Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chronic Diseases

  • Chapter
Nutrition in Kidney Disease

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Summary

Although diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and human immunodeficiency virus infection are three separate entities, each has causal and non-causal risk factors that are common in the stage 5 chronic kidney disease population. The medical nutrition therapies are similar, which emphasize adequate protein and energy intakes, fluid control, and possibly carbohydrate and fat modifications. Each patient requires an individualized evaluation, taking into account the comorbid conditions, age, psychosocial situation, rehabilitation potential, and type of renal replacement therapy. The overall impact of the disease states need to be considered beyond the restrictions imposed by kidney failure, if mortality rates are to decline while improving quality of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Zoccali C, Tripepi G, Mallamaci F. Predictors of cardiovascular death in ESRD. Semin Nephrol 2005;25:358–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. National diabetes fact sheet. Available at: http://\allowbreak www.cdc.gov/\allowbreak diabetes/\allowbreak pubs/\allowbreak estimates05.htm. Accessed September 17, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  3. United States Renal Data System. Annual data report 2005. Available at: http://www.usrds.org/adr.htm. Accessed on September 7, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Tone A, Shikata K, Matsuda M, et al. Clinical features of non-diabetic renal diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;69: 237–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Locatelli F, Pozzoni P, DelVecchio L. Renal replacement therapy in patients with diabetes and ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:S25–S29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Akmal M. Hemodialysis in diabetic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:S195–S199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lok CE, Oliver MJ, Rothwell DM, Hux JE. The growing volume of diabetes-related dialysis: a population based study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19: 3098–3103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:S48–S65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pupim LB, Heimbürger O, Qureshi AR, et al. Accelerated lean body mass loss in incident chronic dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 2005; 2368–2374.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Morioka T, Emoto M, Tabata T, et al. Glycemic control is a predictor of survival for diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Diabetes Care 2001;24:909–913.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for the management of diabetes mellitus: The AACE system of intensive diabetes self-management – 2002 update. Endocr Pract 2002;8: S40–S82.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Tzamaloukas AH, Friedman EA. Diabetes. In: Daugirdes JT, Blake PG, Ing TS, ed. Handbook of Dialysis, 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2001:453–465.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bloomgarden ZT. The European association for the study of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1250–1257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Vonesh EF, Snyder JJ, Foley RN, Collins AJ. The differential impact of risk factors on mortality in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 2004;66: 2389–2401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Termorshuizen F, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW, et al. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: comparison of adjusted mortality rates according to the duration of dialysis: analysis of the Netherlands cooperative study on the adequacy of dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:2851–2860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sitter T, Sauter M. Impact of glucose in PD: Saint or sinner? Perit Dial Int 2005;25:415–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Torun D, Ogurzkurt L, Sezer S, et al. Hepatic subcapsular steatosis as a complication associated with intraperitoneal insulin treatment in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2005;25:595–600.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Strid H, Simren M, Johansson A, et al. The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure is increased and associated with impaired psychological well-being. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:1434–1439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gokal R. Peritoneal dialysis in the 21st century: an analysis of current problems and future developments. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:S104–S116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Yao Q, Lindholm B, and Heimburger O. Peritoneal dialysis prescription for diabetic patients. Perit Dial Int 2005;25:S76–S79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu J, Rosner MH. Lipid abnormalities associated with end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial 2006;19:32–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ansari A, Thomas S, Goldsmith D. Assessing glycemic control with diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;41:523–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wong Y-H, Szeto C-C, Chow K-M, et al. Rosiglitazone reduces insulin requirement and C-reactive protein levels in type 2 diabetes patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:713–719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Quellhorst E. Insulin therapy during peritoneal dialysis: pros and cons of various forms of administration. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:S92–S96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Leung CB, Kwan BC, et al. A risk analysis of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2005;25:374–379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Khalili K, Lan FP, Hanbridge AE, et al. Hepatic subcapsular steatosis in response to intraperitoneal insulin delivery: CT findings and prevalence. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:1601–1604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Van Vliem BA, Schoonjans RS, Strujik DG, et al. Influence of dialysate on gastric emptying time in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2002;22:32–38.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Uhlig K, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ. Traditional cardiac risk factors in individuals and chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 2003;16:116–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. KDOQI Clinical Pratice Guidelines and Clinical Recommendations for Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. AJKD 2007; 49:S62–S73.

    Google Scholar 

  30. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(Suppl 1):S4–S41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Joy MS, Cefalu WT, Hogan SL, Nachman PH. Long-term glycemic control measurements in diabetic patients receiving hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:297–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Little RR, Tennhill AL, Rohlfing C, et al. Can glycohemoglobin be used to assess glycemic control in patients with chronic renal failure? Clin Chem 2002;48: 785–786.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cornell S, Briggs A. Newer treatment strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Pract 2004;17:49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Gerich JE. The importance of controlling postprandial hyperglycemia. Practical Diabetol 2005;24:22–26.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hirsch IB, Bergenstal RM, Parkin CG, et al. A real-world approach to insulin therapy in primary care practice. Clin Diabetes 2005;23:78–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Klonoff DC. Continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1231–1239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pupim LB, Flakoll PJ, Majchrzak KM, et al. Increased muscle protein breakdown in chronic hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 2005;68:1857–1865.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cano NJM, Roth H, Aparicio M, et al. Malnutrition in hemodialysis diabetic patients: evaluation and prognostic influence. Kidney Int 2002;62:593–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Chavez EM, Taylor GW, Borrel LN, Ship JA. Salivary function and glycemic control in older persons with diabetes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:305–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Moore PA, Guggenheimer J, Etzel KR, et al. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, xerostomia, and salivary flow rates. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92:281–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Meurman JH, Collin H-L, Niskanen L, et al. Saliva in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients and control subjects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:69–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Chavez EM, Borrell LN, Taylor GW, Ship JA. A longitudinal analysis of salivary flow in control subjects and older adults with type 2 diabetes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:166–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sreebny LM, Yu A, Green A, Valdini A. Xerostomia in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1992;15:900–904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Vinik AI, Freeman R, Erbas T. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Semin Neurol 2003;23:365–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Duby JJ, Campbell RK, Setter SM, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: an intensive review. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004;61:160–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Vinik AI, Maser R, Mitchell BD, Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1553–1574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Syed AA, Rattansingh A, Furtado SD. Current perspectives on the management of gastroparesis. J Postgrad Med 2005;51:54–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Pagenkemper JJ. Nutrition management of diabetes in chronic kidney disease. In: Byham-Gray L, Wiesen K, ed. A Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in Kidney Disease. Chicago: American Dietetic Association, 2004:93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lin Z, Forster J, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW. Treatment of diabetic gastroparesis by high-frequency gastric electrical stimulation. Diabetes Care 2004;27: 1071–1076.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rayner CK, Samson, M, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Relationships of upper gastrointestinal motor and sensory function with glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2001;24:371–381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Funnell MM, Greene DA. Diabetic neuropath. In: Funnell MM, Hunt C, Kulkarni K, Rubin RR, and Yarborough PC, ed. A Core Curriculum for Diabetes Education, 3rd edition. Chicago: American Association of Diabetes Educators, 1998: 709–743.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Vaziri ND. Oxidative stress in uremia: nature mechanisms and potential consequences. Semin Nephrol 2004;24:469–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Dursun E, Dursun B, Suleymanlar G, Ozben T. Effect of haemodialysis on the oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2005;42: 123–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Evans N, Forsyth E. End-stage renal disease in people with type 2 diabetes: systemic manifestations and exercise implications. Phys Ther 2004;84:454–463.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sarnak M, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Hypertension 2003;42:1050–1065.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wright RS, Reeder GS, Herzog CA, et al. Acute myocardial infarction and renal dysfunction: a high-risk combination. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:563–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Longnecker JC, Coresh J, Powe NR. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population: the CHOICE study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1918–1927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Kundhal K, Lok CE. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2005;101:c47–c52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. McCullough PA. Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease from a cardiologist’s perspective. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004;18:591–600.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Divino-Filho JC. Inflammation, malnutrition, and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:S28–S36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Nicholls AJ. Heart and circulation. In: Daugirdes JT, Blake PG, Ing TS, ed. Handbook of Dialysis, 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2001:583–600.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Fox CS, Longnecker JC, Powe NR, et al. Undertreatment of hyperlipidemia in a cohort of United States kidney dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 2004;61: 299–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney disease outcomes quality initiative clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Available at: http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_cvd/index.htm. Accessed on November 10, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Desmeules S, Arcand-Bossé J-F, Bergeron J, et al. Nonfasting non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is adequate for lipid management in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:1067–1072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Shinohara K, Shoji T, Emoto M, et al. Insulin resistance as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1894–1900.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30(Suppl 1):S42–S47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Nair AP, Nemirovsky D, Kim M, et al. Elevated homocysteine levels in patients with end-stage renal disease. Mt Sinai J Med 2005;72:365–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Böger CA, Götz A, Stubanus M, et al. C-Reactive protein as predictor of death in end-stage diabetic nephropathy: role of peripheral artery disease. Kidney Int 2005;68:217–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Stevinkel P. Interactions between inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in end-stage renal disease. J Ren Nutr 2003;13:144–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Higdon J. Phytosterols. The Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center. Last updated 8/11/2005. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/ phytochemicals/ sterols/ index.html. Accessed September 4, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  71. National Heart Foundation of Australia Executive Summary. Position statement on the relationship between carbohydrates, dietary fibre, glycaemic index/glycaemic load and cardiovascular disease. March 2006. Available at: http://www.heartfoundation.com.au/downloads/PP-585_Exec_Summ_Nutr_PS-CHO_06_Feb_Final.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Berger A, Jones PJH, Abumweis SS. Plant sterols: factors affecting their efficacy and safety as functional food ingredients. Lipids Health Dis 2004;3:5–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. National Heart Foundation of Australia’s Nutrition and Metabolic Advisory Committee Position Statement. Plant sterols and stanols. National Heart Foundation of Australia. August 2003. Available at: http:// www. heartfoundation. com.au/ downloads/ PlantSterol_Aug03_final.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  74. American Heart Association. Fish and omega-3 fatty acids. Available at: http://www. americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4632. Accessed September 4, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Higdon J. Essential (omega-3 and omega-6) fatty acids. The Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center. Last updated 12/07/2005. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/othernuts/omega3fa/index.html. Accessed September 4, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Martin CJ. Fats: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Ren Nutr 2004;14:E1–E3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/. Accessed September 10, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  78. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. HIV infection and AIDS: an overview. Available at: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/hivinf.htm. Accessed September 17, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Rao TKS. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in end-stage renal disease patients. Semin Dial 2003;16:233–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mandayam S, Ahuja TS. Dialyzing a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection: what a nephrologists needs to know. Am J Nephrol 2004;24:511–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, et al. Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1559–1580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Brook MG, Miller RF. HIV associated nephropathy: a treatable condition. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:97–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ahuja TS, Collinge N, Grady J, Khan S. Is dialysis modality a factor in survival of patients with ESRD and HIV-associated nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:1060–1064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ahuja TS, O’Brien WA. Special issues in the management of patients with ESRD and HIV infection. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:279–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. AidsInfo. HIV and its treatment: what you should know. September 23, 2005. Available at: http:// aidsinfo. nih. gov/ contentfiles/ HIVandItsTreatment_ cbrochure_en.pdf. Accessed September 4, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Baumelou A, Deray G. An appraisal of antiretroviral drugs in hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2001;60:821–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Nerad J, Romeyn M, Silverman E, et al. General nutrition management in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:S52–S62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. Clinical guidelines. Available at: http://www.hivguidelines.org/Content.aspx?Page ID=257. Accessed September 10, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Grinspoon S, Mulligan K. Weight loss and wasting in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:S69–S78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Shevitz AH, Knox TA. Nutrition in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1769–1775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mulligan K, Schambelan M. HIV-associated wasting. In: Peiperl L, Coffey S, Volberding P, ed. HIV InSite Knowledge Base. November 2003. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-04-01-08. Accessed September 10, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Koch J, Kim LS, Friedman S. Gastrointestinal manifestations of HIV. In: Peiperl L, Coffey S, Volberding P, ed. HIV InSite Knowledge Base. June 1998. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-04&doc=kb-04-01-11. Accessed September 10, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Gelato MC. Insulin and carbohydrate dysregulation. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36: S91–S95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Chow DC, Day LJ, Souza, SA, Shikuma CM. Metabolic complications of HIV therapy. In: Peiperl L, Coffey S, Volberding P, ed. HIV InSite Knowledge Base. May 2003. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-03-02-10#. Accessed September 10, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Wlodarczyk D. Managing medical conditions associated with cardiac risk with HIV. In: Peiperl L, Coffey S, Volberding P, ed. HIV InSite Knowledge Base. August 2004. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-03&doc=kb-03-01-20. Accessed September 10, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sattler F. Body habitus changes related to lipodystrophy. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:S84–S90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Dube M, Fenton M. Lipid abnormalities. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:S79–S83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Wingard R. Increased risk of anemia in dialysis patients with comorbid diseases. Nephrol Nurs J 2004;31:211–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DaVita Dialysis, Lumberton, New Jersey

    Sharon R. Schatz MS, RD, CSR, CDE

Authors
  1. Sharon R. Schatz MS, RD, CSR, CDE
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 40 East Laurel Rd, Stratford, NJ, USA

    Laura D. Byham-Gray

  2. Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3333 California St, Stanford, CA, USA

    Glenn M. Chertow

  3. Department of Nutrition, C.W. Post Campus Long Island University, 720 Northern Blvd, Brookville, NY, USA

    Jerrilynn D. Burrowes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schatz, S.R. (2008). Chronic Diseases. In: Byham-Gray, L.D., Chertow, G.M., Burrowes, J.D. (eds) Nutrition in Kidney Disease. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-032-4_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-032-4_15

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-781-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-032-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation