Skip to main content

Understanding Mission Drift in UK Health Charities with a Focus on Africa: A Realist-Informed Synthesis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Managing Healthcare Organisations in Challenging Policy Contexts

Abstract

In complex policy settings, charities exposed to multiple and interconnected external stakeholder influences can experience ‘mission drift’. This involves charities gradually adjusting their practices, services or products to serve purposes that are inconsistent with agreed intentions. Sachikonye et al. present the findings of a realist-informed study seeking to understand how, why and in what circumstances the boards of UK charities supporting Africa’s public health programmes respond to influential external stakeholders. They synthesise evidence from annual reports with the insights from governance and mission drift literature to identify a set of responses demonstrated by the charity boards. The authors propose a theoretical framework enhancing our understanding of mission drift and discuss practical implications for boards operating in multi-stakeholder policy settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AbouAssi, K. (2013). Hands in the pockets of mercurial donors: NGO response to shifting funding priorities. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(3), 584–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, C. T., & Perlmutter, F. D. (1995). Leadership in hard times—Are nonprofits well-served. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 24(3), 253–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M. J. (1989). The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface. Online Review, 13(5), 407–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batley, R. (2011). Structures and strategies in relationships between non-government service providers and governments. Public Administration and Development, 31(4), 306–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battilana, J., & Lee, M. (2014). Advancing research on hybrid organizing—Insights from the study of social enterprises. The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 397–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baur, D., & Schmitz, H. P. (2012). Corporations and NGOs: When accountability leads to co-optation. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1), 9–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R., & Savani, S. (2011). Surviving mission drift: How charities can turn dependence on government contract funding to their own advantage. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 22(2), 217–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betzler, D. (2015). Factors of board governance and fundraising success: The composition of Swiss museum boards does matter. Journal of Cultural Economy, 8(2), 144–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betzler, D., & Gmur, M. (2016). Does fundraising professionalization pay?: The impact of organizational fundraising capability on a charity’s net revenue from private donations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 27(1), 27–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow, B., Stone, M. M., & Arndt, M. (1996). Corporate political strategy: A framework for understanding nonprofit strategy. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 7(1), 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, A., Wright, J., & Briscoe, S. (2018). Scoping and searching to support realist approaches. In N. Emmel, J. Greenhalgh, A. Manzano, M. Monaghan, & S. Dalkin (Eds.), Doing realist research (pp. 147–166). SAGE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bousalham, Y., & Vidaillet, B. (2018). Contradiction, circumvention and instrumentalization of noble values: How competition undermines the potential of alternatives. Organization, 25(3), 401–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, A., Luke, B., & Furneaux, C. (2018). Social enterprise accountability: Directions, dominance and developments. Social Enterprise Journal, 14(2), 156–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. G. (2016). Supporting the best charities is harder than it seems. Journal of Global Ethics, 12(2), 240–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. S., Brown, J. C., & Desposato, S. W. (2002). Left turn on green? The unintended consequences of international funding for sustainable development in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 35(7), 814–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, C. (2008). The imperative to reduce suffering: Charity, progress, and emergencies in the field of humanitarian action. In M. Barnett & T. G. Weiss (Eds.), Humanitarianism in question: Politics, power, ethics (1st ed., pp. 73–97). Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, N., Harvey, G., & Mannion, R. (2017). Who should serve on health care boards? What should they do and how should they behave? A fresh look at the literature and the evidence. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charities Act. (2011). Retrieved February 2, 2018, from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/25

  • Charity Commission. (2019). Oxfam inquiry report: Summary findings and conclusions. Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved December 8, 2020, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/807943/Inquiry_Report_summary_findings_and_conclusions_Oxfam.pdf

  • Comic Relief. (2017). Comic relief international grants. Comic Relief. Retrieved January 9, 2019, from https://www.comicrelief.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Comic_Relief_International_Grants_List.pdf

  • Cornforth, C. (2014). Understanding and combating mission drift in social enterprises. Social Enterprise Journal, 10(1), 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalkin, S. M., Greenhalgh, J., Jones, D., Cunningham, B., & Lhussier, M. (2015). What’s in a mechanism? Development of a key concept in realist evaluation. Implementation Science, 10(1), 49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darby, S. (2016). Dynamic resistance: Third-sector processes for transforming neoliberalization. Antipode, 48(4), 977–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DFID. (2015). UK aid: Tackling global challenges in the national interest. Retrieved March 2, 2018, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478834/ODA_strategy_final_web_0905.pdf

  • DFID. (2018a). Statement from international development secretary on Oxfam and UK action to tackle sexual exploitation in the aid sector. Retrieved December 8, 2020, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-from-international-development-secretary-on-oxfam-and-uk-action-to-tackle-sexual-exploitation-in-the-aid-sector

  • DFID. (2018b). Statistics on international development. Provisional UK aid spend 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2020, from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statistics-on-international-development-provisional-uk-aid-spend-2018

  • Dunn, P. (2010). Strategic responses by a nonprofit when a donor becomes tainted. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(1), 102–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fouillet, C., & Augsburg, B. (2010). Profit empowerment: The microfinance institution’s mission drift. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 9(3–4), 327–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, A. (2014). Civil society and aid in Africa: A case of mistaken identity? In The handbook of civil society in Africa (pp. 417–438). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gary, I. (1996). Confrontation, co-operation or co-optation: NGOs and the Ghanaian state during structural adjustment. Review of African Political Economy, 23(68), 149–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenland, K., Chipungu, J., Curtis, V., Schmidt, W. P., Siwale, Z., Mudenda, M., et al. (2016). Multiple behaviour change intervention for diarrhoea control in Lusaka, Zambia: A cluster randomised trial. Lancet Global Health, 4(12), E966–E977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimes, M. G., Williams, T. A., & Zhao, E. Y. (2019). Anchors aweigh: The sources, variety, and challenges of mission drift. Academy of Management Review, 44(4), 819–845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, E., & Lambert, V. (2018). Negotiating for survival: Balancing mission and money. The British Accounting Review, 50(2), 185–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herlin, H. (2015). Better safe than sorry: Nonprofit organizational legitimacy and cross-sector partnerships. Business & Society, 54(6), 822–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, A. J., Withers, M. C., & Collins, B. J. (2009). Resource dependence theory: A review. Journal of Management, 35(6), 1404–1427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, M. M., & Piccolo, R. F. (2005). Funding source, board involvement techniques, and financial vulnerability in nonprofit organizations: A test of resource dependence. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 16(2), 171–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, A., & Johnson, B. (2019). Managing organizational paradoxes in social enterprises: Case studies from the MENA region. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(3), 516–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, H. S., Feiock, R. C., & Saitgalina, M. (2016). Institutional collective action issues in nonprofit self-organized collaboration. Administration & Society, 48(2), 163–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jay, J. (2013). Navigating paradox as a mechanism of change and innovation in hybrid organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 137–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. C. (2006). Nonprofit organizations and political advocacy. The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, 2, 307–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, B. (2020). The practical intelligence of social entrepreneurs: Managing the hybridity of social enterprises. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 10(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L., Pomeroy, L., Robert, G., Burnett, S., Anderson, J. E., & Fulop, N. J. (2017). How do hospital boards govern for quality improvement? A mixed methods study of 15 organisations in England. BMJ Quality & Safety, 26(12), 978–986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson, J. (2019). Logic salience in ideologically-torn nonprofit hybrids. In Nonprofit policy forum, 2019 (Vol. 10, Vol. 3). De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge, W. Q., & Talaulicar, T. (2017). Board involvement in the strategic decision making process: A comprehensive review. Annals of Corporate Governance, 2(2), 51–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khieng, S., & Dahles, H. (2015). Resource dependence and effects of funding diversification strategies among NGOs in Cambodia. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 26(4), 1412–1437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong, C., Tasavori, M., & Cheung, C. W. M. (2017). Bricolage, collaboration and mission drift in social enterprises. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 29(7–8), 609–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J. H. (2018). Organizational antecedents of nonprofit engagement in policy advocacy: A meta-analytical review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(4), 177S–203S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, J., Jing, Y., & Han, J. (2018). Predicting mission alignment and preventing mission drift: How revenue sources matter? Chinese Public Administration Review, 9(1), 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manji, F., & O’Coill, C. (2002). The missionary position: NGOs and development in Africa. International Affairs, 78(3), 567–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, G. E. (2014). Strategic responses to resource dependence among transnational NGOs registered in the United States. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(1), 67–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulley, C. (2009). The woman who saved the children: A biography of Eglantyne Jebb: Founder of save the children. Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ometto, M. P., Gegenhuber, T., Winter, J., & Greenwood, R. (2019). From balancing missions to mission drift: The role of the institutional context, spaces, and compartmentalization in the scaling of social enterprises. Business & Society, 58(5), 1003–1046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pache, A. C., & Santos, F. (2010). When worlds collide: The internal dynamics of organizational responses to conflicting institutional demands. Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 455–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parboteeah, K. P., Seriki, H. T., & Hoegl, M. (2014). Ethnic diversity, corruption and ethical climates in sub-Saharan Africa: Recognizing the significance of human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7), 979–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawson, R., & Tilley, N. (1997). Realistic evaluation. SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005). Realist review: A new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 10(1_suppl), 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peachey, J. W., Cohen, A., Shin, N., & Fusaro, B. (2018). Challenges and strategies of building and sustaining inter-organizational partnerships in sport for development and peace. Sport Management Review, 21(2), 160–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence approach. Harper and Row Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raisiene, A. G., & Urmanaviciene, A. (2017). Mission drift in a hybrid organization: How can social business combine its dual goals? Ekonomski Vjesnik, 30(2), 301–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramus, T., & Vaccaro, A. (2017). Stakeholders matter: How social enterprises address mission drift. Journal of Business Ethics, 143(2), 307–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schatteman, A. M., & Bingle, B. (2017). Government funding of arts organizations: Impact and implications. Journal of Arts Management Law and Society, 47(1), 34–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shumate, M., Fu, J. S., & Cooper, K. R. (2018). Does cross-sector collaboration lead to higher nonprofit capacity? Journal of Business Ethics, 150(2), 385–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, L. S., & Niker, F. (2018). Relational autonomy, paternalism and maternalism. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 21(3), 649–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tacon, R., Walters, G., & Cornforth, C. (2017). Accountability in nonprofit governance: A process-based study. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 46(4), 685–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNHCR and Save the Children UK. (2002). Sexual violence and exploitation: The experience of refugee children in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. UNHCR and Save the Children UK Geneva. Retrieved December 8, 2020, from https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/international-development/2002-Report-of-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-Save-the-Children.pdf

  • Westhorp, G. (2018). Understanding mechanisms in realist evaluation and research. In N. Emmel, J. Greenhalgh, A. Manzano, M. Monaghan, & S. Dalkin (Eds.), Doing realist research (pp. 41–57). SAGE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. (2018). Making up mechanisms in realist research. In N. Emmel, J. Greenhalgh, A. Manzano, M. Monaghan, & S. Dalkin (Eds.), Doing realist research (pp. 25–40). SAGE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K., Scott, M., & Bunce, M. (2019). Foundation-funded journalism, philanthrocapitalism and tainted donors. Journalism Studies, 20(5), 675–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Crispen Sachikonye .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sachikonye, C., Chambers, N., Ramlogan, R. (2021). Understanding Mission Drift in UK Health Charities with a Focus on Africa: A Realist-Informed Synthesis. In: Kislov, R., Burns, D., Mørk, B.E., Montgomery, K. (eds) Managing Healthcare Organisations in Challenging Policy Contexts. Organizational Behaviour in Healthcare. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81093-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics