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Pathogenesis of Oxidative Stress and the Destructive Cycle in the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson’s Disease

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Cortico-Subcortical Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease

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The dangers imposed by O2 arise from its electronic structure. It contains two unpaired electrons with parallel spin states, located on the second sheet (L), concretely on 2py and 2pz orbitals. Electrons tend to distribute according to a minimal repulsion, and two electrons with the same spin repel each other with more intensity than when their spins are antiparallel. For these reasons, if O2 is in contact with a reductant molecule, electrons are transferred to O2 one at a time: the first occupies the 2py orbital and the second occupies the 2pz orbital. The first step gives the superoxide ion (O2 ·–), and the second step (linked to the transfer of 2H+) gives hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Two more electrons are needed to reduce O2 to two molecules of water (Fig. 16.1). Hence this univalent pathway usually needs intermediates, and those intermediates include strongly oxidant reactive oxygen species such as superoxide ions and hydroxyl radicals.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants to EFE from Junta de Andalucia, Spain (BIO127, and Proyectos de Excelencia, EXC/2006/CVI127-1716), and Red de Tera (Instituto Carlos III, RD06/025).

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  1. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain

    Emilio Fernández-Espejo

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Correspondence to Emilio Fernández-Espejo .

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    Fernández-Espejo, E. (2009). Pathogenesis of Oxidative Stress and the Destructive Cycle in the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson’s Disease. In: Tseng, KY. (eds) Cortico-Subcortical Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-252-0_16

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