nut borers on macadamia. Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute Information Bulletin, 97, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delvare, G., Talaee, L., & Goldansaz, S. H. (2011). New Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of economic importance from Iran. Annales Zooligici, 61, 789–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deseo, K. V., Briolini, G., & Bruno, P. (1981). Observations on pests of walnut. Informatore Fitopatologico, 31, 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhouibi, M. H. (1992). The effect of bactospeine XLV on the larvae of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 57, 505–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhouibi, M. H., & Jemmazi, A. (1993). Biological control of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in pomegranate orchards. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent, 58, 427–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobie, P. (1978). The effects of a previous field infestation upon Ephestia cautella (Walker) and Lasioderma serricorne (F.) infesting carobs. Journal of Stored Products Research, 14, 35–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donahaye, E., & Calderon, M. (1964). Survey of insects infesting dates in storage in Israel. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research, 14, 97–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donohoe, H. C., & Barnes, D. F. (1934). Notes on host materials of Ephestia figulilella. Journal of Economic Entomology, 27, 1075–1077.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donohoe, H. C., Simmons, P., Barnes, D. F., Kaloostian, G. H., Fisher, C. K., & Heinrich, C. (1949). Biology of the raisin moth (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 994, Washington DC, USA, 23 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doumandji, S. (1981). Biologie et Ecologie de la Pyrale des Caroubes dans le Nord de L’Algerie, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (146 pp). PhD thesis, L’University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doumandji-Mitiche, B., & Doumandji, S. (1982). Les ennemis naturels d’Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller dans les palmeries de Briskra. Bulletin de Zoologie Agricola, 4, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doumandji-Mitiche, B., & Idder, A. (1986). Studies of releases of Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) against date pyralids Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in a plantation at Ouargla. Annales de l’Institut National Agronomique El-Harrach, 10, 167–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowson, V. H. W. (1982). Date production and protection (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Plant production and Protection Paper No. 35, Rome, Italy, 294 p).

    Google Scholar 

  • Durrant, J. H. (1915). Myelois phoenicis, sp. n. bred from dates in Algeria and England (Lepid, Pyral). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 51, 304–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyar, H. G. (1911). Two species of Phycitinae new to our fauna. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington DC, USA, 13, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehteshami, F., Aleosfoor, M., Allahyari, H., & Alichi, M. (2013). First record of Goniozus legneri(Hym.: Bethylidae), the larval ectoparasitoid of carob moth, in Iran. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 33, 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eitam, A. (2001). Oviposition behavior and development of immature stages of Parasierola swirskiana, a parasitoid of the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula. Phytoparasitica, 29, 405–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Bashir, S., & El-Makaleh, S. (1983). Control of the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick in the Tihama region of the Yemen Arab Republic. In Proceedings of the first symposium on date palms, 23–25 March 1982, Saudi Arabia (418–422 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsayed, G., & Bazaid, S. A. (2011). Field investigation of pomegranate fruit worms in Taif and laboratory evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis against Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 44, 28–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shafie, H. A. F. (2012). Review: list of arthropod pests and their natural enemies identified worldwide on date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 3, 516–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elwan, A. A. (2000). Survey of the insect and mite pests associated with date palm trees in Al-Dakhliya region, Sultanate of Oman. Egypt Agricultural Research, 78, 653–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entomological Society of America. (2014). ESA common names database. Available from: http://www.entsoc.org/common-names. Accessed on 6 Mar 2015.

  • Farahani, H. K., Goldansaz, S. H., & Sabahi, G. (2009). Report of two fly parasitoids of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 29, 57–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farahani, H. K., Goldansaz, S. H., Sabahi, G., & Baur, H. (2010a). First report of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hym.: Pteromalidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 29, 117–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farahani, H. K., Goldansaz, S. H., Sabahi, G., & Hortsmann, K. (2010b). First report of two Ichneumonid wasp species from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 30, 59–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farahani, H. K., Goldansaz, S. H., Sabahi, G., & Shakeri, M. (2010c). Larval parasitoids of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae) in three regions of Iran: Varamin, Qom, and Saveh. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 41, 337–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farahani, H. K., Bell, H., & Goldansaz, S. H. (2012a). Biology of Apanteles myeloenta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 15, 607–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farahani, H. K., Goldansaz, S. H., & Allahyari, H. (2012b). Biology of Venturia canescens, a larval parasitoid of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae under laboratory conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 43, 111–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farahani, H. K., Goldansaz, S. H., & Sabahi, G. (2012c). A survey on the overwintering larval parasitoids of Ectomyelois ceratoniae in three regions in Iran. Crop Protection, 36, 52–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farahani, H. K., Bell, H., & Goldansaz, S. H. (2013). Is host age an important factor in the bionomics of Apanteles myeloenta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)? European Journal of Entomology, 110, 277–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farzaneh, A. (1984). Spectrobates ceratoniae Z. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Iran. Proceedings of the International Congress of Entomology, 17, 577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer von Röslerstamm, J. E. (1839). Abbildungen zur Berichtigung und Ergänzung der Schmetterlingskunde, besonders der Microlepidopterologie, Leipzig, Germany (304 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gençer, N. S., Coşkuncu, K. S., & Kumral, N. A. (2005). Determination of harmful and beneficial fauna in fig orchards in Bursa Province. Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, 24–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgevits, R. P. (1981). Seed insects of Robinia pseudoacacia. Dasikon Ereunon, 2, 223–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gharib, A. (1968). Batrachedra amydraula Meyr. (Super-family; Gelechoidea) – (Momphidae (Cosmopterygidae). Entomlogie et Phytopatologie Appliqees, 27, 63–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghavami, S. (2006). Effects of three artificial diets on biological characteristics of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep.: Pyralidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 25, 63–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, T. M., & Passoa, S. C. (2014). LepIntercept – An identification resource for intercepted lepidoptera larvae. Available at: http://idtools.org/id/leps/lepintercept/ceratoniae.html. Accessed on 9 Apr 2015.

  • Goater, B. (1986). British pyralid moths. A guide to their identification (175 pp). Colchester: Harley Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldansaz, S. H., Talaei, L., Poorjavad, N., & Dehghani, Y. H. (2012). Inhibition of carob moth damage using Ferula assafoetida essential oil in pomegranate orchards of Iran. In P. Melgarejo & D. Valero (Eds.), Options Mediterraneennes. Serie A, Seminaires Méditerranéens (II International Symposium on the Pomegranate, October 19–21, 2011, Madrid, Spain, 103, 129–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R. H. (2002). Development of first and second generation of apple codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) and its influence on management programs. Revista Fruticola, 23, 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R. H. (2003). Las polillas de la fruta en Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Pyralidae). Universidad de Chile, Serie Ciencias Agronomicas, 9, 188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R. H., & Cepeda, D. (1999). The carob-bean moth, Spectrobates ceratoniae (Zeller) (Pyralidae), a barrier to the implementation of mating disruption for control of codling moth on walnuts. Revista Fruticola, 20, 57–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S. (1968). The biology of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zell) in Israel. Part 1. Mass culture on artificial diet. Israel Journal of Entomology, 3, 109–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S. (1969a). Natural enemies of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Entomophaga, 14, 195–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S. (1969b). A contribution to the biology of Phanerogam flavitestacea FI. A parasite of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zell.). Israel Journal of Entomology, 4, 55–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S. (1969c). The biology of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae in Israel. Part 2. Effect of food, temperature, and humidity on development. Israel Journal of Entomology, 4, 107–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S. (1970). The biology of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae in Israel. Part 3. Phenology of various hosts. Israel Journal of Entomology, 5, 161–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S. (1978). Establishment of imported parasite Pentalitomastix plethoricus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) on Ectomyelois ceratoniae in Israel. Entomophaga, 23, 299–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S. (1984). Biology of Spectrobates ceratoniae on almonds in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 12, 77–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S., & Mazor, M. (1987). Release and recovery of imported parasites of the carob moth Spectrobates ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology, 21, 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gothilf, S., Levy, E. C., Cooper, R., & Lavie, D. (1975). Oviposition stimulants of the moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae, the effect of short chain alcohols. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1, 457–464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habib, D. M., & Essaadi, S. H. (2007). Biocontrol of the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick (Cosmopteridae = Batrachedridae) on date palm trees. Acta Horticulturae, 736, 391–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J. (1986a). Braconidae (Hymenoptera) associated with forest and ornamental trees and shrubs in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 14, 119–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, J. (1986b). Occurrence of the carob moth in pistachio. Alon Hanotea, 40, 923–926.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed, A. A., Al-Taweel, A. A., Al-Jboory, I. J., & Al-Zaidy, S. M. (2011). Using the parasitoid, Bracon hebetor Say and the pheromone traps to control the moth insects, Ephestia spp. in date stores in Iraq. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 21, 377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammad, S. M., Kadous, A. A., & Ramadan, M. M. (1983). Predators and parasites of date palm insects in Al-Hassa and Al-Qatif regions (Eastern province, Saudi Arabia). In Proceedings of the first symposium on date palms, 23–25 Mar 1982, Saudi Arabia (pp. 322–341).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampson, G. F. (1896). Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (Vol. 4, 91 pp, Vol. 4). London: Taylor and Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampson, G. F. (1903). The moths of India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 15, 19–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harhash, M., Mourad, A. K., & Hammad, S. M. (2003). Integrated crop management of the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula Meyr. (Lepidoptera: Cosmopteridae) infesting some date-palm varieties in Egypt. Communications in Agriculture and Applied Biological Sciences, 68, 209–221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harpaz, I., & Wysok, M. (1984). Susceptibility of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, to Bacillus thuringiensis. Phytoparasitica, 12, 189–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. (2013). Carob moth in Afghanistan. Outlooks on Pest Management, 24, 213–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, P. A. (Ed.). (1991). Naturally occurring pest bioregulators (456 pp). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrich, C. (1956). American moths in the subfamily Phycitinae. United States Natural Museum Bulletin, 207, 1–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, R. W. (1998). Gelechioidea. In N. P. Kistensen (Ed.), Handbook of zoology, Volume IV, Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35. Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, Volume 1, evolution, systematics, and biogeography (pp. 131–158). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huisman, K. (1974). Interesting captures of Lepidoptera. Entomologische Berichten, 34, 153–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, C. C., Chiang, B. Y., & Wang, W. L. (2003). Development and fecundity of the carob moth, Apomyelois ceratoniae, reared on different foods and its eclosion, mating, and ovipositing behavior. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taichung), 45, 185–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, A. A. (1963). Notes on borers of date palm in Iraq. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 54, 345–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, A. A. (1974). Date palms and dates with their pests in Iraq. Bagdad: University of Bagdad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Idder, M. A., Idder-Ighili, H., Saggou, H., & Pintureau, B. (2009). Infestation rate and morphology of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), on different varieties of the palm date, Phoenix dactylifera (L.). Cahiers Agricultures, 18, 63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Idder, M. A., Doumandji-Mitiche, B., & Pintureau, B. (2013). Biological control in Algerian palm groves. In N. Bouguedoura, M. Bennaceur, & J. C. Pintaud (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international symposium on date palm, Algiers, Algeria. ISHA Acta Horticulturae, 994, 347–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, S. N. A. (1933). Aphomia gularis (Zell.) and other rare warehouse moths. The Entomologist, 66, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jemni, M., Oton, M., Ramirez, J. G., Artes-Hernandez, F., Chaira, N., Ferchichi, A., & Artes, F. (2014). Conventional and emergent sanitizers decreased Ectomyelois ceratoniae infestation and maintained quality of date palm after shelf-life. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 87, 33–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. A., Valero, K. A., Hannel, M. M., & Gill, R. F. (2000). Seasonal occurrence of postharvest dried fruit insects and their parasitoids in a culled fig warehouse. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 1380–1390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, D. R., Walker, P. T., & Huntington, K. A. (1972). Ultra-low volume, hand-operated motorised sprayers for insecticide application in citrus. International Pest Control, 14(8–15), 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, O. T. (1998). The commercial exploitation of pheromones and other semiochemicals. Pest Science, 54, 293–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaakeh, W. (2006). Management of the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula, in the United Arab Emirates date palm plantations. In 3rd international date palm conference, 10 Dec 2006, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (55 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakar, M. K., Nizamani, S. M., Rustamani, M. A., & Khuhro, R. D. (2010). Periodical lesser date moth infestation on intact and dropped fruits. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 26, 393–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karami, E., Mirabzadeh, A., Karahroudi, Z. R., & Ioni, S. (2011). Comparison of the effect of cutting off stamens of pomegranates and releasing Trichogramma embryophagum with Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep: Pyralidae) in Saveh region, Iran. Munis Entomology and Zoology, 6, 306–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashkuli, A., & Eghtedar, E. (1976). Biologie und Okologie von Spectrobates ceratoniae (Lep. Pyralidae) in der Provinz Fars. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées, 41, 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., & Greenberg, S. (1969). The biology and phenology of Arenipses sabella Hmps. and Cadra figulilella (Gregson) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on dates in Israel. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 58, 411–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., & Swirski, E. (1964). Chemical control of the date palm scale, Parlatoria blanchardi, and the effect of some insecticides on the lady beetle Pharoscymnus aff. numidicus Pic. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research, 14, 101–110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Stoller, S., Meisner, J., & Greenberg, S. (1966). Development of population and control of Carpophilus dimidiatus F., C. hemipterus L. and Coccotrypes dactyliperda F. in dates. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research, 16, 173–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Blumberg, D., & Greenberg, S. (1969). Experiments on the control of the raisin moth, Cadra figulilella Gregs. (Phyticidae, Pyralidae), on dates in Israel. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research, 19, 121–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Blumberg, D., & Greenburg, S. (1976). Fruit drop and damage in dates. The role of Coccotrypes dactyliperda F. and nitidulid beetles and prevention by mechanical measures. Phytoparasitica, 4, 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Blumberg, D., Greenberg, S., & Gordon, D. (1985a). Laboratory and field evaluation of insecticides for the control of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in dates. Alon Hanotea, 39, 797–801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Greenberg, S., Biton, S., Gantz, S., & Adato, I. (1985b). Field evaluation of insecticides for the control of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in dates. Alon Hanotea, 40, 787–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehat, M., Eitam, A., Blumberg, D., Dunkelblum, E., Anshelevich, L., & Gordon, D. (1992). Sex pheromone traps for detecting and monitoring the raisin moth, Cadra figulilella, in date palm plantations. Phytoparasitica, 20, 99–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khajehzadeh, Y., & Latifian, M. (2013). Response of different date palm cultivars to lesser date moth (Batrachedra amydraula Meyr.) under natural infestation in Behbahan. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal, 29, 311–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khajepour, S., Izadi, H., & Asari, M. J. (2011). Evaluation of two formulated chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and lufenuron against the raisin moth, Ephestia figulilella. Journal of Insect Science, 12, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khoualdia, O., R’Houma, A., Marro, J. P., & Brun, J. (1996). Release of Phanerotoma ocuralis Kohl to combat the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller on dates in an experimental plot at Tozeur in Tunisia. Fruits (Paris), 51, 129–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khoualdia, O., Takrouni, M. L., Mahmoud, O. B., Rhouma, A., Alimi, E., Ridha, B. H., Abid, M., & Brun, J. (2002). Control of date moth in Southern Tunisia: Trials of two natural products, spinosad and azadirachtin. Phytoma, 551, 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klimesch, J. (1968). Die Lepidoptera fauna Mazedonien 4. Microlepidoptera. Posebna Izdanja Prirod Muz Skopje, 5, 1–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasil’Nikova, G. A. (1964). A new pest of the pomegranate (Punica granatum) Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Turkmenian Academy of Science, Biological Series, 1, 40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasil’Nikova, G. A. (1965). Food specialization of Ectomyelois ceratoniae and Euzophera punicaella caterpillars (Lepidoptera, Pyralididae). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 1, 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasil’Nikova, G. A. (1966). Conditions promoting adaptation of some pyralids to synanthsopism. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 45, 764–773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasnoff, S. B., & Vick, K. W. (1984). Male wing-gland pheromone of Ephestia elutella. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10, 667–679.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krasnoff, S. B., Vick, K. W., & Mankin, R. W. (1983). Female calling behavior in Ephestia elutella and E. figulilella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Florida Entomologist, 66, 249–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ksentini, I., Jardak, T., & Zeghal, N. (2010a). Bacillus thuringiensis, deltamethrin and spinosad side-effects on three Trichogramma species. Bulletin of Insectology, 63, 31–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ksentini, I., Monje, J. C., Jardak, T., & Zeghal, N. (2010b). Naturally occurring egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in a pomegranate orchard in Tunisia. Entomological Science, 13(1), 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ksentini, I., Jardak, T., & Zeghal, N. (2013). A laboratory comparison of four Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as potential biocontrol agents for the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 23, 465–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kugler, J., & Nitzan, Y. (1977). Biology of Clausicella suturata (Diptera, Tachinidae), a parasite of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Entomophaga, 22, 93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuwahara, Y., Kitamura, C., Takahashi, S., Hara, H., Ishii, S., & Fukami, H. (1971). Sex pheromone of the almond moth and the Indian meal moth: Cis-9, trans-12 tetradecadienyl acetate. Science, 171, 801–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, C. E. (1991). A Nosema-type microsporidian in Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 58, 348–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latifian, M. (2012). The effects of cultural management on the lesser date moth (Batrachedra amydraula Myer) infestation. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 24, 224–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, M. D. (1933). Notes on insect conditions in Puerto Rico for the fiscal year, July 1931 thru June 1932. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Puerto Rico, 17, 97–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepigre, A. (1963). Experimental control of date pyralid (Myelois ceratoniae Zeller: Pyralidae) on trees. Annales des Epiphyties, 14, 85–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leraut, P. (2002). Contribution a l’etude des Phycitinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 19, 141–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. Z., & Buchelos, C. T. (1981). Surveillance of storage moth species (Pyralidae, Gelechiidae) in a flour mill by adhesive traps with notes on the pheromone-mediated flight behaviour of male moths. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 92, 233–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. Z., & Gothilf, S. A. (1966). A semisynthetic diet for axenic growth of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zell.). Rivista di Parassitologia, 26, 19–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Zada, A., Fefer, D., Anshelevitch, L., Litovsky, A., Bengtsson, M., Gindin, G., & Soroker, V. (2011). Identification of the sex pheromone of the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula, using sequential SPME auto-sampling. Tetrahedron Letters, 52, 4550–4553.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Zada, A., Sandusky, A., Dobrinin, S., David, M., Ticuchinski, T., Fefer, D., Greenberg, A., & Blumberg, D. (2013). Reevaluation of the sex pheromone of the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula, using autosampling SPME-GC/MS and field bioassays. Chemoecology, 23, 13–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, D. L., Bliss, D. E., & Barnes, D. F. (1948). Insect infestations and fungus spoilage their relation and control. Date Growers Institute Report, 25, 12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • London Natural History Museum Global Lepidoptera Names Index. (2014). Available at: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/lepindex/search/detail.dsml?TaxonNo=9 040.0. Accessed on 6 Mar 2015.

  • Lounsbury, C. P. (1919). Worms in walnuts. South African Fruit Grower and Smallholder, 6, 307–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, D. (1950). Contribution a l’etude des Lepidopteres nord-africains. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 55, 141–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madkouri, M. (1978). Study of the host-parasite relations in the field and laboratory. Awamia, 56, 37–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mafra-Neto, A., & Baker, T. C. (1996). Timed, metered sprays of pheromone disrupt mating of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 13, 149–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mafra-Neto, A., De Lame, F. M., Fettig, C. J., Munson, A. S., Perring, T. M., Stelinski, L. L., Stoltman, L. L., Mafra, L. E. J., Borges, R., & Vargas, R. I. (2013). Manipulation of insect behavior with Specialized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology (SPLAT®). In J. J. Beck, J. R. Coats, S. O. Duke, & M. E. Koivunen (Eds.), Pest management with natural products (American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Washington DC, USA, 1141, pp. 31–58).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamay, M., Ikinci, A., Unlu, L., & Dogan, E. (2014). Infestation rate and host preference of Carob moth [Apomyelois (= Ectomyelois) ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)] on different pomegranate cultivars. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38, 101–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, S. A. (1984). Preliminary studies on insect attractants in pomegranate orchards. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d’Egypte, 65, 49–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mart, C., & Kilincer, N. (1993a). Population fluctuations and number of generations of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on pomegranate in Southeast Anatolia region. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 17, 209–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mart, C., & Kilincer, N. (1993b). Studies on the development of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) at the different temperatures. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 17, 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H. E. (1958). Pests and diseases of date palm in Libya. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 6, 120–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Sanudo, I., Mazzon, L., Vecchia, P. D., Bagnoli, B., Lucchi, A., Marchesini, E., & Mori, N. (2013). Pyralidae Phycitinae in Italian vineyards: Behavioural and molecular genetic investigations. In A. Calonnec, C. Duso, C. Gessler, M. Maixner, D. Thiery, & T. Zahavi (Eds.), Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture”, 2–5 October 2011, Lacanau, France. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 85, 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, J. (1962). A note on the field infestation of pods of the tamarind tree, Tamarindus indica L., in Jamaica. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 97, 198–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mediouni, J., & Dhouibi, M. H. (2007). Mass-rearing and field performance of irradiated carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae in Tunisia. In M. J. B. Vreysen, A. S. Robinson, & J. Hendrichs (Eds.), Area-wide control of insect pests (pp. 265–273). Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mehaoua, M. S., Hadjeb, A., Lagha, M., Bensalah, M. K., & Ouakid, M. L. (2013). Study of the toxicity of azadirachtin on larval mortality and fertility of carob moth’s female Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) under controlled conditions. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 7, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrnejad, M. R. (1993). Biology of the carob moth (Apomyelois ceratoniae) a new pest of pistachio in Rafsanjan. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 60, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrnejad, M. R. (1995). Carob moth, a pest of pistachio nut in Iran. In N. Kaska, A. B. Kuden, L. Ferguson, & T. Michailides (Eds.), First international symposium on pistachio nut, 20–24 September 1994. Adana, Turkey. ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 419, 365–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrnejad, M. R. (2001). The current status of pistachio pests in Iran. Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes, 56, 315–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrnejad, M. R., & Panahi, B. (2006). The influence of hull cracking on aflatoxin contamination and insect infestation in pistachio nuts. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 73, 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesbah, H. A., El Kady, M. B., & El Sayed, N. A. A. (1998). Survey and population studies on pests of date palm trees in Siwa oasis (Western Desert, Egypt). Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology, 25, 99–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M. (1996). The Lepidoptera of the Macaronesian region 7: the pyralid fauna of Madeira and the Azores (Microlepidoptera, Pyralidae). Annotated checklist and the state of recent revision. Verhandlungen Westdeutscher Entomologentag, 1996, 45–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M., Nuss, M., & Spiedel, W. (1997). Commented checklist of the Pyraloidea of the Azores, with description of three new species (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea). Beitraege Zur Entomologie, 47, 13–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyrick, E. (1935). Exotic microlepidoptera (2nd ed., Vol. 4, 553 pp). Hampton: E.W. Classey Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael, P. (1968). Insect pests: The carob moth. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia, Ser, 4(9), 81–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael, I. F. (1970). Economic importance and control of Batrachedra amydraula Meyr. (the lesser date moth) in the U.A.R. Date Grower’s Institute Report, 47, 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael, I. F., & Habib, A. A. (1971). Biology of Batrachedra amydraula Meyr., the lesser date moth. Date Growers Institute Report, 48, 6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millar, J. G. (1990). Synthesis of 9Z, 11E, 13-tetradecatrienal, the major component of the sex-pheromone of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 54, 2473–2476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, K. A., Wontner-Smith, T. J., Cardwell, S. C., & Bell, C. H. (2003a). The use of phosphine as an alternative to methyl bromide for the disinfestation of palm dates. In P. F. Credland, D. M. Armitage, C. H. Bell, P. M. Cogan, & E. Highley (Eds.), Advances in stored product protection, 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (IWCSPP), York, England (717–724 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, K. A., Wontner-Smith, T. J., Cardwell, S. C., & Bell, C. H. (2003b). The use of carbon dioxide as an alternative to methyl bromide for the disinfestation of palm dates. In P. F. Credland, D. M. Armitage, C. H. Bell, P. M. Cogan, & E. Highley (Eds.), Advances in stored product protection, 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (IWCSPP), York, England (729–735 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineo, G. (1967). La Myelois ceratoniae Zeller infesta anche le olive. Università di Palermo Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, 7, 5–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirkarimi, A. (2000). Biological control of carob moth with mass release of Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig for Pomegranate worm control, the Ectomyelois (Spectrobates) ceratoniae Zell. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31, 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirkarimi, A. (2002). The effect of stuffing Pomegranate neck (Ceelyx) on reduction of Pomegranate neck worm Spectrobates ceratoniae Zell. (Lep. Pyralidae: Phycitinae) damage. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33, 375–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mnif, I., Elleuch, M., Chaabouni, S. E., & Ghribi, D. (2013). Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant: Production optimization and insecticidal activity against the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Crop Protection, 50, 66–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moawad, G. M. (1979). Ecological studies on the pomegranate fruit moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in Saudi Arabia. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 49, 739–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moezipour, M., & Shojaei, S. S. (2008). Developmental biology and fertility life table parameters of Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko), on eggs of Sitoteroga [Sitotroga] cerealella at different temperatures, in laboratory conditions. Pakistan Entomologist, 30, 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moezipour, M., Kafil, M., & Allahyari, H. (2008). Functional response of Trichogramma brassicae at different temperatures and relative humidities. Bulletin of Insectology, 61, 245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moezzipour, M., Goldansaz, S. H., Radjabi, G., Attaran, M., & Seyyedoleslami, H. (2009). Fertility life table parameters of Trichogramma brassicae Bezd., collected from pomegranate orchards of Saveh, at three different constant temperatures and relative humidity levels. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 51–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. (2001). Insects of palm flowers and fruits. In F. W. Howard, D. Moore, R. M. Giblin-Davis, & R. G. Abad (Eds.), Insects on palms (pp. 233–266). Wallingford: CABI Publishing, CAB International.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mozaffarian, F., Sarafrazi, A., & Ganbalani, G. N. (2007a). Host plant-associated population variation in the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae in Iran: A geometric morphometric analysis suggests a nutritional basis. Journal of Insect Science, 7, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mozaffarian, F., Sarafrazi, A., & Ganbalani, G. N. (2007b). Sexual dimorphism in the wing shape and size of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 26, 61–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozaffarian, F., Sarafrazi, A., Ganbalani, G. N., & Ariana, A. (2007c). Morphological variation among Iranian populations of the Carob Moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 41, 81–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mozaffarian, F., Mardi, M., Sarafrazi, A., & Ganbalani, G. N. (2008). Assessment of geographic and host-associated population variations of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, on pomegranate, fig, pistachio and walnut, using AFLP markers. Journal of Insect Science, 8, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munroe, E. G. (1983). Pyralidae. In R. W. Hodges, T. Dominick, D. R. Davis, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, E. G. Munroe, & J. A. Powell (Eds.), Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico including Greenland (pp. 67–85). London: E.W. Classey Ltd., Wedge Entomological Research Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro, S., Donahaye, E., & Calderon, M. (1986). Development of the carob moth, Spectrobates ceratoniae, on stored almonds. Phytoparasitica, 14, 177–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navon, A., Nakashe, Y., Blumberg, D., Levski, S., Gan-Mor, S., Bechar, A., Ronen, B., & Ucko, O. (1999). The effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis in granular feeding baits for use against the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula in date palms, in comparison with chemical and biological control agents (1995–1999). Alon Hanotea, 53, 484–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E. (2006). Biology, ecology, and management of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a pest of dates, Phoenix dactylifera L., in Southern California (278 pp). PhD Dissertation, University of California, Riverside, California. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E., & Perring, T. M. (2005). Impact of ant predation and heat on carob moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) mortality in California date gardens. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98, 725–731.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E., & Perring, T. M. (2006). Effect of fruit moisture content on mortality, development, and fitness of the carob moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology, 35, 237–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E., & Perring, T. M. (2008a). Influences of host plant stages on carob moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) development and fitness. Environmental Entomology, 37, 568–574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E., & Perring, T. M. (2008b). Blue Palo Verde, Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex Grey) S. Wats. (Fabaceae), a new host of the introduced carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Southern California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 84, 143–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E., & Perring, T. M. (2009). Effect of center cut strand thinning on fruit abscission and Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infestation in California date gardens. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102, 948–953.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E., Boyd, E. A., & Perring, T. M. (2006). Reduction of carob moth in ‘Deglet Noor’ dates using a bunch cleaning tool. Crop Protection, 25, 758–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nay, J. E., Park, Y. L., & Perring, T. M. (2007). Effect of bunch sanitation on spatial distribution of abscised fruit and phycitine moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in California date gardens. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100, 1773–1780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neunzig, H. H. (1979). Systematics of immature phycitines (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with Leguminous plant in the southern United States (United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 1589, Washington DC, USA, 119 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neunzig, H. H. (1990). The moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland. Fascicle 15.3 Pyraloidea, Pyralidae (Part), Phycitinae (Part) (165 pp). Washington, DC: Wedge Entomological Research Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, G. E. J. (1976). A revision of the North-western European species of the merula, laeteus, vipio, ultor, ater, butalidis, popularis, carbonarius, and validus groups of Apanteles Förster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 687–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, R. W., & Carpenter, J. B. (1978). Growing dates in the United States.(United States Department of Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 207, 63 pp). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norouzi, A., Talebi, A. A., & Fathipour, Y. (2008). Development and demographic parameters of the carob moth Apomyelois ceratoniae on four diet regimes. Bulletin of Insectology, 61, 291–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norouzi, A., Talebi, A. A., Fathipour, Y., & Lozan, A. I. (2009). Apanteles laspeyresiellus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a new record for Iran insect fauna. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 28, 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ould, E. M. D., Abdi, M., & Doumandji, S. (2007). Impact of treatment with an acridicide on the entomofauna associated with date palms in a palm grove in the Ouargla basin (Northeastern Northern Algerian Sahara). Rivista Italiana EPPOS, 43, 25–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk, N., Olculu, M., & Ulusoy, M. R. (2011). The adult population dynamics of the Carob moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in citrus orchards in Adana and Mersin provinces. Bitki Koruma Bulteni, 51, 347–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk, N., Ulusoy, M. R., & Bayhan, E. (2005). Pest and natural enemy species determined in pomegranate orchards in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Turkey. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 29, 225–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palm, E. (1986). North European pyralids – with particular reference to the Danish fauna (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Danmarks Dyreliv 3 (287 pp). Copenhagen: Fauna Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmony, Y. (1969). The Pyralidae of the lake Tiberias region: A faunistic pheno-ecological survey. Israel Journal of Entomology, 4, 293–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. J., & Perring, T. M. (2010). Development of a binomial sampling plan for the carob moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a pest of California dates. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103, 1474–1482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perring, T. M., & Nay, J. E. (2015). Evaluation of bunch protectors for preventing insect infestation and preserving yield and fruit quality of dates, Phoenix dactylifera L. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108, 654–661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perring, T. M., Farrar, C. A., & Nay, J. E. (2005). Carob moth and raisin moth control on dates. Western Region IR4 efficacy program final report (4 pp). Riverside: Department of Entomology, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perring, T., Braverman, M., & Mafra-Neto, A. (2014). Pheromone-based mating disruption reduces pest attack on dates and results in new registration. United States Department of Agriculture, IR-4 Project Newsletter, 45(8–9), 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peyrovi, M., Goldansaz, S. H., & Jahromi, K. T. (2011). Using Ferula assafoetida essential oil as adult carob moth repellent in Qom pomegranate orchards (Iran). African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 380–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelan, P. L., & Baker, T. C. (1986). Cross-attraction of five species of stored product Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a wind tunnel. Environmental Entomology, 15, 369–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelan, P. L., & Baker, T. C. (1990). Comparative study of courtship in twelve phycitine moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 3, 303–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pintureau, B., & Daumal, J. (1979). Les Ectomyelois de l’Ancien Monde (Lep. Pyralidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 84, 84–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poorjavad, N., Goldansaz, S. H., Hosseininaveh, V., Nozari, J., Dehghaniy, H., & Enkegaard, A. (2011). Fertility life table parameters of different strains of Trichogramma spp. collected from eggs of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Entomological Science, 14, 245–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priesner, E. (1989). Two component sexual attractant for male Batrachedra pinicolella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 44, 1061–1062.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmani, S., Marouf, A., & Amir-Maafi, M. (2008). Demography of Batrachedra amydraula (Lep; Batrachedridae) under laboratory conditions. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 76, 79–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Real, P. (1948). Les Myelois parasites des dates (Lepidoptera: Phycitinae). Revue de Pathologie Vegetale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France Paris, 27, 59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuveni, O. (1986). Dates. In S. P. Monselise (Ed.), CRC handbook of fruit set and development (pp. 119–144). Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L., Silverstein, R. M., & Inscoe, M. N. (1990). Behavior-modifying chemicals for insect management: Applications of pheromones and other attractants (761 pp). Madison Avenue: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roesler, R. U. (1968). Das neue systematische Verzeichnis der deutschen Phycitinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 17, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roesler, R. U., & Küppers, R. V. (1981). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Sumatras. Teil 9. Die Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) von Sumatra; Taxonomie Teil 13, Okologie und Geobiologie. Beitraege zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in Suedwestdeutschland Beihefte, 4, 1–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saadat, D., Seraj, A. A., Goldansaz, S. H., & Karimzadeh, J. (2014). Environmental and maternal effects on host selection and parasitism success of Bracon hebetor. BioControl, 59, 297–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarjami, M. S., Ghanbalani, G. N., Goldansaz, H., & Zakaria, R. A. (2009). Calling behavior of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), laboratory and field experiments. Munis Entomology and Zoology, 4, 472–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiliro, E., & Bellini, G. (1978). Damage to orange fruits caused by Myelois ceratoniae. Tecnica Agricola, 30, 425–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedlacek, J. D., Weston, P. A., & Barney, R. J. (1996). Lepidoptera and Psocoptera. In B. Subramanyam & D. W. Hagstrum (Eds.), Integrated management of insects in stored products (pp. 41–70). New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serghiou, C. S. (1983). The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso – carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, pest complex on grapefruit and its chemical control. Technical Bulletin, Agricultural Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus, 56, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, J. C. (1995). Phycitinae. In J. B. Heppner (Ed.), Atlas of neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea – Pyraloidea – Tortricoidea (Vol. 3, pp. 93–105). Gainesville: Association for Tropical Lepidoptera and Scientific Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafik, M. (1938). Constant temperature hot air sterilizer for the control of Ephestia and Myelois on Dates. Bulletin de la Société Fouad Ier d’Entomologie, 22, 233–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakeri, M. (1993). First report of attack of Spectrobates ceratoniae Zell. to figs in Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 60, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shani, A., & Clearwater, J. (2001). Evasion of mating disruption in Ephestia cautella (Walker) by increased pheromone production relative to that of undisrupted populations. Journal of Stored Products Research, 37, 237–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shayesteh, N., Marouf, A., & Amir-Maafi, M. (2010). Some biological characteristics of the Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae) on main varieties of dry and semi-dry date palm of Iran. In: 10th international working conference on stored product protection. Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 425, 151–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, R. A. (1926). Insect pests imported on miscellaneous plant products. In 56th annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1925, Canada (pp. 50–54).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, P., & Nelson, H. D. (1975). Insects on dried fruits (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Handbook No. 464, 25 pp). Washington, DC: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinev, S. Y. (1986). A guide to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Lepidoptera. Family Phycitidae. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, 4, 251–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M. P. (1991). Observations on the pest complex of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile in the arid zones of India. Entomon, 16, 249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smithwick, E. B., & Brady, U. E. (1977a). Site and production of sex pheromone in developing female Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Journal of Georgia Entomological Society, 12, 1–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smithwick, E. G., & Brady, U. E. (1977b). Histology of the sex pheromone gland in developing female Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella. Journal of Georgia Entomological Society, 12, 13–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohn, J. C., Park, K.-T., Lee, S. K., & Cho, S. (2009). A taxonomic review of the genus Batrachedra(Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Batrachedridae) in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 12, 101–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonda, M. (1963). An interception of the locust bean moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Zeller), in Japan, on English walnuts from Italy (Lepidoptera, Pyralididae). Kontyu, 31, 292–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soofbat, M., Nouri, G., Goldansaz, S. H., & Asghari-zakaria, R. (2007). Effects of age and temperature on calling behavior of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, Zell. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under laboratory conditions. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10, 2976–2979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorhagen, L. (1881). Aus meinem entomologischen Tagebuche. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 25, 17–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternlicht, M. (1971). Mites and moths attacking citrus trees. Mites and Moths Attacking Citrus Trees, 51, 1018–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struble, D. L., & Richards, K. W. (1983). Identification of sex pheromone components of the female dried fruit moth, Vitula edmandsae serratilineella, and a blend for attraction of male moths. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9, 785–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strümpel, H. (1969). Die tierischen Schädlinge der Dattelpalme Phoenix dactylifera L. und ihrer Früchte in Nordafrika. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Entomologie, 64, 233–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumpich, J., & Skyva, J. (2008). Faunistic records from the Czech Republic – 255. Lepidoptera: Tineidae, Gracillariidae, Gelechiidae, Tortricidae, Alucitidae, Pyralidae. Klapalekiana, 44, 83–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swezey, O. H. (1923). The Erythrina Twig-Borer (Terastia meticulosalis) in Hawaii (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 5, 297–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taki, M., Dabbagh, G. R., Torabi, R., & Kavianpoor, M. R. (2014). Some mechanical methods to behavior manipulation of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae in pomegranate orchards. International Journal of Biosciences, 4, 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talhouk, A. S. (1983). The present status of date palm pests in Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the first symposium on date palms, 23–25 Mar 1982, Saudi Arabia, 432–438 pp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Talhouk, A. S. (1991). On the management of the date palm and its arthropod enemies in the Arabian Peninsula. Journal of Applied Entomology, 111, 514–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life. (2011). Available at: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011. Accessed on 6 Mar 2015.

  • Thompson, W. R. (1946). A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Commonwealth Bureau of Biological Control, 1, 259–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd, J. L., Millar, J. G., Vetter, R. S., & Baker, T. C. (1992). Behavioral and electrophysiological activity of (Z, E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate, a mimic of the major sex-pheromone component of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 18, 2331–2352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tokmakogiu, C., Soylu, Z., Deveciouglu, H., & Devecioglu, H. (1967). Studies on the biology and methods of controlling carob worm, Myelois ceratoniae. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 7, 91–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trabut. (1923). Diseases and enemies of the fig tree. Agricultural Bulletin of Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, 29, 117–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ucko, O., & Bitton, S. (2000). Recommendations for the control of pests and diseases of the date palm. Israel: Israel Ministry of Agriculture, Extension Service and Diklaim Organization (in Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA - United States Department of Agriculture. (2014). National Agricultural Statistics Service, Noncitrus fruits and nuts, date, 2013. Available at: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/result.php?50B6F2CA-1B72-321C-84FD-E739C4D2DB04&sector=CROPS&group=FRUIT%20%26%20TREE%20NUTS&comm=DATES. Accessed on 6 Mar 2015.

  • Vaughan, H. (1870). Descriptions of three species of Phycidae (from Britain) new to science. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 7, 130–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venezian, A., & Blumberg, D. (1982). Phenology, damage and control of the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick in date palms in Israel. Alon Hanotea, 36, 785–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, R. S., Tatevossian, S., & Baker, T. C. (1997). Reproductive behavior of the female carob moth, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 73, 28–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, R. S., Millar, J. G., Vickers, N. J., & Baker, T. C. (2006). Mating disruption of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, with a sex pheromone analog. Southwestern Entomologist, 31, 33–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, L. E., & Lindgren, D. L. (1954). Malathion dust for control of nitidulid beetles and pyralid moths infesting Deglet Noor and Khadrawi dates in the Coachella Valley. Date Growers Institute Report, 31, 28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, L. E., & Lindgren, D. L. (1971). Fumigation of dried fruit insects with hydrogen phosphide and ethyl formate. Date Growers Institute Report, 48, 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. L. (1988). Contributions to the biology and the management of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) in ‘Deglet Noor’ date gardens in the Coachella Valley of California (260 pp). PhD thesis, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. L., Barnes, M. M., & Laird, E. F. (1990a). Reduction of insect infestation and fungal infection by cultural practice in date gardens. Environmental Entomology, 19, 1618–1623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. L., Barnes, M. M., & Laird, E. F. (1990b). Chemical control of a carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and various nitidulid beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on ‘Deglet Noor’ dates in California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83, 2357–2361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, W., & Rothschild, N. C. (1905). Lepidoptera from the Sudan. Novitates Zoologicae, 12, 21–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M. (1958). Un des principaux parasites du palmier-dattier algerien le Myelois decolor. Fruits, 13, 309–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widiez, M. (1932). The fig cultivation in North Africa. Agriculture Pratique des Pays Chauds, 24, 415–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D. S. (1925). Entomological notes. Cyprus Agricultural Journal, 20, 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D. S. (1937). A new species of Apanteles (Hym.: Brac.) bred from Myelois ceratoniae attacking carobs in Cyprus. Bulletin of Entomological Research, London, 28, 463–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiltshire, E. P. (1957). The Lepidoptera of Iraq (Revised edition, 162 pp). London: Nicholas Kaye Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wysoki, M. (1977). Insect pests of macadamia in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 5, 187–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wysoki, M. (1986). New records of Lepidopterous pests of macadamia in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 14, 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshiyasu, Y., & Kitatsuji, R. (2008). Discovery of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in a peach orchard in Japan. Scientific Reports of Kyoto Prefectural University, Life and Environmental Sciences, 60, 31–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousefi, M., Sendi, J. J., & Salehi, L. (2004). Biology of the Carob moth, Spectrobates ceratoniae Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae) in different temperature regiments under laboratory conditions. Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 1, 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaid, A., & De Wet, P. F. (1999). Botanical and systematic description of the date palm. In A. Zaid (Ed.), Date palm cultivation (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 156, pp. 29–44). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaid, A., De Wet, P. F., Djerbi, M., & Oihabi, A. (1999). Diseases and pests of date palm. In: Zaid, A. (Ed.), Date palm cultivation (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 156, pp. 223–278). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zand, A. J., Fesharaki, S. S. H., Karimzadeh, J., Besharatnejad, M. H., & Gavanji, S. (2013). Study of damage of Ectomyelois ceratoniae in three pomegranate cultivars. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3, 344–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zare, D., Sendi, J. J., Nodoushan, A. J., & Khosravi, R. (2013). Life table parameters and biological characteristics of Apomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on three cultivars of pomegranate. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46, 766–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaviezo, T., Romero, A., Castro, D., & Wagner, A. (2007). First record of Goniozus legneri (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in Chile. Ciencia E Investigation Agraria, 34, 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeller, P. E. (1839). Versuch einer naturgemässen Eintheilung der Schaben. Isis von Oken, 32, 167–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, E. C. (1958). Insects of Hawaii (volume 8), Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea. Ectomyelois ceratoniae, 360–361. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zirari, A., & Laaziza Ichir, L. (2010). Effect of different kinds of bunch coverings on date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) moth’s infestation rate. In A. Zaid, & G. A. Alhadrami (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Date Conference. IAHS Acta Horticultura, 1009–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zolfagharieh, H., Babaii, M., Omidpour, A., Mostafavi, H., & Tabatabaii, Z. (2011). Evaluation of potential of sterile insect technique in controlling Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller. In M. K. Sheikh, A. N. Mokashi,, & A. K. Rokhade (Eds), II international symposium on pomegranate and minor – including mediterranean fruits). ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 890, 561–564.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the California Date Commission, USA , the USDA IR-4 program, and ISCA Tech, Inc., Riverside, California, USA, for their support of carob moth research. In particular, we thank Mr. Albert Keck, Dr. Agenor Mafra-Neto, and Dr. Justin E. Nay for their valuable contributions. In addition we wish to thank Ms. Bernice Ridgeway and Maria Mendoza, University of California, Riverside, California, USA, library staff, for their assistance in procuring literature. We also give special thanks to Eng. Hassan Al-Fardan, researcher at the Biological Control Laboratory, Date Palm Research Center in Qatif, Ministry of Agriculture, Saudi Arabia , for providing the pictures of damage by the lesser date moth . In addition, we thank Dr. Judy A. Johnson, USDA-ARS, Parlier, California, for granting permission to reproduce images of the raisin moth .

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Thomas M. Perring

  2. Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Hamadttu A. F. El-Shafie

  3. Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

    Waqas Wakil

Authors
  1. Thomas M. Perring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hamadttu A. F. El-Shafie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Waqas Wakil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas M. Perring .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

    Waqas Wakil

  2. Food and Agriculture Org. of the UN, IPM(Red Palm Weevil), Al-Hass, Saudi Arabia

    Jose Romeno Faleiro

  3. Entomology Department, University of California, RIVERSIDE, California, USA

    Thomas A. Miller

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Perring, T.M., El-Shafie, H.A.F., Wakil, W. (2015). Carob Moth, Lesser Date Moth, and Raisin Moth. In: Wakil, W., Romeno Faleiro, J., Miller, T. (eds) Sustainable Pest Management in Date Palm: Current Status and Emerging Challenges. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24397-9_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation