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Reservoir Control Strategies for Leishmaniasis: Past, Present, and Future

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Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis

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Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania spp. is zoonotic. In many regions dogs serve as the predominant domestic reservoir of disease. This reservoir status has led to multiple efforts to control disease via reservoir control. Historically, public health-oriented strategies have focused on dog culling. Canine culling was established in Palestine in the 1940s and both China and former central republics of the Soviet Union in the 1950s. In these instances, with ample public health infrastructure funded by a centralized state, along with ability to use widespread spraying of DDT, VL transmission was halted but disease was not eradicated in any instance. Canine culling continues to be the predominant policy for VL control in Brazil, despite limited effectiveness. In well-developed countries of Europe with long average life expectancy and overall good health care, education, and nutrition, VL is predominantly found in immunocompromised patients. This is in spite of concurrently high levels of canine VL (cVL) in the same geographic locale. Similar trends are beginning to be seen in areas of rapid economic advancement within Brazil, demonstrating the importance of general health and environmental conditions in prevention of VL. As palatability for widespread canine culling wanes within areas endemic for cVL, combined alternate approaches including topical insecticides, reproductive control, and vaccination should be strongly considered.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Christine A. Petersen

  2. Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

    Kevin J. Esch

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  1. Christine A. Petersen
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  2. Kevin J. Esch
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Correspondence to Christine A. Petersen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Abhay Satoskar

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

    Ravi Durvasula

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Petersen, C.A., Esch, K.J. (2014). Reservoir Control Strategies for Leishmaniasis: Past, Present, and Future. In: Satoskar, A., Durvasula, R. (eds) Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9108-8_5

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