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Sex Hormone Disturbances in Athletes: Implications for Voice

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Voice Disorders in Athletes, Coaches and other Sports Professionals

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Abstract

Sex hormone disturbances are very common in athletes, the most frequent of which is hyperandrogenism. The high prevalence of hyperandrogenism is due mostly to the high prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among female athletes, and the high intake of anabolic-androgenic steroids in athletes in general. Other rare causes include disorders in sex differentiation. Athletes with hyperandrogenism have a competitive advantage over athletes with a normal androgen level. The improvement in physical strength and exercise endurance is due primarily to the hypertrophic myogenic effect of testosterone. Female athletes with hyperandrogenism suffer from adverse events such as athletic amenorrhea, hirsutism, male baldness, and change in voice quality. Dysphonia in affected patients is described as deepening of the voice, voice breaks, and voice instability. These voice changes are attributed to functional and structural laryngeal changes, the most common of which are an increase in muscle tissue versus connective tissue ratio, muscle incoordination, and proprioceptive dysfunction with impairment in muscle memory.

This chapter reviews the hormonal dichotomy in athletes with an emphasis on the endogenous and exogenous causes of hyperandrogenism. The impact of hyperandrogenism on voice and the pathophysiology of the androgenic voice in female athletes are discussed in detail.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

    Abdul-Latif Hamdan

  2. Adjunct Professor, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Abdul-Latif Hamdan

  3. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Robert Thayer Sataloff & Mary J. Hawkshaw

  4. Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA

    Robert Thayer Sataloff

Authors
  1. Abdul-Latif Hamdan
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  2. Robert Thayer Sataloff
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  3. Mary J. Hawkshaw
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Correspondence to Abdul-Latif Hamdan .

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Hamdan, AL., Sataloff, R.T., Hawkshaw, M.J. (2021). Sex Hormone Disturbances in Athletes: Implications for Voice. In: Voice Disorders in Athletes, Coaches and other Sports Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69831-7_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69831-7_10

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