Abstract
In this chapter, an assessment of airflow over modified surfaces was made, mainly corresponding to urban areas, hills, or of transition between surfaces with different roughness, different land uses, and ambient temperatures. This surface heterogeneity that leads to a development of an internal boundary layer, including sublayers, with a determined height and influence length or fetches were analyzed. In the same way, the variation of surface temperatures leads to internal thermal boundary layers with estimable heights. Airflow patterns over isolated arrayed building elements were assessed with turbulent changes in vertical velocity profiles, typical wakes or cavities, or horizontal wrapping horseshoe vortices, in the context of urban heat island or stratification effects, with implications in items as distinct as atmospheric thermal regimes or pollutant dispersion. The main patterns of airflow over isolated or grouped hills were discussed, with an analysis of air circulation around and over hills under different stability conditions, characterized through Froude number variation. Finally, a discussion was carried out of the dynamics of specific atmospheric case studies, such as katabatic winds or Foehn and Bora-type descending flow in hills under inversion conditions, with potential relevant theoretical extrapolations.
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Rodrigues, A., Sardinha, R.A., Pita, G. (2021). Flow Over Modified Surfaces. In: Fundamental Principles of Environmental Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69025-0_5
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