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Parkinson’s Disease

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Neurological Disorders in the Arab World

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. As it affects particularly the elderly, it is expected to contribute to the economic and social burden on populations as they age. This chapter discusses the epidemiological and genetic data related to PD in Arabs. The PD incidence rates reported from Libya and Egypt lie outside the range of rates reported elsewhere: the incidence in Libya is below the range while in Egypt it is above it. Most of the Libyan population is young, which could explain the low incidence of PD, but the Egyptian findings are difficult to explain. The prevalence data from the Arab countries show the same pattern as the incidence data. The majority of the prevalence rates are low, while one Egyptian study shows an exceptionally high prevalence. Four chromosomal loci (PARK2, PARK6, PARK8, and PARK9) associated with the causative genes (Parkin, PINK1, LRRK2 and ATP132A) have been reported in Arabs. All the genes described in Arabs are inherited as autosomal recessive, except for LRRK2, which is inherited as autosomal dominant. The frequency of LRRK2 G2019S is uniquely high at 30−42 % in familial PD and 30−39 % in apparently sporadic PD in Maghreb (North African) populations. This frequency is the highest reported anywhere in the world so far. The implication of that is not fully understood. There is only one study from Arab countries outside Maghreb populations. An Egyptian study found a frequency rate of 10 % of LRRK2 G2019S in apparently sporadic PD. Although methodological issues and population age structures could partially explain the incidence and prevalence of PD in Libya and Egypt, further studies are needed. Also, additional investigation of LRRK2 G2019S in Arab countries is needed.

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Acknowledgment

Some of the text in this chapter which is related to LRRK 2 (PARK 8) have been taken, after adjustments, from a paper published previously by the author [94]. Permission for reproduction was obtained from Karger publishers.

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    Hani T. S. Benamer FRCP, PhD

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Benamer, H.T.S. (2014). Parkinson’s Disease. In: Neurological Disorders in the Arab World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07257-9_6

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