Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Movement Disorders

  • Chapter
Atlas of Clinical Neurology

  • 4562 Accesses

Abstract

Movement disorders can be defined as neurologic syndromes in which there is either an excess of movement (commonly referred to as hyperkinesia, dyskinesia, and abnormal involuntary movement) or a paucity of voluntary and automatic movements unrelated to weakness or spasticity. The latter group can be referred to as hypokinesia (decreased amplitude of movement), but bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and akinesia (loss of movement) are common alternatives. The parkinsonian syndromes are the most common cause of paucity of movement; other hypokinetic disorders represent only a small group of patients. Movement disorders are conveniently divided into parkinsonism and all other types. Gait is affected by most types of movement disorders, including parkinsonism, dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, and cerebellar ataxia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55:181–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Del Tredici K, Rub U, De Vos RA, et al.: Where does parkinson disease pathology begin in the brain? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002, 61:413–426.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Braak H, Bohl Jr, Muller CM, et al.: Stanley Fahn lecture 2005: the staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson’s disease reconsidered. Mov Disord 2006, 21:2042–2051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wichmann T, DeLong MR: Pathophysiology of parkinsonian motor abnormalities. Adv Neurol 1993, 60:53–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Duvoisin RC, Eldridge R, Williams A, et al.: Twin study of Parkinson disease. Neurology 1981, 31:77–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Tanner CM, Ottman R, Goldman SM, et al.: Parkinson disease in twins: an etiologic study. JAMA 1999, 281:341–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Martinez-Vicente M, Cuervo AM: Autophagy and neurodegeneration: when the cleaning crew goes on strike. Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:352–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, for the Parkinson Study Group: Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:2498–2508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chase TN, Mouradian MM, Engber TM: Motor response complications and the function of striatal efferent systems. Neurology 1993, 43(suppl 6):S23–S27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mouradian MM, Juncos JL, Fabbrini G, et al.: Motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: central pathophysiological mechanisms, part II. Ann Neurol 1988, 24:372–378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Laitinen LV, Bergenheim AT, Hariz MI: Leksell’s posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosurg 1992, 76:53–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Limousin P, Krack P, Pollak P, et al.: Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1105–1111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Stefani A, Lozano AM, Peppe A, et al.: Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei in severe Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2007, 130(part 6):1596–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Steele RC, Richardson JC, Olszewski J: Progressive supranuclear palsy: a heterogeneous degeneration involving the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia. Arch Neurol 1964, 10:333–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lepore FE, Duvoisin RC: “Apraxia” of eyelid opening: an involuntary levator inhibition. Neurology 1985, 35:423–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lantos PL: The neuropathology of progressive supranuclear palsy. In Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Diagnosis, Pathology and Therapy. Edited by Tolosa E, Duvoisin R, Cruz-Sanchez FF. New York: Springer-Verlag, Wein; 1994:137–152.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kato N, Arai K, Hattori T: Study of the rostral midbrain atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Sci 2003, 210:57–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Blain CR, Barker GJ, Jarosz JM, et al.: Measuring brain stem and cerebellar damage in parkinsonian syndromes using diffusion tensor MRI. Neurology 2006, 67:2199–2205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Brooks DJ: PET studies in progressive supranuclear palsy. In Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Diagnosis, Pathology, and Therapy. Edited by Toloso E, Duvoisin R, Cruz-Sanchez FF. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1994:119–132.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Graham JG, Oppenheimer DR: Orthostatic hypotension and nicotinic sensitivity in a case of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1969, 32:28–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lantos PL, Papp MI: Cellular pathology of multiple system atrophy: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:129–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Junck L, et al.: Patterns of cerebral glucose metabolism detected with positron emission tomography differ in multiple system atrophy and olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Ann Neurol 1994, 36:166–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rutledge JN, Schallert T, Hall S: Magnetic resonance imaging in parkinsonisms. Adv Neurol 1993, 60:529–534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rebeiz JJ, Kolodny EH, Richardson EP Jr: Corticodentatonigral degeneration with neuronal achromasia. Arch Neurol 1968, 18:20–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Uchihara T, Mitani K, Mori H, et al.: Abnormal cytoskeletal pathology peculiar to corticobasal degeneration is different from that of Alzheimer’s disease or progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol 1994, 88:379–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Klawans HL: Hemiparkinsonism as a late complication of hemiatrophy: a new syndrome. Neurology 1981, 31:625–628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Perry RH, Irving D, Blessed G, et al.: Senile dementia of Lewy body type. J Neurol Sci 1990, 95:119–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hakim S, Adams RD: The special clinical problem of symptomatic hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure: observations on cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. J Neurol Sci 1965, 2:307–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Greene PE, Kang UJ, Fahn S: Spread of symptoms in idiopathic torsion dystonia. Mov Disord 1995, 10:143–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ozelius LJ, Hewett JW, Page C, et al.: The early-onset torsion dystonia gene (DYT1) encodes an ATP-binding protein. Nat Genet 1997, 17:40–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fahn S, Bressman SB, Marsden CD: Classification of dystonia. In Dystonia 3. Advances in Neurology. Edited by Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Rothwell JC, Obeso JA, Day BL, Marsden CD: Pathophysiology of dystonias. In Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease. Edited by Desmedt JE. New York: Raven Press; 1983:851–863.

    Google Scholar 

  33. McNaught KS, Kapustin A, Jackson T, et al.: Brainstem pathology in DYT1 primary torsion dystonia. Ann Neurol 2004, 56:540–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Marsden, CD, Obeso JA, Zarranz JJ, Lang AE: The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia. Brain 1985, 108:461–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, et al., for the French SPIDY Study Group: Bilateral, pallidal, deep-brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia: a prospective 3 year follow-up study. Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:223–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group: A prevalence study of primary dystonia in eight European countries. J Neurol 2000, 247:787–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Nutt JG, Muenter MD, Aronson A, et al.: Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord 1988, 3:188–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Frederic M, Lucarz E, Monino C, et al.: First determination of the incidence of the unique TOR1A gene mutation, c.907delGAG, in a Mediterranean population. Mov Disord 2007, 22:884–888.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Risch N, De Leon D, Ozelius L, et al.: Genetic analysis of idiopathic torsion dystonia in Ashkenazi Jews and their recent descent from a small founder population. Nat Genet 1995, 9:152–159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bressman SB, Sabatti C, Raymond D, et al.: The DYT1 phenotype and guidelines for diagnostic testing. Neurology 2000, 54:1746–1752.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bressman SB, Ozelius L: DYT1, an inherited dystonia. In Molecular Neurology. Edited by Waxman SG. London: Elsevier; 2007:295–306.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  42. Saunders-Pullman R, Raymond D, Senthil G, et al.: Narrowing the DYT6 dystonia region and evidence for locus heterogeneity in the Amish-Mennonites. Am J Med Genet 2007, 143:2098–2105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Bentivoglio AR, Ialongo T, Contarino MF, et al.: Phenotypic characterization of DYT13 primary torsion dystonia. Mov Disord 2004, 19:200–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Leube B, Rudnicki D, Ratzlaff T, et al.: Idiopathic torsion dystonia: assignment of a gene to chromosome 18p in a German family with adult onset, autosomal dominant inheritance and purely focal distribution. Hum Mol Genet 1996, 5:1673–1677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Risch NJ, Bressman SB, Senthil G, Ozelius LJ: Intragenic Cis and Trans modification of genetic susceptibility in DYT1 torsion dystonia. Am J Hum Genet 2007, 80:1188–1193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ichinose H, Ohye T, Takahashi E, et al.: Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation caused by mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene. Nat Genet 1994, 8:229–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Nygaard TG, Waran SP, Levine RA, et al.: Dopa-responsive dystonia simulating cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol 1994, 11:236–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bull PD, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, et al.: The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene [published erratum appears in Nat Genet 1994, 6: 214]. Nat Genet 1993, 5:327–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I, et al.: The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene. Nat Genet 1993, 5:344–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Thomas GR, Forbes Jr, Roberts EA, et al.: The Wilson disease gene: spectrum of mutations and their consequences. Nat Genet 1995, 9:210–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hayflick SJ, Westaway SK, Levinson B, et al.: Genetic, clinical, and radiographic delineation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Higgins JJ, Patterson MC, Papadopoulos NM, et al.: Hypoprebetalipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, retinitis-pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration (HARP syndrome). Neurology 1992, 42:194–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Storsch A, Kornhass M, Schwarz J: Testing for acanthocytosis: a prospective reader-blinded study in movement disorder patients. J Neurol 2005, 252:84–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Rampoldi L, Dobson-Stone C, Rubio JP, et al.: A conserved sortingassociated protein is mutant in chorea-acanthocytosis. Nat Genet 2001, 28:119–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Walker RH, Jung HH, Dobson-Stone C, et al.: Neurologic phenotypes associated with acanthocytosis. Neurology 2007, 68:92–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Danek A, Rubio JP, Rampoldi L, et al.: McLeod neuroacanthocytosis: genotype and phenotype. Ann Neurol 2001, 50:755–764.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cardoso F, Seppi K, Mair KJ, et al.: Seminar on choreas. Lancet Neurol 2006, 5:589–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group: A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell 1993, 72:971–983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Laccone F, Engel U, Holinski-Feder E, et al.: DNA analysis of Huntington’s disease: five years of experience in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Neurology 1999, 53:801–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bressman SB, Risch NJ: Genetics of movement disorders: dystonia, dopa-responsive dystonia and Huntington’s disease. In Movement and Allied Disorders in Childhood. Edited by Robertson MM, Eapen V. London: John Wiley & Sons; 1995:327–356.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Martin WRW, Calne DB: Imaging techniques and movement disorders. In Movement Disorders. Edited by Marsden CD, Fahn S. Boston: Butterworth; 1987:14–16.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Harris GJ, Pearlson GD, Peyser CE, et al.: Putamen volume reduction on magnetic resonance imaging exceeds caudate changes in mild Huntington’s disease. Ann Neurol 1992, 31:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. DeLong MR: Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci 1990, 13:281–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Church AJ, Cardoso F, Dale RC, et al.: Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in acute and persistent Sydenham’s chorea. Neurology 2002, 59:227–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Pauls DL, Raymond CL, Stevenson JM, Leckman JF: A family study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1991, 43:154–163.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Singer HS, Hahn IH, Krowiak E, et al.: Tourette’s syndrome: a neurochemical analysis of postmortem cortical brain tissue. Ann Neurol 1990, 27:443–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  68. Obeso JA, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD: The neurophysiology of Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol 1982, 35:105–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Elble RJ: Mechanisms of physiological tremor and relationship to essential tremor. In Handbook of Tremor Disorders. Edited by Findley LJ, Koller WC. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Vitek JL, Wichmann T, DeLong MR: Current concepts of basal ganglia neurophysiology relative to tremorgenesis. In Handbook of Tremor Disorders. Edited by Findley LJ, Koller WC. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995:37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Louis ED: Essential tremor. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:887–891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bogousslavsky J, Maeder P, Regli F, Meuli R: Pure midbrain infarction: clinical syndromes, MRI, and etiologic patterns. Neurology 1994, 44:2032–2040.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wall M: Brainstem syndromes. In Neurology in Clinical Practice. Edited by Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Marsden CD. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991:347–362.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Valente EM, Edwards MJ, Mir P, et al.: The epsilon-sarcoglycan gene in myoclonic syndromes. Neurology 2005, 64:737–739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tezenas du Montcel S, Clot F, Vidailhet M, and the French Dystonia Network: Epsilon sarcoglycan mutations and phenotype in French patients with myoclonic syndromes. J Med Genet 2006, 43:394–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Fahn S, Jankovic J: Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Carpenter MB: Core Text of Neuroanatomy, edn 3. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Shibasaki H, Kuriowa Y: Electroencephalographic correlates of myoclonus. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975, 39:455–463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Shibasaki H, Yamashita Y, Kuriowa Y: Electroencephalographic studies of myoclonus: myoclonus-related cortical spikes and high amplitude somatosensory evoked potentials. Brain 1978, 101:447–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Shibasaki H, Yamashita Y, Tobimatsu S, Neshige R: Electroencephalographic correlates of myoclonus. Adv Neurol 1986, 43:357–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Young RH, Shahani BT: Asterixis: one type of negative myoclonus. Adv Neurol 1986, 43:137–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kang UJ, Burke RE, Fahn S: Natural history and treatment of tardive dystonia. Mov Disord 1986, 1:193–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Barker FG, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, et al.: Microvascular compression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg 1995, 82:201–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Jannetta PJ: Cranial rhizotomies. In Neurological Surgery, vol 6, edn 3. Edited by Youmans JR. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990:4169–4182.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Zhang K-W, Shun Z-T: Microvascular decompression by the retrosigmoid approach for idiopathic hemifacial spasm: experience with 300 cases. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995, 104:610–612.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fahn S: Paroxysmal dyskinesias. In Movement Disorders III. Edited by Marsden CD, Fahn S. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994:310–345.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Fahn S, Jankovic J: Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Ekbom KA: Restless legs syndrome. Neurology 1960, 10:868–873.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al.: Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations and epidemiology: a report from the Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosis and Epidemiology Workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003, 4:101–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Williams DT, Ford B, Fahn S: Phenomenology and psychopathology related to psychogenic movement disorders. Adv Neurol 1995, 65:231–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Stanley Fahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul E. Greene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Blair Ford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Susan B. Bressman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Steven J. Frucht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

    Roger N. Rosenberg MD (The Abe (Brunky), Morris, and William Zale Distinguished Chair in Neurology, Professor of Neurology) (The Abe (Brunky), Morris, and William Zale Distinguished Chair in Neurology, Professor of Neurology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Current Medicine Group LLC, part of Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fahn, S., Greene, P.E., Ford, B., Bressman, S.B., Frucht, S.J. (2009). Movement Disorders. In: Rosenberg, R.N. (eds) Atlas of Clinical Neurology. Current Medicine Group. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-57340-359-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-57340-359-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Current Medicine Group

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-57340-283-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-57340-359-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation