Skip to main content

The Complement System

Mechanisms of Action, Biology, and Participation in Dermatological Diseases

  • Chapter
Immunodermatology

Part of the book series: Comprehensive Immunology ((COMIMUN,volume 7))

Abstract

Although it is still not possible to integrate completely the various components involved in the inflammatory response, we now have the capability of indicating some of the effector pathways and identifying a number of points of interaction between them. The effector pathway considered in this chapter is the complement system, an essential part of the normal immune response. It consists of a special group of normal serum proteins which on activation interact sequentially in a process of limited proteolysis with the development of active macromolecules and fragments. Appreciation of this complex system has already provided a better understanding of certain pathological processes, the introduction of new therapeutic approaches, and the development of procedures to evaluate disease activity.

This work was supported by NIH Grants No. CA16247 and AI18309.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abell, E., and Black, M. M., 1974, Immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the skin in inflammatory facial dermatoses—an immunofluorescence study, Br. J. Dermatol. 91 (3): 281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, N., Alper, C. A., Lachmann, P. J., Rosen, F. S., and Jandl, J. H., 1971, Deficiency of C3 inactivator in man, J. Immunol. 107: 19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agnello, V., Koffler, D., Eisenberg, J. W., Winchester, R. J., and Kunkel, H. G., 1971, Clq precipitins in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other hypocomplementemic states: Characterization of high and low molecular weight types, J. Exp. Med. 134: 228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agnello, V., de Bracco, M. M., and Kunkel, H. G., 1972, Hereditary C2 deficiency with some manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, J. Immunol. 108: 837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alarcon-Segovia, D., and Ramos-Niembro, F., 1976, Association of partial lipodystrophy and Sjogren’s syndrome, Ann. Int. Med. 85: 474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alper, C. A., Abramson, N., Johnston, R. B., Jr., Jandl, J. H., and Rosen, F. S., 1970, Increased susceptibility to infection associated with abnormalities of complement-mediated functions and of the third component of complement (C3), N. Engl. J. Med. 282 (7): 349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alper, C. A., Cotten, H. R., Rosen, F. S., Rabson, A. R., Macnab, G. M., and Gear, J. S., 1972a, Homozygous deficiency of C3 in a patient with repeated infections, Lancet 2: 1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alper, C. A., Rosen, F. S., and Lachman, P. J., 19726, Inactivation of the third component of complement by an inhibitor in the properdin pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 2910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alper, C. A., Goodkofsky, I., and Lepow, I. H., 1973a, The relationship of glycine-rich g glycoprotein to factor B in the properdin system and to cobra factor-binding protein of human serum, J. Exp. Med. 137: 424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alper, C. A., Bloch, K. J., and Rosen, F. S., 1973b, Increased susceptibility to infection in a patient with type II essential hypercatabolism of C3, N. Engl. J. Med. 288: 601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alpert, E., Isselbacher, K. J., and Schur, P. H., 1971, The pathogenesis of arthritis associated with viral hepatitis: Complement-component studies, N. Engl. J. Med. 285: 185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyave, C. M., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1973, Interactions between human C5, C6 and C7 and their functional significance in complement-dependent cytolysis, J. Immunol. 111: 536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyave, C. M., and Tan, E. M., 1976, Detection of complement activation by counter immunoelectrophoresis, J. Immunol. Methods 13: 101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augener, W., Grey, H. M., Cooper, N. R., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1971, The reaction of monomeric and aggregated immunoglobulins with CI, Immunochemistry 8: 1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baart De la Faille, H., 1975, Erythropoietic protoporphyria: A photodermatosis, thesis defense, Oosthoek, Schelthema and Holkema, Utrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballow, M., Ward, G. W., Gershwin, M. E., and Day, N. K., 1975a, C1 bypass complement activation in patients with chronic urticaria and angioedema, Lancet 2: 248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballow, M., Ward, G. M., Wilbur, R., and Day, N. K., 1975b, Abnormal serum complement profile in patients with idiopatic urticaria, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 55: 105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballow, M., Shira, J. E., Harden, L., Yang, S. Y., and Day, N. K., 1975c, Complete absence of the third component of complement in man, J. Clin. Invest. 56: 703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, W. M., Bardana, E. J., Wuepper, K., Houghton, D., Border, W. A., Götze, D., and Schreiber, R., 1977, Partial lipodystrophy, C3 nephritic factor and clinically inapparent mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, Am. J. Med. 62: 757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berrens, L., Jankowski, E., and Jankowski-Berntsen, I., 1976, Complement component profiles in urticaria, dermatitis herpetiformis, and alopecia areata, Br. J. Dermatol. 95 (2): 145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beutner, E. H., Cherzolski, T. P., Bean, S. F., and Jordan, R. E., (eds.), 1973, Immunopathology of the Skin: Labeled Antibody Studies, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beutner, E. H., Jarzabek-Chorzelska, M., Jablonska, S., and Chorzelski, T. P., 1978, Autoimmunity in psoriasis: A complement immunofluorescence study, Arch. Dermatol. Res. 261 (2): 123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianco, C., Patrick, R., and Nussenzweig, V., 1970„ Population of lymphocytes bearing a membrane receptor for antigen antibody complexes. 1. Separation and characterization, J. Exp. Med. 132: 702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianco, C., Dukor, P., and Nussenzweig, V., 1971, Follicular localization of antigen: Possible role of lymphocytes bearing a receptor for antigen-antibody complement complexes, in: Morphological and Functional Aspects of Immunity ( K. Lindahl-Kiessling, G. Alm, and G. M. Hanna, Jr., eds.), p. 251, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bladen, H. A., Gewurz, H., and Mergenhaggen, S. E., 1997, Interaction of the complement system with the surface and endotoxic lipopolysaccharide of Veillonella alcalescens, J. Exp. Med. 125: 767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bokisch, V. A., and Muller-Eberhard, H. J., 1970, Anaphylatoxin inactivator of human plasma: Its isolation and characterization as a carboxypeptidase, J. Clin. Invest. 49: 2427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokisch, V. A., Cochrane, C. G., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1969, Isolation of a fragment (C3a) of the third component of human complement containing anaphylatoxin and chemotactic activity and description of an anaphylatoxin inactivator of human serum, J. Exp. Med. 129: 1109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokisch, V. A., Top, F. H., Russell, P. K., Dixon, F. J., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1973, The potential role of complement in dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med. 289: 996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bofotin, C., Morris, S., Tack, B., and Prahl, J., 1977, Purification and structural analysis of the fourth component of human complement, Biochemistry 16: 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borsos, T., Rapp, H. J., and Mayer, M. M., 1961a, Studies on the second component of complement. I. The reaction between EACI, 4 and C2: Evidence on the single site mechanism of immune hemolysis and determination of C2 on a molecular basis, J. Immunol. 87: 310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borsos, T., Rapp, H. J., and Mayer, M. M., 1961b, Studies on the second component of complement. II. The nature of the decay of EAC 142, J. Immunol. 87: 326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borsos, T., Dormashkin, R. R., and Humphrey, J. H., 1964, Lesions in erythrocytic membranes caused by immune haemolysis, Nature (London) 4929: 251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, J. T., Gall, E. P., Norman, M. E., Nilsson, U. R., and Zimmerman, T. S., 1975, Hereditary deficiency of the seventh component of complement, J. Clin. Invest. 56: 905.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Falco, O., Maciejewski, W., Schmoeckel, C., and Scherer, R., 1977a, Inynunoelectronmicroscopical demonstration of in vivo bound complement C3 in psoriatic lesions, Arch. Dermatol. Res. 260: 57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Falco, O., Mannel, C., and Scherer, R., 1977b, Demonstration of circulating soluble immune complexes in the sera of psoriatic patients using the 1251-CI Q deviation test, Hautarzt 28: 658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breverman, I. M., 1970, The Angiitides: Skin Signs of Systemic Diseases, p. 199, Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calcott, M. A., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1972, Clq protein of human complement, Biochemistry 11: 3443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, R. J., Ruddy, S., Schur, P. H., and Austen, K. F., 1972, CI inhibitor deficiency in lymphosarcoma, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1: 39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chorzelski, T. P., Jablonska, S., Blaszczyk, M., and Trifthouser, C., 1971, Immunofluorescent studies in the diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis and its differentiation from bullous pemphoid, J. Invest. Dermatol. 56: 371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, C. G., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1998, The derivation of two distinct anaphylatoxin activities from the third and fifth component of human complement, J. Exp. Med. 127: 371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. H., Koethe, S. M., et al.,1978, Acquired angioedema associated with rectal carcinoma and its response to danazol therapy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 62:217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conradie, J. D., Volauakis, J. E., and Stroud, R. M., 1975, Evidence for a serum inhibitor of Clq, Immunochemistry 12: 967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, N. R., 1969, Immune adherence by the fourth component of complement, Science 165: 396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, N. R., 1975a, Enzymatic activity of the second component of complement, Biochemistry 14: 4245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, N. R., 1975b, Isolation and analysis of the mechanism of action of an inactivator of C4b in normal human serum, J. Exp. Med. 141: 890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, N. R., tenBensel, R., and Kohler, P. F., 1968, Studies of an additional kindred with hereditary deficiency of the second component of human complement (C2) and description of a new method for quantification of C2, J. Immunol. 101: 1176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costanzi, J. J., Coltman, C. A., and Donaldson, V. H., 1969, Activation of complement by a monoclonal cry-oglobulin associated with cold urticaria, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 74: 902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curd, J. G., Ziccardi, R. J., Kaplan, R., Suridsmo, J. S., Stevenson, D. D., Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and Vaughn, J. H., 1978, The syndrome of Clq deficiency, chronic urticaria, and vasculitis, presented at The Asthma and Allergic Diseases Centers Meeting, NIH, December, Bethesda, Md.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daha, M. R., Fearon, D. T., and Austen, K. F., 1976, C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF): Stabilization of fluid phase and cell bound alternative pathway convertase, J. Immunol. 116: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, M. G., and McGibbon, D. H., 1976, Complement in inflammatory acne vulgaris letter, Br. Med. J. 2: 1383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, C. A., Borsos, T., Rapp, H. J., Snyderman, R., and Notkins, A. L., 1969, Neutralization of sensitized virus by the fourth component of complement, Science 165: 508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, C. A., Borsos, T., Rapp, H. J., Snyderman, R., and Notkins, A. L., 1970, Neutralization of sensitized virus by purified components of complement, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 65: 528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, N. K., Geiger, H., Stroud, R., deBracco, M., Man-cado, B., Windhorst, D., and Good, R. A., 1972, Clr deficiency: An inborn error associated with cutaneous and renal disease, J. Clin. Invest. 51: 1102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, N. K., Geiger, H., McLean, R., Michael, A., and Good, R. A., 1973, C2 deficiency: Development of lupus erythematosus, J. Clin. Invest. 52: 1601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, N. K., L’Esperance, P., and Siniscalco, M., 1975a, Linkage between hereditary C2 deficiency and HL-A, J. Exp. Med. 141: 1464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, N. K., Winfield, J. B., Winchester, R. J., Gee, T. S., and Kunkel, H. G., 1975b, Evidence for immune-complexes involving anti-lymphocyte antibodies associated with hypocomplementemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Clin. Res. 23: 410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias Da Silva, W., Eisele, J. W., and Lepow, I. H., 1967, Complement as a mediator of inflammation. III. Purification of the activity with anaphylatoxin properties generated by interaction of the first four components of complement and its identification as a cleavage product of C’3, J. Exp. Med. 126: 1027.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, V. H., and Evans, R. R., 1963, A biochemical abnormality in hereditary angioneurotic edema: Absence of serum inhibitor of C’1 esterase, Am. J. Med. 35: 37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, V. H., Rosen, F. S., and Bing, D. H., 1977, Role of the second component of complement and plasmin in kinin release in hereditary angioneurotic edema, Clin. Res. 25: 520A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dukor, P., and Hartmann, K. H., 1973, Bound C3 as the second signal for B-cell activation, Cell. Immunol. 7: 349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eden, A., Miller, G. W., and Nussenzweig, V., 1973, Human lymphocytes bear membrane receptors for C3b and C3d, J. Clin. Invest. 52: 3239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlenberger, A. G., and Nussenzweig, V., 1975, Synergy between receptors for FC and C3 in the induction of phagocytosis by human monocytes and neutrophils, Fed. Proc. 34: 854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenger, A. J., Shortland, J. R., and Moorhead, P. J., 1972, Renal disease in partial lipodystrophy, Q. J. Med. 41: 343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, J. H., Tuffanelli, D. L., and Epstein, W. L., 1973, Cutaneous changes in the porphyrias—A microscopic study, Arch. Dermatol. 107: 684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, D. T., 1978, Regulation by membrane sialic acid of ß1H-dependent decay-dissociation of amplification C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, D. T., and Austen, K. F., 1975a, Properdin: Building to C3b and stabilization of the C3b dependent C3 convertase, J. Exp. Med. 142: 856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, D. T., and Austen, K. F., 1975b, Properdin: Initiation of alternative complement pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 3220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, D. T., and Austen, K. F., 1977, Activation of the alternative complement pathway due to resistance of zymosan-bound amplification convertase to endogenous regulatory mechanisms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, D. T., Austen, K. F., and Ruddy, S., 1973, Formation of a hemolytically active cellular intermediate by the interaction between properdin factors B and D and the activated third component of complement, J. Exp. Med. 138: 1305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, D. T., Daha, M. R., Weiler, J. M., and Austen, K. F., 1976, The natural modulation of the amplification phase of complement activation, Transplant. Rev. 32: 12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, 1978, Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Escherichia coli: Resistance of bound C3b to inactivation by C3bINA and ß1H, J. Immunol. 120: 1772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feig, P. U., Soter, N. A., Yager, H. M., Caplan, L., and Rosen, S., 1976, Vasculitis with urticaria, hypocomplementemia, and multiple system involvement, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 236: 2065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, N. O., Henson, P. M., Otani, A., and Hugli, T. E., 1978, Chemotactic response to human C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. 1. Evaluation of C3a and C5a leukotaxis in vitro and under simulated in vivo conditions, J. Immunol. 120: 109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friend, P., Repine, J. E., Kim, Y., Clawson, C. C., and Michael, A. F., 1975, Deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) with chronic vasculitis, Ann. Int. Med. 83: 813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, B. S. M., Kunkel, H. G., Brusman, H. P., Allen, F. H., Jr., and Fotino, M., 1974, Evidence for linkage between HL-A histocompatibility genes and those involved in the synthesis of the second component of complement, J. Exp. Med. 140: 1108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, T., Gigli, I., and Nussenzweig, V., 1978, Human C4-binding protein. H. Role in proteolysis of C4b by C3b-inactivator, J. Exp. Med. 148: 1044.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geha, R. S., and Alk, K. F., 1976, Skin lesions, angioedema, eosinophilia, and hypocomplementemia, J. Pediatr. 89: 724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, E. W., Clarkson, J. E., and Minta, J. O., 1975, Selective deficiency of the second component of complement in a patient with anaphylactoid purpura, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 4: 269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, J. A., Sherins, R. J., Ailing, D. W., and Frank, M. M., 1976, Treatment of hereditary angioedema with Danazol: Reversal of clinical and biochemical abnormalities, N. Engl. J. Med. 295: 1444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gellis, S., Green, S., and Walker, D., 1958, Chronic renal disease in children with lipodystrophy, Am. J. Dis. Child. 96: 605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gewurz, A., and Lint, T. F., 1978, Homozygous C2 deficiency with fulminant lupus erythematosus: Severe nephritis via the alternative complement pathway, Arthritis Rheum. 21 (1): 28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gewurz, H., Pickering, R. J., Mergenhagen, S. E., and Good, R. A., 1966, The complement profile in acute glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 34: 556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gewurz, H., Pickering, R. J., Snyderman, R., Lichtenstein, L. M., and Good, R. A., 1970, Interaction of the complement system with endotoxin lipopolysaccharide in immunoglobulin-deficient sera, J.. Exp. Med. 131: 817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghebrehiwet, B., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1979, C3e: An acidic fragment of human C3 with leukocytosis-inducing activity, J. Immunol. 123: 616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., and Austen, K. F., 1969, Fluid phase destruction of C4 by Cl: Its enhancement and inhibition by homologous and heterologous C4, J. Exp. Med. 129: 679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., and Nelson, R. A., 1968, Complement dependent immune phagocytosis. 1. Requirement for CI, C4, C2, and C3, Exp. Cell Res. 51: 45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., Ruddy, S., and Austen, K. F., 1968, The stoichiometric measurement of the serum inhibitor of the first component of complement by inhibition of immune hemolysis, J. Immunol. 100: 1154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., Mason, J. W., Colman, R. W., and Austen, K. F., 1970, Interaction of plasma kallikrein with the CT inhibitor, J. Immunol. 104: 574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., Schothorst, A., Soter, N. A., and Pathek, M., 1974, Photoinhibition of the complement system in erythropoietic protoporphyria, Clin. Res. 22: 418a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., Koethe, S., and Austen, K. F., 1975, Participation of an early component of complement and Hage-man factor in C3 destruction by zymosan, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 4: 189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., Porter, R., and Sim, R. B., 1976, The unactivated form of the first component of human complement, Cl, Biochem. J. 157: 541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., Von Zabern, I., and Porter, R. R., 1977, The isolation and structure of C4, the fourth component of human complement, Biochem. J. 165: 439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigli, I., Fujita, T., and Nussenzweig, V., 1979, Modulation of the classical pathway C3 convertase by the plasma proteins C4-binding protein and C3b inactiva-tor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 6596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giraldo, G., DeGos, L., Beth, E., Sasportes, M., Mar-celli, A., Harbi, R., and Day, N. K., 1977, C8 deficiency in a family with xeroderma pigmentosum. Lack of linkage to the HLA region, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 8: 377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, J. N., Ruddy, S., and Austen, K. F., 1972, Reaction mechanisms of nascent C567 (reactive lysis). I. Reaction characteristics for production of EC567 and lysis by C8 and C9, J. Immunol. 109: 353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, I. M., and Gigli, I., 1980, Recurrent meningococcal meningitis in a patient with complete absence of the sixth component of complement, ms. submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, I. M., Kaplan, H. B., Radin, A., and Frosch, M., 1976, Independent effects of IgG and complement upon human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, J. Immunol. 117: 1282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Götze, O., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1976, The alternative pathway of complement activation, Adv. Immmunol. 24: 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gower, R., Sausker, W., Kohler, P., Thorne, G. G., and McIntosh, R., 1978, Small vessel vasculitis caused by hepatitis B virus immune complexes, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 62: 222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granerus, G., Hallberg, L., Laurell, A. B., and Wetterguist, H., 1967, Studies on the histamine metabolism and the complement system in hereditary angioneurotic edema, Acta Med. Scand. 182: 11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauptmann, G., Groshans, E., and Heid, E., 1974, Lupus erythematoux aigus et deficits hereditaires en complement. A propos d’un cas par deficit complet en C4, Ann. Dermatol. 101: 479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, H., Polley, M. J., Linscott, W. D., Fudenberg, H. H., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1968, Human monocytes: Distinct receptor sites for the third component of complement and for immunoglobulin G, Science 162: 1281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsicker, L. G., Ruddy, S., Carpenter, C. B., Schur, P. H., Merrill, J. P., Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and Austen, F., 1972, Metabolism of the third complement (C3) in nephritis, N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 835.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsicker, L. G., Ruddy, S., and Austen, K. F., 1973, Alternate complement pathway: Factors involved in cobra venom factor (CVF) activation of the third component of complement, J. Immunol. 110: 128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaka, T., Ishizaka, K., Borsos, T., and Rapp, H., 1966, Cl fixation by human isoagglutinin: Fixation of CI by YG and YM but not YA antibody, J. Immunol. 97: 716.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jablonska, S., Chorzelski, P., Jarzabek-Chorzelska, M., and Beutner, E. H., 1976, Immunofluorescent findings in psoriasis of the scalp, in: Biology and Disease of the Hair ( K. Toda, ed.), p. 309, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablonska, S., Chorzelski, T. P., Beutner, E. H., Maciejowska, E., Abek-Chorzelska, X., and Esa, G., 1978, Autoimmunity in psoriasis. Relation of disease activity and forms of psoriasis to immunofluorescence findings, Arch. Dermatol. Res. 261: 135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, T. H., Cooper, N. M., and Epstein, W. V., 1978, Lichen planus and discoid lupus erythematosus: Overlap syndrome associated with cryoglobulinemia and hypocomplementemia, Arch. Dermatol. 114: 1039.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jasin, H. E., 1977, Absence of the eighth component of complement in association with systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease, J. Clin. Invest. 60: 709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J., 1967, Anaphylatoxin in its relation to the complement system, Science 155: 1122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, R. E., and Provost, T. T., 1978, Bullous diseases of the skin, in: Immunological Diseases, Vol. 2 (M. Sauster, ed.), Little, Brown, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, R. E., Day, N. K., Sams, W. M., and Good, R. A., 1973a, The complement system in bullous pemphigoid. I. Complement and component level in sera and blister fluid, J. Clin. Invest. 52: 1207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, R. E., Day, N. K., Luckasen, J. R., and Good, R. A., 1973b, Complement activation in pemphigus vulgaris blister fluid, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 15: 53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, R. E., McDuffe, F. C., Good, R. A., and Day, N. K., 1974, Diffuse normolipaemic plane xanthomatosis, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 18: 407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, L. J., 1964, Some biochemical and physical properties of the human permeability globulins, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 45: 604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, M. A., and Porter, R. R., 1978, The purification and properties of the second component of human complement, Biochem. J. 171: 99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kikindjanin, V., and Milakov, J., 1976, Serum immunoglobulin and complement levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris, Allerg. Immunol. 22 (2): 143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y., Friend, P. S., Dresner, I. G., Yunis, E. J., and Michael, A. F., 1977, Inherited deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Am. J. Med. 62: 765.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemperer, M. R., Woodworth, H. C., Rosen, F. S., and Austen, K. F., 1966, Hereditary deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) in man, J. Clin. Invest. 45: 880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, P. F., 1973, Clinical immune complex disease: Manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus and hepatitis B virus infection, Medicine (Baltimore) 52: 419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, P. F., Percy, J., Wookrow, M. C., and Smyth, C. J., 1974, Hereditary angioedema and familiar lupus erythematosus in identical twin boys, Am. J. Med. 56: 406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, W. P., Haxby, J. A., Arroyave, C. M., and Muller-Eberhard, H. J., 1972, Molecular analysis of the membrane attack mechanism of complement, J. Exp. Med. 135: 549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachmann, P. J., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1968, The demonstration in human serum of conglutinogen-activity factor and its effect on the third component of complement, J. Immunol. 100: 691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachmann, P. J., and Thompson, R. A., 1970, Reactive lysig: The complement-mediated lysis of unsensitized cells. II. The characterization of activated reactor as C5b and the participation of C8 and C9, J. Exp. Med. 131: 643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachmann, P. J., Hobart, M. J., and Woo, P., 1978, Combined genetic deficiency of C6 and C7 in man, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 33: 193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurell, C. B., 1966, Quantitative estimation of proteins by electrophoresis in agarose gel containing antibodies, Anal. Biochem. 15: 45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurell, C. B., Johnson, U., Martensson, U., and Sjohlm, A. G., 1978, Formation of complexes composed of CT, CTs s and CTinactivator inactivator in human serum on activation of Cl, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 86C: 299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lay, W. H., and Nussenzweig, V., 1968, Receptors for complement on leukocytes, J. Exp. Med. 128:991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, G. S., Yost, F. J., and Thomas, C. A., 1977, Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Possible mechanism of accumulation in psoriasis, Science 198: 1162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leddy, J. P., Frank, M. M., Gaither, T., Baum, J., and Klemperer, M. R., 1974, Hereditary deficiency of the sixth component of complement in man. I. Immunochemical, biologic and family studies, J. Clin. Invest. 53: 544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leddy, J. P., Griggs, R. C., Klemperer, M. R., and Frank, M. M., 1975, Hereditary complement (C2) deficiency with dermatomyositis, Am. J. Med. 58: 83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehner, T., 1968, Autoimmunity in oral diseases, with special reference to recurrent oral ulceration, Proc. R. Soc. Med. 61: 515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepow, I. H., Ratnoff, O. J., and Pillemer, L., 1956, Elution of an esterase from antigen-antibody aggregates treated with human complement, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 92: 32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepow, I. H., Noff, G. B., Todd, E., Pensky, J., and Hinz, C. F., Jr., 1963, Chromatographic resolution of the first component of human complement into three activities, J. Exp. Med. 117: 983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepow, I. H., Dias da Silva, W., and Eisele, J. W., 1968, Nature and biological properties of human anaphylatoxin, in: Biochemistry of the Acute Allergic Reactions ( K. F. Austen and E. L. Becker, eds.), Davis, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepow, I. H., Dias da Silva, W., and Patrick, R. A., 1969, Biologically active cleavage products of components of complement, in: Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms in Anaphylaxis and Allergy ( H. Z. Movat, ed.), p. 237, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepow, I. H., Willms-Kretschmer, K., and Patrick, R. A., 1970, Gross and ultrastructural observations on lesions produced by intradermal injection of human C3a in man, Am. J. Pathol. 61: 13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levinsky, R. J., and Lehner, T., 1978, Immune complexes in oral ulcerations and Behçet’s syndrome, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 32: 190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, L. R., and Lepow, I. H., 1959, Assay and properties of serum inhibitor of C1-esterase, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 101: 608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, D., Gewurz, A., Ghaze, M., Lint, T. F., Sephari, B., and Gewurz, H., 1976, Absence of the sixth component of complement in a patient with repeated episodes of meningococcal meningitis, J. Pediatr. 89: 42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lint, T. F., Behrends, C. L., and Gewurz, H., 1977, Serum lipoproteins and C567-INH activity, J. Immunol. 119: 883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louie, J. S., and Glovsky, M., 1975, Complement determinations in the synovial fluid and serum of a patient with erythema nodosum leprosum, Int. J. Lepr. 43 (3): 252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, F., Intaglietta, M., Hugli, T. E., and Johnson, A. R., 1975, Influences of C3a anaphylatoxin compared to other vasoactive agents on the microcirculation of the rabbit omentum, Microvasc. Res. 9: 345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini, G., Carbonara, A. O., and Heremans, J. F., 1%5, Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion, Immunochemistry 2: 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R. L., Shin, H. S., and Mayer, M. M., 1971, An alternate complement pathway: C3 cleaving activity, not due to C4,C2a, on endotoxin lipopolysaccharide after treatment with guinea pig serum: Relation to proper-din complement components, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 1351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marder, R. J., Rent, R., Choi, E. J., and Gewurz, H., 1976, Selective Clq deficiency associated with urticaria-like lesions and cutaneous vasculitis, Am. J. Med. 61: 560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, D. A., Nesbitt, L. T., and Biundo, J. J., 1974, Serum complement related to skin lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus, South. Med. J. 67: 1275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, J. E., Green, I., and Frank, M. M., 1972, The alternate complement pathway in cell damage: Antibody mediated cytolysis of erythrocytes and nucleated cells, J. Immunol. 109: 595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, M. M., 1964, Complement and complement fixation, in: Experimental Immunochemistry ( E. A. Kabat and M. M. Mayer, eds.), p. 133, Thomas, Springfield, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, M. M., 1972, Mechanism of cytolysis by complement, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 2954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, I., Klein, G., Lint, T. F., and Lachmann, P. J., 1978, Activation of alternative complement pathway by human B-cell lymphoma lines is associated with Epstein-Barr transformation of cells, Eur. J. Immunol. 8: 453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDuffie, F. C., Sams, W. M., Jr., Maldonado, J. E., Andreini, P. H., Conn, D. L., and Samayoa, E. A., 1973, Hypocomplementemia with cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis. Possible immune complex syndrome, Mayo Clin. Proc. 48: 340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, B., Baker, P., and Gewurz, H., 1975, Studies on the inhibition of C56 initiated lysis (reactive lysis). III. Characterization of the inhibitor activity C567-INH and its mode of action, Immunology 28: 133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medicus, R. G., Schreiber, R. D., Götze, O., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1976, A molecular concept of the properdin pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miescher, P. A., Paronetto, F., and Kollier, D., 1965, Immunofluorescent studies in human vasculitis, in: Immunopathology IV International Symposium ( P. Grabar and P. Miescher, eds.), p. 446, Grune and Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milgrom, R., Curd, J. G., Stevenson, D. D., Mathison, D. A., and Vaughn, J. H., 1978, Iodide sensitivity in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus, presented at the Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, December, NIH, Bethesda, Md.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. W., and Nussenzweig, V., 1974, Complement as regulator of interactions between immune-complexes and cell membranes, J. Immunol. 113: 464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. E., and Nilsson, U. R., 1970, A familial deficiency of the phagocytosis-enhancing activity of serum related to a dysfunction of the fifth component of complement (C5), N. Engl. J. Med. 282 (7): 354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. E., and Nilsson, U. R., 1974, A major role of the fifth component of complement in the opsonization of yeast particles. Partial dichotomy of function and immunochemical measurement, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2: 246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, B. J., and Cooper, N. R., 1978, Antibody-independent neutralization of vesicular stomatitis virus by human complement, J. Immunol. 121: 1549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minta, J. O., and Lepow, I. H., 1974, Physical and chemical studies of human properdin purified by elution from zymosan and affinity chromatography, Immunochemistry 11: 361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moncada, B., Day, N. K. B., Good, R. A., and Windhorst, D. B., 1972, Lupus-erythematosus-like syndrome with a familial defect of complement, N. Engl. J. Med. 286: 689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montovani, B., 1975, Different roles of IgG and complement receptors in phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Immunol. 115: 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montovani, B., Rabinovitch, M., and Nussenzweig, V., 1972, Phagocytosis of immune complexes by macrophages. Different roles of the macrophage receptor sites from complement (C3) and for immunoglobulin (IgG), J. Exp. Med. 135: 780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1975, Complement, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44: 697.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and Biro, E., 1967, Isolation and description of the fourth component of human complement, J. Exp. Med. 118: 447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and Goetz, O., 1972, C3 proactivator convertase and its mode of action, J. Exp. Med. 135: 1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and Lepow, I. H., 1965, Cl esterase effect on activity and physicochemical properties of the fourth component of complement, J. Exp. Med. 121: 819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Eberhard, H. J., Dalmasso, A. P., and Calcott, M. A., 1966, The reaction mechanism of 1.3 IC globulin in immune hemolysis, J. Exp. Med. 123: 33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Eberhard, H. J., Polley, M. H., and Calcott, M. A., 1967, Formation and functional significance of a molecular complex derived from the second and fourth components of human complement, J. Exp. Med. 125: 359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naff, G. B., and Ratnoff, O. D., 1968, The enzymatic nature of CIr. Conversion of CI to Cl esterase and digestion of amino acid esters by Clr, J. Exp. Med. 128: 571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naff, G. B., Pensky, J., and Lepow, I. H., 1964, The macromolecular nature of the first component of human complement, J. Exp. Med. 119: 593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa, S., and Stroud, R. M., 1977, Cleavage of C2 by C 1 s into the antigenically distinct fragments C2a and C2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 2998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. A., 1953, The immune adherence phenomenon: An immunologically specific reaction between microorganisms and erythrocytes leading to the enhancement of phagocytosis, Science 118: 733.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, S. L., Vogler, L. B., Feigin, R. D., and Johnston, R. B., Jr., 1978, Recurrent septicemia associated with congenital deficiency of C2 and partial deficiency of factor B and the alternative complement pathway, N. Engl. J. Med. 299 (6): 290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, U. R., and Mapes, J., 1973, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of reduced and dissociated C3 and C5: Studies of the polypeptide chains (PPC) subunits and their modifications by trypsin and C42–C423, J. Immunol. 111: 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberling, F., Hauptmann, G., Lang, J. M., North, M. L., Mayer, G., and Lachman, P., 1976, Acquired C-1-inhibitor deficiency in lymphoproliferative disease with serum immunoglobulin abnormality, Blut 32: 195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, H. D., Rosenfeld, S. I., Thomas, D. E., Giblett, E., Alper, C. A., Dupont, B., Schaller, J. G., Gilliland, B. C., Hansen, J. A., and Wedgwood, R. J., 1977, Linkage between the gene (or genes) controlling synthesis of the fourth component of complement and the major histocompatibility complex, N. Engl. J. Med. 296: 470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, H. D., Jackson, C. G., Frank, M. M., Hosea, S. W., and Wedgwood, R. J., 1978, Antibody responses to a T cell dependent antigen in C4 deficiency, J. Immunol. 120: 1789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oishi, M., Takano, M., Miyachi, K., Ichikawa, Y., and Homma, M., 1976, A case of unusual SLE-related syndrome characterized by erythema multiforme, angioneurotic edema and marked hypocomplementemia, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 50: 463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onion, D. K., Crumpacker, C. S., and Gilliland, B. C., 1971, Arthritis of hepatitis associated with Australia antigen, Ann. Intern. Med. 75: 29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osier, A. G., Randall, H. G., Hill, B. M., and Ovary, Z., 1959a, Some relationship between complement, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and anaphylatoxin, in: The Mechanics of Hypersensitivity ( J. H. Shaffer, ed.), p. 281, Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oster, A. G., Randall, H. G., Hill, B. M., and Ovary, Z., 1959b, Studies on the mechanism of hypersensitivity phenomena. III. The participation of complement in the formation of anaphylatoxin, J. Exp. Med. 110: 311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osier, A. G., Oliveria, B., Shin, H. S., and Sandberg, A. L., 1969, The fixation of guinea pig complement by Y 1, Y2 immunoglobulins, J. Immunol. 102: 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osier, W., 1888, Hereditary angio-neurotic edema, Am. J. Med. Sci. 95: 362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osofsky, S. G., Thompson, B. H., Lint, T. F., and Gewurz, H., 1977, Hereditary deficiency of the third component of complement in a child with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias: Response to transfusion of whole blood, J. Pediatr. 90: 180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osterland, C. K., Espinoza, L., Parker, L. P., and Schur, P. H., 1975, Inherited C2 deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus: Studies on a family, Ann. Int. Med. 82: 323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pangburn, M. K., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1978, Complement C3 convertase: Cell surface restriction of 131H control and generation of restriction on neuraminidase-treated cells, Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 75: 2416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pangburn, M. K., Schreiber, R. D., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1977, Human complement C3b inactivator: Isolation, characterization, and demonstration of an absolute requirement for the serum protein ß 1H for cleavage of C3b and C4b in solution, J. Exp. Med. 146: 257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pensky, J., and Schwick, H. G., 1969, Human serum inhibitor of C’1 esterase: Identity, with a2-neuraminoglycoprotein, Science 163: 698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pensky, J., Levy, L. R., and Lepow, I. H., 1961, Partial purification of a serum inhibitor of C’ 1-esterase, J. Biol. Chem. 236: 1674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pepys, M. B., 1974, Role of complement in induction of antibody production in vivo. Effect of cobra factor and other C3-reactive agents on thymus dependent and thymus independent antibody response, J. Exp. Med. 140: 126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, D. K., Williams, D. G., Charlesworth, J. A., Boulton-Jones, J. M., Sissons, J. G. P., Evans, D. J., Kourilsky, O., and Morel-Maroger, L., 1973, Mesangiocapillary nephritis, partial lipodystrophy and hypocomplementaemia, Lancet 2: 535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, B. H., Graham, J. A., and Brooks, G. F., 1976, Human deficiency of the eighth component of complement. The requirement of C8 for serum Neisseria gonorrhoeae bactericidal activity, J. Clin. Invest. 57: 283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaffenbach, G., Lamm, M., and Gigli, I., 1978, Activation of complement by mouse IgA immune-complexes, Fed. Proc. 37: 1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, R. J., Naff, G. B., Stroud, R. M., Good, R. A., and Gewurz, H., 1970, Deficiency of C1r in human serum: Effects on the structure and function of macro-molecular C 1, J. Exp. Med. 131: 803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, R. J., Michael, A. F., Jr., Herdman, R. C., Good, R. A., and Gewurz, H., 1971, The complement system in chronic glomerulonephritis: Three newly associated aberrations, J. Pediatr. 78: 30–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pillemer, L., and Ecker, E. E., 1941, Anticomplementary factors in yeasts, J. Biol. Chem. 137: 139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pillemer, L., Blum, L., Lepow, I. H., Ross, O. A., Todd, E. W., and Wardlaw, A. C., 1954, The properdin system and immunity. I. Demonstration and isolation of a new serum protein, properdin, and its role in immune phenomena, Science 120: 279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus, S., Bianco, C., and Nussenzweig, V., 1972, Increased proportion of complement receptor lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia, Blood 40: 303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platts-Mills, T. A. E., and Ishizaka, K., 1974, Activation of the alternate pathway of human complement by rabbit cells, J. Immunol. 113: 348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podack, E. R., Kolb, W. P., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1978, The C5b-6 complex: Formation, isolation and inhibition of its activity by lipoprotein and the S protein of human serum, J. Immunol. 120: 1841.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polley, M. J., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1968, The second component of human complement: Its isolation, fragmentation by Cl-esterase and incorporation into C3 convertase, J. Exp. Med. 128: 533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pondman, K. W., Stoop, J. W., Cormane, R. H., and Hannema, A. J., 1968, Abnormal C1 in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, J. Immunol. 101: 811.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poskitt, T.R., Fortwengler, H.P., Jr., and Lunskis, B.J., 1973, Activation of the alternate complement pathway by autologous red cell stroma, J. Exp. Med. 138: 715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provost, T. T., and Tomasi, T. B., Jr., 1974, Evidence for the activation of complement via the alternate pathway in skin diseases. H. Dermatitis herpetiformis, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 3: 178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratnoff, O. D., and Naff, G. B., 1967, The conversion of C’ 1 s to C’ 1 esterase by plasmin and trypsin, J. Exp. Med. 125: 337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratnoff, O. D., Pensky, J., Ogston, D., and Naff, G. B., 1969, The inhibition of plasmin, plasma kallikrein, plasma permeability factor, and the Clr of complement by serum Cl esterase inhibitor, J. Exp. Med. 129: 315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, K. B. M., 1971, Complement fixation by the F(ab’)2 fragment of pepsin treated antibody, Immunology 20: 649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, K. B. M., 1974, A collagen-like amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain of human Clq (a subcomponent of the first component of complement), Biochem. J. 141: 189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, K. B. M., and Porter, R. R., 1975, The structure and mechanism of activation of the first component of complement, Contemp. Top. Mol. Immunol. 4: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, K. B. M., Lowe, D. M., and Porter, R. R., 1972, Isolation and characterization of Clq, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, from human and rabbit sera, Biochem. J. 130: 749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, F. S., Charache, P., Pensky, J., and Donaldson, V., 1965, Hereditary angioneurotic edema. Two genetic variants, Science 148: 957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, S. I., Stapls, P., and Leddy, J., 1975, Angioedema and hypocomplementemia. Unusual feature of lymphoma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 55: 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, S. I., Kelly, M. E., and Leddy, J. P., 1976, Hereditary deficiency of the fifth component of complement in man. I. Clinical, immunochemical and family studies, J. Clin. Invest. 57: 1626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, G. D., and Polley, M. J., 1975, Specificity of human lymphocyte complement receptors, J. Exp. Med. 141: 1163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rother, K., 1972, Leukocyte mobilizing factor: A new biological activity derived from the third component of complement, Eur. J. Immunol. 2: 550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddy, S., and Austen, K. F., 1969, C3 inactivator of man. I. Hemolytic measurement by the inactivation of cell bound C3, J. Immunol. 102: 533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddy, S., and Austen, K. F., 1971, C3b inactivator in man. II. Fragments produced by C3b inactivator cleavage of cell-bound or fluid phase C3b, J. Immunol. 107: 742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddy, S., Gigli, I., Sheffer, A. L., and Austen, K. F., 1968, The laboratory diagnosis of hereditary angioedema, in: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Allergology, Montreal 1%7 (A. Knight et al.,eds.), Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 162, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddy, S., Klemperer, M. R., Rosen, F. S., Austen, K. F., and Kumate, J., 1970, Hereditary deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) in man: Correlation of C2 haemolytic activity with immunochemical measurements of C2 protein, Immunology 18: 943.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, P. K., Intavivat, A., and Kanchanipilant, S., 1969, Anti-dengue immunoglobulins and serum ß1c/a globulin levels in dengue shock syndrome, J. Immunol. 102: 412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rynes, R. I., Urizar, R. E., and Pickering, R. J., 1977, Genetic deficiency of the second component of complement (C2) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, Am. J. Med. 63: 279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rynes, R. I., Urizar, R. E., and Pickering, R. J., 1978, Heterogeneity of the clinical syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and genetic deficiency of the second component of complement, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 32: 59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saitz, E. W., Dierks, R. E., and Shepard, C. C., 1968, Complement and the second component of complement in leprosy, Int. J. Lepr. 36: 400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, K., and Stroud, R. M., 1973, Purification, molecular properties, and activation of Cl proesterase, Clsl, J. Immunol. 110: 1010.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sams, W. M., Jr., 1974, Hypocomplementemia with cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis: A new syndrome, Arch. Dermatol. 110: 290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sams, W. M., Jr., Claman, H. N., Kohler, P. F., McIntosh, R. W., Small, P., and Mass, M. F., 1975, Human necrotizing vasculitis: Immunoglobulins and complement in vessel walls of cutaneous lesions and normal skin, J. Invest. Dermatol. 64: 441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, A. L., Götze, O., Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and Oster, A. G., 1971, Complement utilization by guinea pig Yl and Y2 immunoglobulins through the C3 activator system, J. Immunol. 107: 920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, A. L., Wohl, S. M., and Mergenhagen, S. E., 1975, Lymphokine production by C36-stimulated B cells, J. Immunol. 115: 139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharfstein, J., Ferreira, A., Gigli, I., and Nussenzweig, V., 1978, Human C4-binding protein. I. Isolation and characterization, J. Exp. Med. 148: 207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, R., and Braun-Falco, O., 1976, Alternative pathway complement activation: A possible mechanism inducing skin lesions in benign gonococcal sepsis, Br. J. Dermatol. 95: 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schorlemmer, H. U., and Allison, A. C., 1976, Effects of activated complement components on enzyme secretion by macrophages, Immunology 31: 781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrager, M. A., and Rothfield, N. F., 1977, Pathways of complement activation in chronic discoid lupus: Serologic and immunofluorescence studies, Arthritis Rheum. 20: 637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, A. D., Kaplan, A. P., and Austen, K. F., 1973, Inhibition by Cl INH of Hageman factor fragment activation of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kinin-generation, J. Clin. Invest. 52: 1402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, A. D., Sweiman, B., Atkins, P., Goldwein, F., Pietra, G., Atkinson, B., and Abdow, N. I., 1976, Acquired angioedema with lymphoproliferative disorder: Association of CT inhibitor deficiency with cellular abnormality, Blood 48: 567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, R. D., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1974, Fourth component of human complement. Description of a three polypeptide chain structure, J. Exp. Med. 140: 1324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, R. D., Götze, O., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1976a, Nephritic factor and initiating factor C3/C5 convertases, Fed. Proc. 35: 253 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, R. D., Götze, O., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 19766, Nephritic factor: Its structure and function and its relationship to initiating factor of the alternative pathway, Scand. J. Immunol. 5: 705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, R. D., Pangburn, M. K., Lesavre, P. H., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1978, Initiation of the alternative pathway of complement: Recognition of activators by bound C3b and assembly of the entire pathway from six isolated proteins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3948.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeter, A. L., Copeman, P. W. M., Jordan, R. E., Sams, W. M., Jr., and Winkelmann, R. K., 1971, Immunofluorescence of cutaneous vasculitis associated with systemic disease, Arch. Dermatol. 104: 254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schur, P. H., and Becker, E. L., 1963, Pepsin digestion of rabbit and sheep antibodies. The effect on complement fixation, J. Exp. Med. 118: 891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seery, U. L., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1973, Binding of porphyrins to rabbit hemopexin and albumin, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 3796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sequeira, M., and Nelson, R. A., 1961, Platelet agglutination by immune-complexes and its possible role in hypersensitivity, J. Immunol. 86: 516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheagren, J. N., Block, J. B., Trautman, J. R., and Wolff, S. M., 1969, Immunologic reactivity in patients with leprosy, Ann. Intern. Med. 70: 295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffer, A. L., Craig, J. M., Willms-Kretschmer, K., Austen, K. F., and Rosen, F. S., 1971, Histopathological and ultrastructural observations on tissues from patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema, J. Allergy 47: 292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, E., Yonemasa, K., and Stroud, R. M., 1972, Ultrastructure of the human complement component, Clq, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shevach, E. M., Herberman, R., Frank, M. M., and Green, I., 1972, Receptors for complement and immunoglobulin on human leukemic cells and human lymphoblastoid cell lines, J. Clin. Invest. 51: 1933.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shikano, S., 1966, Ocular pathology of Behçet’s syndrome, in: International Symposium on Behçet’s Disease, p. 111, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, K., Kogure, M., Kawashima, R., and Nishoka, K., 1974, Reduction of complement in Behçet’s disease and drug allergy, Med. Biol. 52: 234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, H. S., and Mayer, M. M., 1968, The third component of guinea pig complement. II. Kinetic study of the reaction of EAC 42a with guinea pig C3, Biochemistry 7: 2997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, H. S., Gewurz, H., and Snyderman, R., 1969, Reaction of cobra venom factor with guinea pig complement and generation of an activity chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 131: 203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiraishi, S., and Stroud, R. M., 1975, Cleavage products of C4b produced by enzymes in human serum, Immunochemistry 12: 935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sim, R. B., Porter, R. R., Reid, K. B. M., and Gigli, I., 1977, The structure and enzymatic activities of the Clr and C Is subcomponents of Cl, the first component of human serum complement, Biochem. J. 163: 219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sissons, J. G. P., Peters, D. K., Gwyn Williams, D., and Boulton-Jones, M. J., 1974, Skin lesions, angio-oedema and hypocomplementaemia, Lancet 2: 1350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sissons, J. G. P., West, R. J., Fallows, J., Williams, D. G., Boucher, B. J., Amos, N., and Peters, D. K., 1976, The complement abnormalities of lipodystrophy, N. Engl. J. Med. 294: 461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyderman, R., Gewurz, H., and Mergenhagen, S. E., 1968, Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide generation of a factor chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Exp. Med. 128: 259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyderman, R., Phillips, J. K., and Mergenhagen, S. E., 1970, Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic activity in rabbit and guinea pig serum treated with immune complexes. Evidence for C5a as the major chemotactic factor, Infect. Immunol. 1: 521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyderman, R., Pike, M. C., Szatalowicz, V., and Meadows, L. M., 1977, A familial deficiency of the fifth component of complement, Clin. Res. 25: 368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soothill, J. F., and Harvey, B. A. M., 1976, Defective opsonization—a common immunity deficiency, Arch. Dis. Child. 51: 91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soter, N., Austen, K. F., and Gigli, I., 1974, Urticaria arthralgias as manifestation of necrotizing angiitis (vasculitis), J. Invest. Dermatol. 63: 483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soter. N. A., Mihm, M. C., Gigli, I., Dvorak, H. F., and Austen, K. F., 1976, Two distinct cellular patterns in cutaneous necrotizing angiitis, J. Invest. Dermatol. 66: 344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soter, N., Mihm, M. C., Dvorak, H. F., and Austen, K. F., 1978, Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: A sequential analysis of the morphological alterations occurring after mast cell degranulation in a patient with a unique syndrome, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 32: 46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegelberg, H. L., and Götze, O., 1972, Conversion of C3 proactivator and activation of the alternate pathway of complement activation by different classes and subclasses of human immunoglobulin, Fed. Proc. 31: 2478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, R. G., 1967, Studies on the renal glomerular basement membrane. Preparation and chemical composition, J. Biol. Chem. 242: 1915.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. E., Vallota, E. H., Forristal, J., Sudora, E., Stitzel, A., Davis, N. C., and West, C. D., 1969, Serum C3 lytic system in patients with glomerulonephritis, Science 164: 436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R., Fu, M. S., Fotino, M., Agnello, V., and Kunkel, H. G., 1976, Hereditary C2 deficiency association with skin lesions resembling the discoid lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheum. 19: 517.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolfi, R. L., 1968, Immune lytic transformation: A state of irreversible damage generated as a result of the reaction of the eighth component in the guinea pig complement system, J. Immunol. 100: 46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stroud, R. M., Mayer, M. M., Miller, J. A., and McKenzie, A. T., 1966, C2ad, an inactive derivative of C2 released during decay of EAC4,2a, Immunochemistry 3: 163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, M., Jones, J. H., Almeida, J. D., and Lachmann, P. J., 1973, Deficiency of the second component of complement associated with anaphylactoid purpura and presence of mycoplasm in the serum, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 14: 531.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagami, H., and Ofuji, S., 1977, Characterization of a leukotactic factor derived from psoriatic scale, Br. J. Dermatol. 97: 509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, N., and Nelson, R. A., 1967, Three naturally occurring inhibitors of components of complement in guinea pig and rabbit serum, J. Immunol. 99: 582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taranta, A., and Franklin, E. C., 1961, Complement fixation by antibody fragments, Science 134: 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarantino, A., Anelli, A., Costino, A., DeVecchio, A., Monti, G., and Massaro, L., 1978, Serum complement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 32: 77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theophilopoulos, A. N., Bokisch, V. A., and Dixon, F. J., 1974, Receptor for soluble C3 and C3b on human lymphoblastoid (Raji) cells: Properties and biological significance, J. Exp. Med. 139:669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. A., and White, R. H. R., 1973, Partial lipodystrophy and hypocomplementaemic nephritis, Lancet 2: 679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tobelem, G., Wautier, L. J., and Peltier, A. P., 1974, C2 deficiency, platelet aggregation reduction and Lob-stein’s disease in the same family, Biomed. Exp. 21: 190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomar, R. H., and Kolchins, D., 1972, Complement and coagulation: Serum i 1c/0 la in disseminated intravascular coagulation, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 27: 389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, W., and Piez, K. A., 1971, The chemistry and structure of collagen, Adv. Protein Chem. 25: 243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valet, G., and Cooper, N. R., 1974a, Isolation and characterization of the proenzyme form of the Cls subunit of the first complement component, J. Immunol. 122: 339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valet, G., and Cooper, N. R., 1974b, Isolation of the proenzyme form of the Clr subunit of the first complement component, J. Immunol. 112: 1667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallota, E. H., Götze, O., Spiegelborg, H. H., Forriscal, J., West, D. C., and Müller-Eberhard, H. J., 1974, A serum factor in chronic hypocomplementemic nephritis distinct from immunoglobulin and activating the alternative pathway of complement, J. Exp. Med. 139: 1249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, W., Schmidt, G., Von Buttlar, B., and Dieminger, L., 1978, A new function of the activated third component of complement: Binding to C5, an essential step for C5 activation, Immunology 34: 29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, M. A., 1976, The interrelationship between hypocomplementaemia, partial lipodystrophy and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, Postgrad. Med. J. 52: 651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, J. M., Daha, M. R., Austen, K. F., and Fearon, D. T., 1976, Control of the amplification convertase of complement by the plasma protein 01H, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 3268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, T. D., Tsai, Cheng, Baldassare, and Zuckner, J., 1978, Skin lesions in viral hepatitis: Histologic and immunofluorescent studies, Am. J. Med. 64: 269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellek, B., and Opferkuch, W., 1975, A case of deficiency of the seventh component of complement in man: Biological properties of a C7-deficient serum and description of a C7-inactivating principle, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 19: 223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wemanbu, S. N. C., Turk, J. L., Waters, M. F. R., and Rees, R. J. W., 1969, Erythema nodosum leprosum: A clinical manifestation of the Arthus phenomenon, Lancet 2: 933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whaley, K., and Ruddy, S., 1976a, Modulation of C3b hemolytic activity by a plasma protein distinct from C3b inactivation, Science 193: 1011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whaley, K., and Ruddy, S., 1976b, Modulation of the alternative complement pathway by 01H globulin, J. Exp. Med. 144: 1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wild, J., Zvaifler, N., Müller-Eberhard, H., and Wilson, C., 1974, Deficiency of the second component (C2) in a patient with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), J. Clin. Invest. 53: 84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. A., and Chase, M. W., 1977, Methods in Immunology and Immunochemistry, Vol. 4, p. 127, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. C., Jr., and Kunkel, H. G., 1992, Rheumatoid factor, complement, and conglutinin aberrations in patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis, J. Clin. Invest. 41: 666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wuepper, K. D., Bokisch, V. A., Müller-Eberhard, H. J., and Stoughton, R. B., 1972, Cutaneous response to human C3a anaphylatoxin in man, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 11: 13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeek, P. M., 1953, Periarteritis nodosa and other forms of necrotizing angiitis, N. Eng. J. Med. 248: 764.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziccardi, R. G., and Cooper, N. R., 1978, Modulation of the antigenicity of CTr and CTs by C f INH, J. Immunol. 121: 2148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gigli, I. (1981). The Complement System. In: Safai, B., Good, R.A. (eds) Immunodermatology. Comprehensive Immunology, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7228-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7228-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7230-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7228-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics