Skip to main content

Peritoneal Dialysis During Infancy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Dialysis
  • 771 Accesses

Abstract

Although end-stage renal disease is rare in infants, its development can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and only through the provision of experienced, multidisciplinary care can a favorable outcome be anticipated. Peritoneal dialysis is the renal replacement modality of choice for this age group and serves as an essential bridge until successful renal transplantation can occur. Here, we discuss the practice of peritoneal dialysis in infants, including the unique ethical and technical considerations facing pediatric nephrologists and caregivers. Additionally, we review current guidelines concerning nutrition as well as the literature on complications and outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Laakkonen H, Hölttä T, Lönnqvist T, Holmberg C, Rönnholm K. Peritoneal dialysis in children under two years of age. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(5):1747–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hijazi R, Abitbol CL, Chandar J, Seeherunvong W, Freundlich M, Zilleruelo G. Twenty-five years of infant dialysis: a single center experience. J Pediatr. 2009;155(1):111–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Vidal E, Edefonti A, Murer L, Gianoglio B, Maringhini S, Pecoraro C, Sorino P, Leozappa G, Lavoratti G, Ratsch IM, Chimenz R, Verrina E, Italian Registry of Paediatric Chronic Dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis in infants: the experience of the Italian Registry of Paediatric Chronic Dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(1):388–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Carey WA, Martz KL, Warady BA. Outcome of patients initiating chronic peritoneal dialysis during the first year of life. Pediatrics. 2015;136(3):e615–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Vidal E, van Stralen KJ, Chesnaye NC, Bonthuis M, Holmberg C, Zurowska A, Trivelli A, Da Silva JEE, Herthelius M, Adams B, Bjerre A, Jankauskiene A, Miteva P, Emirova K, Bayazit AK, Mache CJ, Sánchez-Moreno A, Harambat J, Groothoff JW, Jager KJ, Schaefer F, Verrina E, ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry. Infants requiring maintenance dialysis: outcomes of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(5):617–25. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.09.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sanderson KR, Yu Y, Dai H, Willig LK, Warady BA. Outcomes of infants receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis: an analysis of the USRDS registry. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34(1):155–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4056-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Paglialonga F, Consolo S, Pecoraro C, Vidal E, Gianoglio B, Puteo F, Picca S, Saravo MT, Edefonti A, Verrina E. Chronic haemodialysis in small children: a retrospective study of the Italian Pediatric Dialysis Registry. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31(5):833–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3272-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Shroff R, Wright E, Ledermann S, Hutchinson C, Rees L. Chronic hemodialysis in infants and children under 2 years of age. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18(4):378–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Goldstein SL, Macierowski CT, Jabs K. Hemodialysis catheter survival and complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11(1):74–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Carey WA, Talley LI, Sehring SA, Jaskula JM, Mathias RS. Outcomes of dialysis initiated during the neonatal period for treatment of end-stage renal disease: a North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies special analysis. Pediatrics. 2007;119(2):e468–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. ANZDATA Registry. 41st report, Chapter 11: Paediatric patients with end stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy. Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, Adelaide, Australia. 2018. Available at: http://www.anzdata.org.au.

  12. North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) Annual Report, 2011. https://web.emmes.com/study/ped/annlrept/annualrept2011.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2018.

  13. Schaefer F, Borzych-Duzalka D, Azocar M, Munarriz RL, Sever L, Aksu N, Barbosa LS, Galan YS, Xu H, Coccia PA, Szabo A, Wong W, Salim R, Vidal E, Pottoore S, Warady BA, IPPN Investigators. Impact of global economic disparities on practices and outcomes of chronic peritoneal dialysis in children: insights from the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network Registry. Perit Dial Int. 2012;32(4):399–409.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Mitsnefes MM, Laskin BL, Dahhou M, Zhang X, Foster BJ. Mortality risk among children initially treated with dialysis for end-stage kidney disease, 1990-2010. JAMA. 2013;309(18):1921–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.4208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. van Stralen KJ, Borzych-Dużalka D, Hataya H, Kennedy SE, Jager KJ, Verrina E, Inward C, Rönnholm K, Vondrak K, Warady BA, Zurowska AM, Schaefer F, Cochat P, ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry; IPPN Registry; ANZDATA Registry; Japanese RRT Registry. Survival and clinical outcomes of children starting renal replacement therapy in the neonatal period. Kidney Int. 2014;86(1):168–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. van Stralen KJ, Tizard EJ, Jager KJ, Schaefer F, Vondrak K, Groothoff JW, Podracká L, Holmberg C, Jankauskiené A, Lewis MA, van Damme-Lombaerts R, Mota C, Niaudet P, Novljan G, Peco-Antic A, Sahpazova E, Toots U, Verrina E. Determinants of eGFR at start of renal replacement therapy in paediatric patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(10):3325–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Neu AM, Sander A, Borzych-Duzalka D, Watson AR, Vallés PG, Ha IS, Patel H, Askenazi D, Balasz-Chmielewska I, Lauronen J, Groothoff JW, Feber J, Schaefer F, Warady BA, IPPN Investigators. Comorbidities in chronic pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients: a report of the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network. Perit Dial Int. 2012;32(4):410–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Brunner FP, Fassbinder W, Broyer M, Oulès R, Brynger H, Rizzoni G, Challah S, Selwood NH, Dykes SR, Wing AJ. Survival on renal replacement therapy: data from the EDTA Registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1988;3(2):109–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mehler K, Gottschalk I, Burgmaier K, Volland R, Büscher AK, Feldkötter M, Keller T, Weber LT, Kribs A, Habbig S. Prenatal parental decision-making and postnatal outcome in renal oligohydramnios. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(4):651–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3812-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mavroudis C, Mavroudis CD, Farrell RM, Jacobs ML, Jacobs JP, Kodish ED. Informed consent, bioethical equipoise, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Cardiol Young. 2011;21(Suppl 2):133–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951111001715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Willem L, Knops N, Mekahli D, Cochat P, Edefonti A, Verrina E, Groothoff J, Lagae L, Pirenne J, Dobbels F, Borry P, Van Geet C, Levtchenko E. Renal replacement therapy in children with severe developmental disability: guiding questions for decision-making. Eur J Pediatr. 2018;177(12):1735–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-018-3238-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Geary DF. Attitudes of pediatric nephrologists to management of end-stage renal disease in infants. J Pediatr. 1998;133(1):154–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Teh JC, Frieling ML, Sienna JL, Geary DF. Attitudes of caregivers to management of end-stage renal disease in infants. Perit Dial Int. 2011;31(4):459–65. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2009.00265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zurowska AM, Fischbach M, Watson AR, Edefonti A, Stefanidis CJ, European Paediatric Dialysis Working Group. Clinical practice recommendations for the care of infants with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD5). Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(9):1739–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2300-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rusthoven E, van de Kar NA, Monnens LA, Schröder CH. Fibrin glue used successfully in peritoneal dialysis catheter leakage in children. Perit Dial Int. 2004;24(3):287–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Borzych-Duzalka D, Aki TF, Azocar M, White C, Harvey E, Mir S, Adragna M, Serdaroglu E, Sinha R, Samaille C, Vanegas JJ, Kari J, Barbosa L, Bagga A, Galanti M, Yavascan O, Leozappa G, Szczepanska M, Vondrak K, Tse KC, Schaefer F, Warady BA, International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) Registry. Peritoneal dialysis access revision in children: causes, interventions, and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(1):105–12. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05270516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Warady BA, Bakkaloglu S, Newland J, Cantwell M, Verrina E, Neu A, Chadha V, Yap HK, Schaefer F. Consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related infections and peritonitis in pediatric patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: 2012 update. Perit Dial Int. 2012;32(Suppl 2):S32–86. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2011.00091.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Chadha V, Jones LL, Ramirez ZD, Warady BA. Chest wall peritoneal dialysis catheter placement in infants with a colostomy. Adv Perit Dial. 2000;16:318–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cribbs RK, Greenbaum LA, Heiss KF. Risk factors for early peritoneal dialysis catheter failure in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(3):585–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.06.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Conlin MJ, Tank ES. Minimizing surgical problems of peritoneal dialysis in children. J Urol. 1995;154(2 Pt 2):917–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Radtke J, Schild R, Reismann M, Ridwelski RR, Kempf C, Nashan B, Rothe K, Koch M. Obstruction of peritoneal dialysis catheter is associated with catheter type and independent of omentectomy: a comparative data analysis from a transplant surgical and a pediatric surgical department. J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53(4):640–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.06.028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rees L, Brandt ML. Tube feeding in children with chronic kidney disease: technical and practical issues. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(4):699–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-009-1309-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Zaritsky JJ, Hanevold C, Quigley R, Richardson T, Wong C, Ehrlich J, Lawlor J, Rodean J, Neu A, Warady BA, SCOPE Investigators. Epidemiology of peritonitis following maintenance peritoneal dialysis catheter placement during infancy: a report of the SCOPE collaborative. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(4):713–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3839-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. von Schnakenburg C, Feneberg R, Plank C, Zimmering M, Arbeiter K, Bald M, Fehrenbach H, Griebel M, Licht C, Konrad M, Timmermann K, Kemper MJ. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2006;26(1):69–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Menouer S, Haraldsson B. Optimal volume prescription for children on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2000;20(6):603–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Warady BA, Alexander SR, Hossli S, Vonesh E, Geary D, Watkins S, Salusky IB, Kohaut EC. Peritoneal membrane transport function in children receiving long-term dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7(11):2385–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Schaefer B, Bartosova M, Macher-Goeppinger S, Ujszaszi A, Wallwiener M, Nyarangi-Dix J, Sallay P, Burkhardt D, Querfeld U, Pfeifle V, Lahrmann B, Schwenger V, Wühl E, Holland-Cunz S, Schaefer F, Schmitt CP. Quantitative histomorphometry of the healthy peritoneum. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21344. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21344.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Laugel V, Escande B, Dangelser C, Helmstetter A. Measurement of hydrostatic intraperitoneal pressure: a useful tool for the improvement of dialysis dose prescription. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18(10):976–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Vidal E, Edefonti A, Puteo F, Chimenz R, Gianoglio B, Lavoratti G, Leozappa G, Maringhini S, Mencarelli F, Pecoraro C, Ratsch IM, Cannavò R, De Palo T, Testa S, Murer L, Verrina E, Italian Registry of Pediatric Chronic Dialysis. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in paediatric peritoneal dialysis patients: the experience of the Italian Registry of Pediatric Chronic Dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(6):1603–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gft061.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Schmitt CP, Bakkaloglu SA, Klaus G, Schröder C, Fischbach M, European Pediatric Dialysis Working Group. Solutions for peritoneal dialysis in children: recommendations by the European Pediatric Dialysis Working Group. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(7):1137–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-011-1863-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Haas S, Schmitt CP, Arbeiter K, Bonzel KE, Fischbach M, John U, Pieper AK, Schaub TP, Passlick-Deetjen J, Mehls O, Schaefer F. Improved acidosis correction and recovery of mesothelial cell mass with neutral-pH bicarbonate dialysis solution among children undergoing automated peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(10):2632–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Chauvé S, Laugel V, Muller A, Haraldsson B. Effect of peritoneal dialysis fluid composition on peritoneal area available for exchange in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(4):925–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sharma N, Harvey E, Amin R. Sleep-disordered breathing in 2 pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2016;36(1):109–12. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2014.00205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. de Boer AW, Schröder CH, van Vliet R, Willems JL, Monnens LA. Clinical experience with icodextrin in children: ultrafiltration profiles and metabolism. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;15(1–2):21–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dart A, Feber J, Wong H, Filler G. Icodextrin re-absorption varies with age in children on automated peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20(5):683–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Canepa A, Verrina E, Perfumo F, Carrea A, Menoni S, Delucchi P, Gusmano R. Value of intraperitoneal amino acids in children treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 1999;19(Suppl 2):S435–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Rees L. Assessment of dialysis adequacy: beyond urea kinetic measurements. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34(1):61–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3914-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. KDOQI Work Group. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in Children with CKD: 2008 update. Executive summary. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(3 Suppl 2):S11–104. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Reed RB, Stuart HC. Patterns of growth in height and weight from birth to eighteen years of age. Pediatrics. 1959;24:904–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kari JA, Gonzalez C, Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Rees L. Outcome and growth of infants with severe chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 2000;57(4):1681–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Furth SL, Stablein D, Fine RN, Powe NR, Fivush BA. Adverse clinical outcomes associated with short stature at dialysis initiation: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):909–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wong CS, Hingorani S, Gillen DL, Sherrard DJ, Watkins SL, Brandt JR, Ball A, Stehman-Breen CO. Hypoalbuminemia and risk of death in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2002;61(2):630–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Harambat J, Bonthuis M, van Stralen KJ, Ariceta G, Battelino N, Bjerre A, Jahnukainen T, Leroy V, Reusz G, Sandes AR, Sinha MD, Groothoff JW, Combe C, Jager KJ, Verrina E, Schaefer F, ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry. Adult height in patients with advanced CKD requiring renal replacement therapy during childhood. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(1):92–9. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00890113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Quan A, Baum M. Protein losses in children on continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10(6):728–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Rönnholm KA, Holmberg C. Peritoneal dialysis in infants. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(6):751–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Vidal E, Schaefer F. Hypotension in infants on chronic peritoneal dialysis: mechanisms, complications, and management. Adv Perit Dial. 2015;31:54–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mak RH, Cheung W, Cone RD, Marks DL. Leptin and inflammation-associated cachexia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;69(5):794–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Monzani A, Perrone M, Prodam F, Moia S, Genoni G, Testa S, Paglialonga F, Rapa A, Bona G, Montini G, Edefonti A. Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin: promising biomarkers of protein energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(4):661–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3840-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rees L. Long-term peritoneal dialysis in infants. Perit Dial Int. 2007;27(Suppl 2):S180–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dello Strologo L, Principato F, Sinibaldi D, Appiani AC, Terzi F, Dartois AM, Rizzoni G. Feeding dysfunction in infants with severe chronic renal failure after long-term nasogastric tube feeding. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11(1):84–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Wong H, Mylrea K, Cameron A, Manion I, Bass J, Feber J, Filler G. Caregiver attitudes towards gastrostomy removal after renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2005;9(5):574–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Rees L, Azocar M, Borzych D, Watson AR, Büscher A, Edefonti A, Bilge I, Askenazi D, Leozappa G, Gonzales C, van Hoeck K, Secker D, Zurowska A, Rönnholm K, Bouts AH, Stewart H, Ariceta G, Ranchin B, Warady BA, Schaefer F, International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) Registry. Growth in very young children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(12):2303–12. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010020192.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Sienna JL, Saqan R, Teh JC, Frieling ML, Secker D, Cornelius V, Geary DF. Body size in children with chronic kidney disease after gastrostomy tube feeding. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(10):2115–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1586-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mencarelli F, Kiepe D, Leozappa G, Stringini G, Cappa M, Emma F. Growth hormone treatment started in the first year of life in infants with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(5):1039–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-008-1084-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chadha V, Schaefer FS, Warady BA. Dialysis-associated peritonitis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(3):425–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-008-1113-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rinaldi S, Sera F, Verrina E, Edefonti A, Perfumo F, Sorino P, Zacchello G, Andreetta B, Ardissino G, Bassi S, Capasso G, Caringella DA, Gianoglio B, Gusmano R, Rizzoni G. The Italian Registry of Pediatric Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis: a ten-year experience with chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters. Perit Dial Int. 1998;18(1):71–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Patel UD, Mottes TA, Flynn JT. Delayed compared with immediate use of peritoneal catheter in pediatric peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial. 2001;17:253–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Aranda RA, Romão Júnior JE, Kakehashi E, Domingos W, Sabbaga E, Marcondes M, Abensur H. Intraperitoneal pressure and hernias in children on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14(1):22–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Warady BA, Feneberg R, Verrina E, Flynn JT, Müller-Wiefel DE, Besbas N, Zurowska A, Aksu N, Fischbach M, Sojo E, Donmez O, Sever L, Sirin A, Alexander SR, Schaefer F, IPPR. Peritonitis in children who receive long-term peritoneal dialysis: a prospective evaluation of therapeutic guidelines. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(7):2172–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lalan S, Dai H, Warady BA. Hypogammaglobulinemia in infants receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(3):503–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3487-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Neu AM, Warady BA, Lederman HM, Furth SL, Fivush BA. Hypogammaglobulinemia in infants and young children maintained on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatric Dialysis Study Consortium. Perit Dial Int. 1998;18(4):440–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sethna CB, Bryant K, Munshi R, Warady BA, Richardson T, Lawlor J, Newland JG, Neu A, SCOPE Investigators. Risk factors for and outcomes of catheter-associated peritonitis in children: the SCOPE collaborative. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(9):1590–6. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02540316.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Redpath Mahon A, Neu AM. A contemporary approach to the prevention of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis in children: the role of improvement science. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(8):1331–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3531-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lofaro D, Vogelzang JL, van Stralen KJ, Jager KJ, Groothoff JW. Infection-related hospitalizations over 30 years of follow-up in patients starting renal replacement therapy at pediatric age. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31(2):315–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Shroff R, Rees L, Trompeter R, Hutchinson C, Ledermann S. Long-term outcome of chronic dialysis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(2):257–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Wood EG, Hand M, Briscoe DM, Donaldson LA, Yiu V, Harley FL, Warady BA, Ellis EN, North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Risk factors for mortality in infants and young children on dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(3):573–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ledermann SE, Scanes ME, Fernando ON, Duffy PG, Madden SJ, Trompeter RS. Long-term outcome of peritoneal dialysis in infants. J Pediatr. 2000;136(1):24–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Neu AM, Richardson T, Lawlor J, Stuart J, Newland J, McAfee N, Warady BA, SCOPE Collaborative Participants. Implementation of standardized follow-up care significantly reduces peritonitis in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int. 2016;89(6):1346–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vidal, E., Zaritsky, J. (2021). Peritoneal Dialysis During Infancy. In: Warady, B.A., Alexander, S.R., Schaefer, F. (eds) Pediatric Dialysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66861-7_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66861-7_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-66860-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-66861-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics