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The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: Results of a study of the E.O.R.T.C.

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Abstract

Attempts to combine radiation therapy and surgery in patients with operable carcinoma of the esophagus began 30 years ago. The first reported surgical series showed a low rate of resectability and a high postoperative mortality. Results of radiation therapy alone were also disappointing in the long run, especially in patients who appeared to be excellent operative risks with small localized tumors. The rationale for a combined approach was that x-ray therapy could bring about a reduction of tumor activity and bulk, an improvement in nutritional state through the restoration of the ability to swallow, a reduction of transplantability of the tumor, and a curative effect on periesophageal regional disease which is not treated well by surgery. On the other hand, surgery often allowed an extended resection, clearing residual foci or distant esophageal wall extension. The limit of a combined approach is the toxicity of the preoperative radiation which must be mild enough to allow surgery to proceed without excessive delay or increased mortality. Numerous radiotherapy schedules were tried using different fields, doses, and fractionations, most of them in nonrandomized studies. Two prospective randomized trials have been recently reported. The final results of a third prospective trial, run by the E.O.R.T.C., will be presented.

Résumé

Les tentatives associant la chirurgie à la radiothérapie pour traiter les malades opérables atteints de cancer de l'oesophage datent de 30 ans. Les premières séries chirurgicales rapportées firent état d'un faible taux de résécabilité et d'un taux élevé de mortalité opératoire. Les résultats à long terme de la radiothérapie isolée furent également décevants en particulier chez les sujets à bon risque chirurgical et porteurs de petite tumeur. L'option en faveur d'un traitement mixte reposa sur le fait que la radiothérapie pouvait entrainer une réduction de l'activité tumorale et de la masse tumorale, une amélioration de l'état nutritif grâce à la possibilité de déglutition, une réduction de la greffe de la tumeur, et un effet sur la maladie régionale périoesophagienne qui n'est guère accessible au traitement chirurgical. D'autre part, la chirurgie permettait souvent une résection étendue, l'élimination de foyers résiduels et l'exérèse de l'extension intra-murale du processus tumoral. En fait, les limites de la méthode combinée sont représentées par la toxicité de l'irradiation préopératoire. Elle doit être suffisamment modérée pour que la chirurgie puisse être entreprise sans retard excessif et sans risque d'augmentation du taux de la mortalité. De nombreuses modalités radio-thérapeutiques ont été employées en ayant recours à des champs, des doses, des fractionements différents mais ces modalités n'ont pas donné lieu à des études randomisées. Les résultats finaux d'un troisième essai prospectif conduit par l'organisme E.O.R.T.C. sont présentés.

Resumen

Los intentos de combinar radioterapia con cirugía en casos operables de carcinoma de esófago se iniciaron hace 30 años. Las primeras series quirúrgicas reportadas mostraron un bajo índice de resectabilidad y una elevada mortalidad post-operatoria. Los resultados de la radioterapia sola también fueron decepcionantes a largo plazo, especialmente en pacientes que aparecían como de excelente riesgo operatorio con tumores pequeños y localizados. La razón para un enfoque combinado era que la radioterapia podría reducir el tamaño y actividad del tumor, lograr una mejoría del estado nutricional al restablecer la capacidad de deglución, disminuir la “trasplantabilidad” del tumor, y obtener un efecto curativo sobre la enfermedad regional periesofágica que no es susceptible de adecuado tratamiento con la cirugía. Por otro lado, la cirugía con frecuencia permitía una resección ampliada, con lo cual se limpian focos residuales o extensión distal en la pared esofágica. El límite del enfoque combinado es la toxicidad de la irradiación preoperatoria, la cual debe ser lo suficientemente leve como para permitir realizar la cirugía sin excesiva demora ni incremento en la mortalidad operatoria. Numerosos programas de radioterapia fueron utilizados sobre diferentes campos y con diversas dosis y fraccionamientos, la mayoría en estudios no aleatorizados. Dos estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados han sido informados recientemente. Los resultados finales de un tercer ensayo prospectivo, bajo la EORTC (Organización Europea para la Investigación y el Tratamiento del Cáncer), son presentados.

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Supported in part by a grant from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.

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Gignoux, M., Roussel, A., Paillot, B. et al. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: Results of a study of the E.O.R.T.C.. World J. Surg. 11, 426–432 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655805

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