Skip to main content

The Multidisciplinary Management of Early-Stage Thoracic Esophageal Cancer

  • Chapter
Esophageal Cancer

Abstract

The participation and recommendations from specialists in gastroenterology, radiology, pathology, surgical oncology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology aid in the diagnostic and treatment recommendations for patients with early-stage thoracic esophageal cancer. Combined modality therapy is an effective approach in the management of patients with early-stage thoracic esophageal cancers as established by several large multi-institutional trials. Treatment strategies have evolved from single modality treatment (surgical resection or radiation therapy alone) to now include multimodality therapies consisting of preoperative chemoradiation, definitive chemoradiation therapy, postoperative chemoradiation therapy, and perioperative chemotherapy. Despite advances in staging and management, 5-year survival remains near 30 % for patients with early localized disease. Here we discuss the background literature and evidence-based approaches for the multidisciplinary management of early-stage thoracic esophageal cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, Leichman L, Brindle JS, Vaitkevicius VK, Cooper J, Byhardt R, Davis L, Emami B. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(1):277–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, Tiret E, Mantion G, Elias D, Lozach P, Ollier JC, Pavy JJ, Mercier M, Sahmoud T. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(3):161–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199707173370304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, Macdonald JS, Martenson Jr JA, Al-Sarraf M, Byhardt R, Russell AH, Beitler JJ, Spencer S, Asbell SO, Graham MV, Leichman LL. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85–01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA. 1999;281(17):1623–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Herskovic A, Martz K, al-Sarraf M, Leichman L, Brindle J, Vaitkevicius V, Cooper J, Byhardt R, Davis L, Emami B. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(24):1593–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199206113262403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Urba SG, Orringer MB, Turrisi A, Iannettoni M, Forastiere A, Strawderman M. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(2):305–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, Kelly A, Keeling N, Hennessy TP. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(7):462–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608153350702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ellis Jr FH, Gibb SP, Watkins Jr E. Esophagogastrectomy. A safe, widely applicable, and expeditious form of palliation for patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. Ann Surg. 1983;198(4):531–40.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rao YG, Pal S, Pande GK, Sahni P, Chattopadhyay TK. Transhiatal esophagectomy for benign and malignant conditions. Am J Surg. 2002;184(2):136–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chang AC, Ji H, Birkmeyer NJ, Orringer MB, Birkmeyer JD. Outcomes after transhiatal and transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(2):424–9. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.10.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. van Sandick JW, van Lanschot JJ, ten Kate FJ, Tijssen JG, Obertop H. Indicators of prognosis after transhiatal esophageal resection without thoracotomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;194(1):28–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Griffin SM, Shaw IH, Dresner SM. Early complications after Ivor Lewis subtotal esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy: risk factors and management. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;194(3):285–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hulscher JB, Tijssen JG, Obertop H, van Lanschot JJ. Transthoracic versus transhiatal resection for carcinoma of the esophagus: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(1):306–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Urschel JD. Esophagogastrostomy anastomotic leaks complicating esophagectomy: a review. Am J Surg. 1995;169(6):634–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Patil PK, Patel SG, Mistry RC, Deshpande RK, Desai PB. Cancer of the esophagus: esophagogastric anastomotic leak–a retrospective study of predisposing factors. J Surg Oncol. 1992;49(3):163–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Whooley BP, Law S, Alexandrou A, Murthy SC, Wong J. Critical appraisal of the significance of intrathoracic anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy for cancer. Am J Surg. 2001;181(3):198–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Swanson SJ, Batirel HF, Bueno R, Jaklitsch MT, Lukanich JM, Allred E, Mentzer SJ, Sugarbaker DJ. Transthoracic esophagectomy with radical mediastinal and abdominal lymph node dissection and cervical esophagogastrostomy for esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(6):1918–24; discussion 1924–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Earlam R, Cunha-Melo JR. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: I. A critical review of surgery. Br J Surg. 1980;67(6):381–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Earlam R, Cunha-Melo JR. Oesophogeal squamous cell carcinoma: II. A critical view of radiotherapy. Br J Surg. 1980;67(7):457–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF, Sheahan DG, Gunderson L, Mortimer J, Estes N, Haller DG, Ajani J, Kocha W, Minsky BD, Roth JA. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(27):1979–84. doi:10.1056/NEJM199812313392704.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Law S, Fok M, Chow S, Chu KM, Wong J. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114(2):210–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Oppedijk V, van der Gaast A, van Lanschot JJ, van Hagen P, van Os R, van Rij CM, van der Sangen MJ, Beukema JC, Rutten H, Spruit PH, Reinders JG, Richel DJ, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Hulshof MC. Patterns of recurrence after surgery alone versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in the CROSS trials. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(5):385–91. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.51.2186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Harrison LE. Is esophageal cancer a surgical disease? J Surg Oncol. 2000;75(4):227–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Launois B, Delarue D, Campion JP, Kerbaol M. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1981;153(5):690–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gignoux M, Roussel A, Paillot B, Gillet M, Schlag P, Favre JP, Dalesio O, Buyse M, Duez N. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: results of a study of the E.O.R.T.C. World J Surg. 1987;11(4):426–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Arnott SJ, Duncan W, Gignoux M, Girling DJ, Hansen HS, Launois B, Nygaard K, Parmar MK, Roussel A, Spiliopoulos G, Stewart LA, Tierney JF, Mei W, Rugang Z. Preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis using individual patient data (Oesophageal Cancer Collaborative Group). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41(3):579–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Teniere P, Hay JM, Fingerhut A, Fagniez PL. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. French University Association for Surgical Research. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;173(2):123–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fok M, Sham JS, Choy D, Cheng SW, Wong J. Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Surgery. 1993;113(2):138–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kelsen DP, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, Mortimer J, Estes NC, Haller DG, Ajani JA, Kocha W, Minsky BD, Roth JA, Willett CG. Long-term results of RTOG trial 8911 (USA Intergroup 113): a random assignment trial comparison of chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(24):3719–25. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.10.4760.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Group MRCOCW. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9319):1727–1733. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08651-8.

  30. Ancona E, Ruol A, Santi S, Merigliano S, Sileni VC, Koussis H, Zaninotto G, Bonavina L, Peracchia A. Only pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves significantly the long term survival of patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: final report of a randomized, controlled trial of preoperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone. Cancer. 2001;91(11):2165–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, Foo K, Zalcberg J, Simes J. Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(3):226–234. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70039-6.

  32. Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Zalcberg JR, Simes RJ, Barbour A, Gebski V. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(7):681–692. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70142-5.

  33. Le Prise E, Etienne PL, Meunier B, Maddern G, Ben Hassel M, Gedouin D, Boutin D, Campion JP, Launois B. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. 1994;73(7):1779–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Gebski V, Fitzgerald L, Simes RJ, Devitt P, Ackland S, Gotley DC, Joseph D, Millar J, North J, Walpole ET, Denham JW. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(9):659–68. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70288-6.

  35. Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Reed CE, Goldberg R, Kiel K, Willett C, Sugarbaker D, Mayer R. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(7):1086–92. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.9593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, Steyerberg EW, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP, Richel DJ, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Hospers GA, Bonenkamp JJ, Cuesta MA, Blaisse RJ, Busch OR, ten Kate FJ, Creemers GJ, Punt CJ, Plukker JT, Verheul HM, Spillenaar Bilgen EJ, van Dekken H, van der Sangen MJ, Rozema T, Biermann K, Beukema JC, Piet AH, van Rij CM, Reinders JG, Tilanus HW, van der Gaast A. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2074–84. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mariette C, Dahan L, Mornex F, Maillard E, Thomas PA, Meunier B, Boige V, Pezet D, Robb WB, Le Brun-Ly V, Bosset JF, Mabrut JY, Triboulet JP, Bedenne L, Seitz JF. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for stage I and II esophageal cancer: final analysis of randomized controlled phase III trial FFCD 9901. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(23):2416–22. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.53.6532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fiorica F, Di Bona D, Schepis F, Licata A, Shahied L, Venturi A, Falchi AM, Craxi A, Camma C. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2004;53(7):925–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Urschel JD, Vasan H. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer. Am J Surg. 2003;185(6):538–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bedenne L, Michel P, Bouche O, Milan C, Mariette C, Conroy T, Pezet D, Roullet B, Seitz JF, Herr JP, Paillot B, Arveux P, Bonnetain F, Binquet C. Chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in squamous cancer of the esophagus: FFCD 9102. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(10):1160–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.7118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Stahl M, Stuschke M, Lehmann N, Meyer HJ, Walz MK, Seeber S, Klump B, Budach W, Teichmann R, Schmitt M, Schmitt G, Franke C, Wilke H. Chemoradiation with and without surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2310–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.00.034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chiu PW, Chan AC, Leung SF, Leong HT, Kwong KH, Li MK, Au-Yeung AC, Chung SC, Ng EK. Multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing standard esophagectomy with chemoradiotherapy for treatment of squamous esophageal cancer: early results from the Chinese University Research Group for Esophageal Cancer (CURE). J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(6):794–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Carstens H, Albertsson M, Friesland S, Adell G, Frykholm G, Wagenius G, Myrvold HE, Farago I, Stockeld D. A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy versus surgery alone in patients with resectable esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):205S: 4530

    Google Scholar 

  44. Swisher S, Moughan J, Komaki R, Ajani J, Wu TT, Hofstetter W, Konski AA, Willett CG. Final results of RTOG 0246: a phase II study of selective surgical resection for locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer treated with a paclitaxel-based chemoradiation regimen. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(4S):7.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Stahl M. Is there any role for surgery in the multidisciplinary treatment of esophageal cancer? Ann Oncol. 2010;21(Suppl 7):vii283–5. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq294.

  46. Wolf MC, Stahl M, Krause BJ, Bonavina L, Bruns C, Belka C, Zehentmayr F. Curative treatment of oesophageal carcinoma: current options and future developments. Radiat Oncol. 2011;6:55. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-6-55.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Minsky BD, Pajak TF, Ginsberg RJ, Pisansky TM, Martenson J, Komaki R, Okawara G, Rosenthal SA, Kelsen DP. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94–05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(5):1167–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Conroy T, Galais MP, Raoul JL, Bouche O, Gourgou-Bourgade S, Douillard JY, Etienne PL, Boige V, Martel-Lafay I, Michel P, Llacer-Moscardo C, Francois E, Crehange G, Abdelghani MB, Juzyna B, Bedenne L, Adenis A. Definitive chemoradiotherapy with FOLFOX versus fluorouracil and cisplatin in patients with oesophageal cancer (PRODIGE5/ACCORD17): final results of a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(3):305–14. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70028-2.

  49. Oetzel D, Schraube P, Hensley F, Sroka-Perez G, Menke M, Flentje M. Estimation of pneumonitis risk in three-dimensional treatment planning using dose-volume histogram analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33(2):455–60. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(95)00009-N.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Yorke ED, Jackson A, Rosenzweig KE, Merrick SA, Gabrys D, Venkatraman ES, Burman CM, Leibel SA, Ling CC. Dose-volume factors contributing to the incidence of radiation pneumonitis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54(2):329–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hernando ML, Marks LB, Bentel GC, Zhou SM, Hollis D, Das SK, Fan M, Munley MT, Shafman TD, Anscher MS, Lind PA. Radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity: a dose-volume histogram analysis in 201 patients with lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51(3):650–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Chandra A, Guerrero TM, Liu HH, Tucker SL, Liao Z, Wang X, Murshed H, Bonnen MD, Garg AK, Stevens CW, Chang JY, Jeter MD, Mohan R, Cox JD, Komaki R. Feasibility of using intensity-modulated radiotherapy to improve lung sparing in treatment planning for distal esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2005;77(3):247–53. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2005.10.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kole TP, Aghayere O, Kwah J, Yorke ED, Goodman KA. Comparison of heart and coronary artery doses associated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for distal esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(5):1580–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.10.053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lin CY, Huang WY, Jen YM, Chen CM, Su YF, Chao HL, Lin CS. Dosimetric and efficiency comparison of high-dose radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: volumetric modulated arc therapy versus fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Dis Esophagus. 2014;27(6):585–90. doi:10.1111/dote.12144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Yin Y, Chen J, Xing L, Dong X, Liu T, Lu J, Yu J. Applications of IMAT in cervical esophageal cancer radiotherapy: a comparison with fixed-field IMRT in dosimetry and implementation. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2011;12(2):3343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Patel AA, Wolfgang JA, Niemierko A, Hong TS, Yock T, Choi NC. Implications of respiratory motion as measured by four-dimensional computed tomography for radiation treatment planning of esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(1):290–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.12.060.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Vinogradskiy Y, Tucker SL, Bluett JB, Wages CA, Liao Z, Martel MK. Prescribing radiation dose to lung cancer patients based on personalized toxicity estimates. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7(11):1676–82. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318269410a.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Schneider PM, Baldus SE, Metzger R, Kocher M, Bongartz R, Bollschweiler E, Schaefer H, Thiele J, Dienes HP, Mueller RP, Hoelscher AH. Histomorphologic tumor regression and lymph node metastases determine prognosis following neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for esophageal cancer: implications for response classification. Ann Surg. 2005;242(5):684–92.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Meredith KL, Weber JM, Turaga KK, Siegel EM, McLoughlin J, Hoffe S, Marcovalerio M, Shah N, Kelley S, Karl R. Pathologic response after neoadjuvant therapy is the major determinant of survival in patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(4):1159–67. doi:10.1245/s10434-009-0862-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Vogel SB, Mendenhall WM, Sombeck MD, Marsh R, Woodward ER. Downstaging of esophageal cancer after preoperative radiation and chemotherapy. Ann Surg. 1995;221(6):685–93; discussion 693–85.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Swisher SG, Erasmus J, Maish M, Correa AM, Macapinlac H, Ajani JA, Cox JD, Komaki RR, Hong D, Lee HK, Putnam Jr JB, Rice DC, Smythe WR, Thai L, Vaporciyan AA, Walsh GL, Wu TT, Roth JA. 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography imaging is predictive of pathologic response and survival after preoperative chemoradiation in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(8):1776–85. doi:10.1002/cncr.20585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Konski AA, Cheng JD, Goldberg M, Li T, Maurer A, Yu JQ, Haluszka O, Scott W, Meropol NJ, Cohen SJ, Freedman G, Weiner LM. Correlation of molecular response as measured by 18-FDG positron emission tomography with outcome after chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69(2):358–63. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.03.053.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Higuchi I, Yasuda T, Yano M, Doki Y, Miyata H, Tatsumi M, Fukunaga H, Takiguchi S, Fujiwara Y, Hatazawa J, Monden M. Lack of fludeoxyglucose F 18 uptake in posttreatment positron emission tomography as a significant predictor of survival after subsequent surgery in multimodality treatment for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136(1):205–12, 212.e201-203. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.02.016

  64. Monjazeb AM, Riedlinger G, Aklilu M, Geisinger KR, Mishra G, Isom S, Clark P, Levine EA, Blackstock AW. Outcomes of patients with esophageal cancer staged with [(1)(8)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET): can postchemoradiotherapy FDG-PET predict the utility of resection? J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4714–21. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.7702.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Downey RJ, Akhurst T, Ilson D, Ginsberg R, Bains MS, Gonen M, Koong H, Gollub M, Minsky BD, Zakowski M, Turnbull A, Larson SM, Rusch V. Whole body 18FDG-PET and the response of esophageal cancer to induction therapy: results of a prospective trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(3):428–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gillham CM, Lucey JA, Keogan M, Duffy GJ, Malik V, Raouf AA, O’Byrne K, Hollywood D, Muldoon C, Reynolds JV. (18)FDG uptake during induction chemoradiation for oesophageal cancer fails to predict histomorphological tumour response. Br J Cancer. 2006;95(9):1174–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603412.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Justin C. Voog MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Voog, J.C., Hong, T.S. (2015). The Multidisciplinary Management of Early-Stage Thoracic Esophageal Cancer. In: Saba, N., El-Rayes, B. (eds) Esophageal Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20068-2_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20068-2_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20067-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20068-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics