Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Seizures, Fever, and Systemic Infection

  • Chapter
Seizures

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCP))

  • 336 Accesses

Abstract

The concurrence of fever and seizure in a patient raises many questions, the most immediate and important being whether or not the patient has an infection. If present, infection may either be intrinsic to the central nervous system (CNS), may have spread to the CNS from a systemic source, or may remain extracranial. About 5% of patients with CNS infections experience an acute symptomatic seizure (1,2). Infections of the CNS account for about 15% of all acute symptomatic seizures (1,3). Fever can occur for reasons other than infection, including inflammatory and connective tissue disorders, tumors, heat stroke, tissue ischemia, reactions to therapeutic drug use and vaccinations, drugs of abuse (such as ecstasy, amphetamines, and cocaine), factitious fever, and that of unknown origin. Rarely, primary lesions of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center may lead to fever. Importantly, fever can also occur following prolonged convulsive activity in the absence of infection. In a retrospective study of the temperature curves of patients hospitalized after a seizure, Wachtel et al. found that 43% were febrile during their hospital course (4). Although no underlying infection was identified in two-thirds of these patients, fever persisting beyond 48 h after the seizure was a sensitive (100%) and specific (89%) indicator of infection. Furthermore, infection can result from a seizure (e.g., aspiration pneumonia), or be nosocomially acquired.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Beghi E, Nicolosi A, Kurland LT. The risk of unprovoked seizures after encephalitis and meningitis. Neurology 1988; 38: 1407–1410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Loiseau J, Loiseau P, Guyot M, Duche B, Dartiques J, Aublet, B. Survey of seizure disorders in the French Southwest. I. Incidence of epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 1990; 31: 391–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hauser WA, Annegers JF. (1997) Epidemiology of acute symptomatic seizures. In: Engel J Jr, Pedley TA (eds.), Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, pp 87–91.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wachtel TJ, Steele GH, Day JD. Natural history of fever following seizure. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1153–1155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Iriki M, Saigusa T. Regional differentiation of sympathetic efferents during fever. Prog Brain Res 1998; 115: 477–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anonymous. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit. Care Med 1992; 20: 864–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Anonymous. Glossary of terms for thermal physiology, 2nd ed. Pflug 1987; 410:567–587.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Sharma HS, Westman J, Nyberg E Pathophysiology of brain edema and cell changes following hyperthermic brain injury. Prog Brain Res 1998; 115: 351–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Germano IM, Zhang YF, Sperber EF, Moshe SL. Neuronal migration disorders increase susceptibility to hyperthermia-induced seizures in developing rats. Epilepsia 1996; 37: 902–910.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Toth Z, Yan XX, Haftoglou S, Ribak CE, Baram TZ. Seizure-induced neuronal injury: vulnerability to febrile seizures in an immature rat model. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 4285–4294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ullal GR, Satishchandra P, Shankar SK. Hyperthermic seizures: an animal model for hot-water epilepsy. Seizure 1996; 5: 221–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jiang W, Duong TM, de Lanerolle NC. The neuropathology of hyperthermic seizures in the rat. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 5–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Morimoto T, Kida K, Nagao H, Yoshida K, Tukuda M, Takashima, S. The pathogenic role of the NMDA receptor in hyperthermia-induced seizures in developing rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1995; 84: 204–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sharma HS, Westman J, Cervos-Navarro J, Nyberg F Role of neurochemicals in brain edema and cell changes following hyperthermic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1997; 70: 269–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dubois M, Coppola R, Buchsbaum MS, Lees DE. Somatosensory evoked potentials during whole body hyperthermia in humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981; 52: 157–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Malamud N, Haymaker W, Custer RP. Heat stroke. Clinicopathological study of 125 fatal cases. Milit Surg 1946; 99: 397–449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Delanty N, Vaughan CJ, French JA. Medical causes of seizures. Lancet 1998; 352: 383–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kataoka K, Yanese H. Mild hypothermia-a revived countermeasure against ischemic neuronal damages. Neurosci Res 1998; 32: 103–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kao TY, Lin MT. Brain serotonin depletion attenuates heatstroke-induced cerebral ischemia and cell death in rats. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80: 680–684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lin MT, Kao TY, Chio CC, Jin YT. Dopamine depletion protects striatal neurons from heatstroke-induced ischemia and cell death in rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: H487–490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Flanagan SW, Moseley PL, Buettner GR. Increased flux of free radicals in cells subjected to hyperthermia: detection by electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping. FEBS Lett 1998; 431: 285, 286.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kivirante T, Tuomisto L, Airaksinen EM. Osmolality and electrolytes in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of febrile children with and without seizures. Eur J Pediatr 1996; 155: 120–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kiviranta T, Airaksinen EM. Low sodium levels are associated with subsequent febrile seizures. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 1372–1374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Morimoto T, Fukuda M, Aibara Y, Nagao H, Kida K. The influence of blood gas changes on hyperthermia-induced seizures in developing rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1996; 92: 77–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kivirante T, Airaksinen EM, Tuomisto L. The role of fever on cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration with and without convulsions. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 1276–1279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mistchenko AS, Diez RA, Mariani AL, et al. Cytokines in adenoviral disease in children: association of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels with clinical outcome. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 714–720.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yuhas Y, Weizman A, Dinari G, Ashkenazi S. An animal model for the study of neurotoxicity of bacterial products and application of the model to demonstrate that Shiga toxin and lipopolysaccharide cooperate in inducing neurologic disorders. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1244–1249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Plaschke M, Strohle A, Then Bergh F, Backmund H, Trenkwalder C. Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms of legionella infection. Case report and overview of the clinical spectrum (in German) Nervenarzt 1997; 68: 342–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Johnson JD, Raff MJ, Van Arsdall JA. Neurologic manifestations of Legionnaires’ disease. Medicine 1984; 63: 303–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cimolai N, Morrison BJ, Carter JE. Risk factors for the central nervous system manifestations of gastroenteritis-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatrics 1992; 90: 616–621.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lezama-Basulto LA, Mota-Hernandez F, Bravo-Barrios E. Cholera in children. A report of 8 cases. Bol Med Hospital Infantil Mex 1993; 50: 789–796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wallace SJ. The Child with Febrile Seizures. London: John Wright, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis of the International League Against Epilepsy. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Epilepsia 1993; 34: 592–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Joint Working Group of the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Paediatric Association. Guidelines for the management of convulsions with fever. Br Med J 1991; 303: 634–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hirtz DG, Camfield CS, Camfield PR. (1997) Febrile convulsions, In: Engel J Jr, Pedley, TA (eds.), Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, pp. 2483–2488.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Prognosis in children with febrile seizures. Pediatrics 1978; 61: 720–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Shirts SB, Kurland LT. Factors prognostic of unprovoked seizures after febrile convulsions. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 493–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Verity CM, Ross EM, Golding J. Outcome of childhood status epilepticus and lengthy febrile convulsions: findings of national cohort study. Br Med J 1993; 307: 225–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hauser WA, Kurland LT. The epidemiology of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 through 1967. Epilepsia 1975; 16: 1–66.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Tsuboi T. Epidemiology of febrile and afebrile convulsions in children in Japan. Neurology 1981; 34: 175–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Bethune P, Gordon K, Dooley J, Camfield C, Camfield P. Which child will have a febrile seizure? Am J Dis Child 1993; 147: 35–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Berg AT. Are febrile seizures provoked by a rapid rise in temperature? Am J Dis Child 1993; 147: 1101–1103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kugler SL, Johnson WG. Genetics of the febrile seizure susceptibility trait. Brain Dev 1998; 20: 265–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wallace RH, Wang DW, Singh R, et al. Febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy associated with a mutation in the Na channel betal subunit gene SCN1B. Nat Genet 1998; 19: 366–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wallace RH, Berkovic SF, Howell RA, Sutherland GR, Mulley JC. Suggestion of a major gene for familial febrile convulsions mapping to 8q 13–21. J Med Genet 1996; 33: 308–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Millichap JG. Febrile Convulsions. New York: Macmillan, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Barone SR, Kaplan MH, Krilov LR. Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children with first febrile seizures. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 95–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hukin J, Farrell K, MacWilliam LM, et al. Case-control study of primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in children with febrile seizures. Pediatrics 1998; 101: E3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gunduz Z, Yavuz I, Koparal M, Kumandas S, Sarsymen R. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid zinc levels in children with febrile convulsions. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1996; 38: 237–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hugen CAC, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, Hop WCJ. Serum sodium levels and probability of recurrent febrile convulsions. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154: 403–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nagaki S, Nagaki S, Minatogawa Y, Sadmatsu M, Kato N, Osawa M, Fukuyama Y. The role of vasopressin, somatostatin and GABA in febrile convulsions in rat pups. Life Sci 1996; 58: 2233–2242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kivirante T, Tuomisto L, Airaksinen EM. Histamine in cerebrospinal fluid of children with febrile convulsions. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 276–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kobrinsky NL, Yager JY, Cheang MS, Yatscoff RW, Tenenbein M. Does iron deficiency raise the seizure threshold? J Child Neurol 1995; 10: 105–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fowler M. Brain damage after febrile convulsions. Arch Dis Child 1957; 32: 67–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Meldrum BS. (1976) Secondary pathology of febrile and experimental convulsions. In: Brazier MAB, Coceani F. (eds.), Brain Dysfunction in Infantile Febrile Convulsions, Raven, New York, pp 213–222.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Camfield P, Camfield C, Gordon K, Dooley J. What types of epilepsy are preceded by febrile seizures? A population-based study of children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994; 36: 887–892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. van der Berg BJ, Yerushalmy J. Studies on convulsive disorders in young children. I. Incidence of febrile and nonfebrile convulsions by age and other factors. Pediatr Res 1969; 3: 298–304.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Predictors of epilepsy in children who have experienced febrile seizures. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 1029–1033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Elveback LR, Kurland LT. The risk of epilepsy following febrile convulsions. Neurology 1979; 29: 297–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lee K, Diaz M, Melchior JC. Temporal lobe epilepsy-not a consequence of childhood febrile convulsions in Denmark. Acta Neurol Scand 1981; 63: 231–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lennox WG. Significance of febrile convulsions. Pediatrics 1953; 11: 341–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Febrile seizures and later intellectual performance. Arch Neurol 1978; 35: 17–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Verity CM, Greenwood R., Golding J. Long-term intellectual and behavioral outcomes of children with febrile convulsions. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1723–1728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. French JA, Williamson PD, Thadani M, Darcey TM, Mattson RH, Spencer SS, Spencer DD. Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: I. Results of history and physical examination. Ann Neurol 1993; 34: 774–780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Abou-Khalil B, Andermann E, Andermann F, Olivier A, Quesney LF. Temporal lobe epilepsy after prolonged febrile convulsions: excellent outcome after surgical treatment. Epilepsia 1993; 34: 878–883.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cendes F, Andermann F, Dubeau F, et al. Early childhood prolonged febrile convulsions, atrophy and sclerosis of mesial structures, and temporal lobe epilepsy: an MRI volumetric study. Neurology 1993; 43: 1083–1087.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Maher J, McLachlan RS. Febrile convulsions. Is seizure duration the most important predictor of temporal lobe epilepsy? Brain 1995; 118: 1521–1528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vanlandingham KE, Heinz ER, Cavazos JE, Lewis DV. MRI evidence of hippocampal injury after prolonged, focal febrile convulsions. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 413–426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lewis DV. Febrile convulsions and mesial temporal sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 1999; 12: 197–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kuks JB, Cook MJ, Fish DR, Stevens JM, Shorvon SD. Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy and childhood febrile seizures. Lancet 1993; 342: 1391–1394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Shinnar S Prolonged febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 411–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mathern GW, Babb TL, Vickrey BG, Melendez M, Pretorius JK. The clinical-pathologic mechanisms of hippocampal neuronal loss and surgical outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 1995; 118: 105–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mathern GW, Pretorius JK, Babb TL. Influence of the type of initial precipitating injury and at what age it occurs on course and outcome in patients with temporal lobe seizures. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 220–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hardiman O, Burke T, Phillips J, Murphy S, O’Moore B, Staunton H, Farrell MA. Microdysgenesis in resected temporal neocortex: incidence and clinical significance in focal epilepsy. Neurology 1988; 38: 1041–1047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Berg AT, Shinnar S. Do seizures beget seizures? An assessment of the clinical evidence in humans. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 14: 102–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Verity CM. Do seizures damage the brain? The epidemiological evidence. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78: 78–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sofijanov N, Emoto S, Kuturec M, et al. Febrile seizures: clinical characteristics and initial EEG. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 52–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Stores G. When does the EEG contribute to the management of febrile seizures? Arch Dis Child 1991; 66: 554–557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Uhari M, Rantala H, Vainionpaa L, Kurttila R. Effect of acetaminophen and of low intermittent doses of diazepam on prevention of recurrences of febrile seizures. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 991–995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wolf SM, Can A, Davis DC, et al. The value of phenobarbital in the child who has had a single febrile seizure: a controlled prospective study. Pediatrics 1977; 59: 378–385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Newton RW. Randomized controlled trials of phenobarbitone and valproate in febrile convulsions. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 1189–1191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE. Febrile seizures: genetics and relationship to other epilepsy syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol 1998; 11: 129–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Knudsen FU, Paerregaard A, Andersen R, Andersen J. Long term outcome of prophylaxis for febrile convulsions. Arch Dis Child 1996; 74: 13–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Consensus statement. Febrile seizures: a consensus of their significance, evaluation and treatment. Pediatrics 1980; 66: 1009–1012.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Knudsen FU. Febrile seizures-treatment and outcome. Brain Dev 1996; 18: 438–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lanska DJ. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection and associated neurologic illness. Semin Neurol 1999; 19: 105–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Levy RN, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML. Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 475–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Garg RK. HIV infection and seizures. Postgrad Med J 1999; 75: 387–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Wong MC, Suite NDA, Labar DR. Seizures in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 640–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Levy RM, Bredesen DE. Central nervous diseases in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1988; 1: 41–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Pascual-Sedano B, Iranzo A, Marti-Fabregas J, et al. Prospective study of new onset seizures in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 609–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Van Paesschen W, Bodian C, Maker H. Metabolic abnormalities and new-onset seizures in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 146–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Holtzman DM, Kaku DA, SoYT. New-onset seizures associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: causation and clinical features in 100 cases. Am J Med 1989; 87: 173–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Bartolomei F, Pellegrino P, Dhiver C, Quilichini R, Gastaut JA, Gastaut JL. Crises d’epilepsie au cours de l’infection par le VIH. 52 observations. Presse Med 1991; 20: 2135–2138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Dore GJ, Law MG, Brew BJ. Prospective analysis of seizures occurring in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. J Neurol AIDS 1996; 1: 59–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wong MC, Suite NDA, Labar DR. Seizures in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 640–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Aronow HA, Feraru ER, Lipton RB. New-onset seizures in AIDS patients: etiology, prognosis and treatment. Neurology 1989; 39 (Suppl): 428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Ragnaud JM, Morlat P, Dupon M, Lacoste D, Pellegrin JL, Chene G. Toxoplasmose cerebrale au cours du SIDA: 73 observations. Presse Med 1993; 22: 903–908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Moulignier A, Mikol J, Pialoux G, Fenelon G, Gray F, Thiebault JB. AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy revealed by new-onset seizures. Am J Med 1995; 99: 64–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Von Einsiedel RW, Fife TD, et al. Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy in AIDS: a clinicopathologic study and review of the literature. J Neurol 1993; 240: 391–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Koppel BS, Poon TP, Khandji A, Pavlakis SG, Pedley TA. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuroimaging 1996; 6: 122–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Moriarty DM, Haller JO, Loh JP, Fikrig S. Cerebral infarction in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 1994; 24: 611–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Labar DR. (1992) Seizures and HIV infection. In: Pedley TA, Meldrum BS (eds.), Recent Advances in Epilepsy, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp 119–126.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Rosenbaum GS, Klein NC, Cunba BA. Early seizures in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome without mass lesion. Heart Lung 1989; 18: 526–529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Update: Trends in AIDS incidence-United States, 1996. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 1997; 46: 861–867.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853–850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Autran B, Carcelian G, Li T, et al. Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science 1997; 227: 112–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Tones RA, Barr M. Impact of combination therapy for HIV infection on inpatient census. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1531–1532.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Teofilo E, Gouveia J, Brotas V, daCosta P. Progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy regression with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1998; 12: 449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Can A, Marriot D, Field A, Vasak E, Cooper DA. Treatment of HIV-1 associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis with combination antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1998; 351: 256–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Simpson DM. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: review of pathogenesis, prophylaxis and treatment studies of zidovudine therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 19–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Bharucha NE, Bharucha EP, Bhabha SK. Infections of the nervous system: Bacterial infections. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice: The Neurological Disorders (Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Marsden CD, eds), Butterwort-Heinemann, Boston, MA: pp 1181–1243.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Bruneel E, Gillis P, Raes M, et al. Radiological case of the month. Neonatal brain abscess caused by Citrobacter diversus. Arch Pediatr Adol Med 1998; 152: 297–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Maniglia RJ, Roth T, Blumberg EA. Polymicrobial brain abscess in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 449–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Aliaga L, Mediavilla JD, Lopez de la Osa A, Lopez-Gomez M, deCueto M, Miranda C. Non typhoidal salmonella intracranial infections in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1118–1120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Pruitt AA, Rubin RH, Karchmer AW, Duncan GW. Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. Medicine 1978; 57: 329–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Jones HR, Siekert RG. Neurological manifestations of infective endocarditis. Brain 1989; 112: 1295–1315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Kanter MC, Hart RG. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Neurology 1991; 41: 1015–1020.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Le Cam B, Guivarch G, Boles JM, Gane M, Cartier F. Neurologic complications in a group of 86 bacterial endocarditis. Eur Heart J 1984; 5 (Suppl C): 97–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Gergaud JM, Breux JP, Grollier G, Roblot P, Becq-Giraudon B. Current aspects of infectious endocarditis. Apropos of 53 cases (in French). Ann Med Intern 1994; 145: 163–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Johnson DH, Rosenthal A, Nadas AS. A forty year review of bacterial endocarditis in infancy and childhood. Circulation 1975; 51: 581–588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Delahaye JP, Poncet P, Malquarti V, Beaune J, Gare JP, Mann JM. Cerebrovascular accidents in infective endocarditis: role of anticoagulation. Eur Heart J 1990; 11: 1074–1078.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Kevin Murphy MRCPI
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Henry Fraimow MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Norman Delanty MB, FRCPI (Consultant Neurologist) (Consultant Neurologist)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Murphy, K., Fraimow, H. (2002). Seizures, Fever, and Systemic Infection. In: Delanty, N. (eds) Seizures. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-094-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-094-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-207-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-094-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation